•-', 


White,  best  quality,  early,  good  grower,  very  productive,  hardy,  good  keeper.  Is  a 
native  seedling  with  no  foreign  blood.  Sells  wholesale  in  New  York  at  15  to  18  cents  per  pound. 
Flesh  tender,  sweet,  melting,  juicy,  with  a  pleasant  musky  aroma.  Quality  the  best. 
Ripens  with  Concord. 


COLLEGC  OF    >. 

AGRICULT' 


I LLUSTR ATBD 


DESCRIPTIVE  CATALOGUE 


-OF  — 


—  BY  — 


,      fo  U. 


BUSH  &  SON  c&  MEISSNER, 


VITICULTURISTS  AND   PROPRIETORS 


THIRD    EDITION.     COPYRIGHT  SECURED. 


ST.  LOUIS: 
K.  I'.  STUDLEV  &  Co.,  PKINTEUS,  LITIIOORAPHEUS  .VXD  MANUFACTUKING  STATIONERS. 

1883. 


Wain 


Xniereil  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1SS5,  by  KUSH  &  SON  &  MEISSNKK,  Bnshberg,  -Mo., 
in  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress  at  Washington,  D.  C. 


' 

•-• 


PR  B  FACE 


TO  THIRD  REVISED  EDITION,  1883. 


The  BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE  has  become  a  rade  mecum 
•of  American  Grape-growers ;  it  has  also  been  translated 
into  French*  and  Italian, f-  an  honor  probably  never 
before  bestowed  on  any  Nurserymen's  Fruit  Catalogue. 
Its  reprint  has  long  been  demanded,  but  we  could  not 
consent  thereto  until  we  had  leisure  to  thoroughly  re- 
vise it.  The  great  favor  with  Avhich  it  was  received, 
made  us  the  more  feel  our  duty  to  perfect  it  as  far  as  was 
in  our  power.  The  experience  and  reseai'ches  of  these 
eight  years,  since  the  issue  of  the  second  edition,  enable 
us  to  rectify  some  of  its  defects,  to  speak  more  definitely 
of  the  merits  and  demerits  of  many  varieties,  then  new 
and  untried,  and  to  add  a  very  large  number  of  NEW 
GRAPES  Avhich  have  since  been  produced  or  introduced. 

The  AMERICAN  GRAPE  has  also  become  of  greatei-and 
more  comprehensive  importance  by  virtue  of  its  now 
well  established  Phylloxera-resisting  qualities,  and. 
though  grown  in  Europe  chiefly  as  a  grafting  stock  'for 
their  favorite  kinds,  every  variety  has  been  tested 
there ; — some  few,  as  the  Lenoir  (Jacques) ,  Herbemont, 
etc.,  are  largely  planted  for  direct  production,— thus 
enabling  us  to  add  to  our  own  opinion  that  of  the  best 
foreign  connoisseurs.  Xor  have  we  neglected  to  consult 
the  views  of  other  grape-growers,  and  to  avail  our- 
>rlves  of  the  many  valuable  essays  on  the  grape,  written 
by  eminent  Horticultural  authors,  and  scattered  in 
books,  newspapers  and  reports. 

DR.  GEORGE  ENGELMANN,  the  celebrated  Botanist  has 
enhanced  the  value  of  our  Catalogue  by  revising  for  it 
his  CLASSIFICATION  OF  THE  TRUE  GRAPE-VINES  OF  THE 
UNITED  STATES.  He  has,  in  fact,  entirely  re-written  it, 
and  many  illustrations,  expressly  made  for  this  valuable 
treatise,  have  been  added  thereto.  He  has  also  favored 
us  with  a  short  essay  on  THE  DISEASES  OF  THE  GRAPE— 
Mildew  and  Rot,  which  were  but  briefly  and  deficiently 
treated  in  the  previous  edition,  and  which  now  occupy 

*  LES  VIGNES  AMF.IUCAINES,  Catalogue  illustre  et  de- 
scriptive par  MM.  Bush  et  fils  et  Meissner;  ouvrage 
traduit  de  1'anglais  par  Louis  Bazille.  Revu  et  annote 
par  J.-E.  Planchon,  Montpellier,  C.  Coulet.  Paris,  V.-A. 
Delahaye  et  Cie. 

t  LE  VITI  AMERICANS,  Catalogo  illustrate  e  descritti  vo 
per  Bush  &  Son  &  Meissner,  Opera  tradotta  dall'inglese 
da  Farina  e  comp.  Viticoltori  m  Castellanza,  1881. 


several  pages,  entirely  devoted  to  this  sad  but  most  im- 
portant subject.  We  are  well  aware  that  this  chapter  is 
still  very  defective,  nor  can  the  subject  be  satisfactorily 
treated  until  scientific  researches  and  experiments  may 
have  found  some  practical  means  of  curing  or  protect- 
ing our  vineyards  from  these  pests,  not  less  destructive 
to  our  vineyai'ds  than  the  Phylloxera  to  those  of  Europe. 

In  this  revised  edition  will  also  be  found  a  far  more 
exhaustive  article  on  GRAFTING  than  was  presented  in 
the  former,  wherein  we  promised  to  publish  the  results 
of  our  experiments  which  were  then  but  just  com- 
menced. Our  experience  in  this  now  so  important 
operation,  and  the  excellent  work  of  AIME  CHAMPIN,  on 
the  same  subject,  enable  us  to  furnish  a  chapter  which 
to  many  may  be  both  valuable  and  interesting. 

Assisted  by  Prof.  C.  V.  KILEY,  Chief  U.  S.  Entomologi- 
cal Commission,  we  have  been  enabled  to  amplify  the 
chapter  on  INSECTS  by  a  brief  account  of  the  beneficial 
species,  useful  to  the  grape- grower. 

At  the  repeated  request  of  a  large  number  of  grape - 
growers,  we  have  added  a  few  hints  on  the  subject  of 
WINE-MAKING,  which  may  not  be  quite  useless  to  begin- 
ners, though  we  have  not  changed  our  opinion  (ex- 
pressed in  former  edition)  as  to  the  impossibility  of 
furnishing  a  valuable  guide  in  a  few  pages,  or  as  to  tin- 
necessity  of  practical  knowledge  and  experience,  in 
order  to  succeed. 

But  far  more  than  the  GRAPE  MANUAL  has  the  DE- 
SCRIPTIVE part  of  this  Catalogue  been  augmented. 
Many  new  varieties  and  good  illustrations  of  the  same 
have  been  added,  and  every  line  of  the  Descriptive  por- 
tion of  the  former  publication  has  been  carefully  re- 
vised. 

The  favorable  and  highly  complimentary  opinions 
voluntarily  expressed  by  our  most  prominent  Horti- 
culturists, with  regard  to  the  previous  edition  (1S75), 
permit  us  to  hope  that  this  new  one  will  meet  with  a 
still  more  favorable  reception. 

That  it  may  be  useful  to  our  grape- growers  and  en- 
hance their  love  of  the  noblest  fruit  and  its  culture,  is 
the  wish  of 


HUSH  &  SON  &  MEISSNKK. 


Bushberg,  Mo.,  October,  1883. 


374241 


[FROM   FIRST  EDITION,  1869.] 


Our  success  in  grape  growing,  and  in  the  propagation 
of  grape  vines,  has  been  highly  satisfactory,  in  fact,  far 
beyond  our  expectations.  In  view  of  the  very  great 
competition  of  even  large,  well-known  and  long-estab- 
lished nurseries,  this  success  is.  highly  flattering,  and 
has  encouraged  us  to  increase  our  efforts  so  as  to  pro- 
duce, for  next  season,  a  large  stock,  not  excelled  in 
quality  by  any  other  establishment  in  the  country,  and 
embracing  almost  every  valuable  variety. 

We  do  not  pretend  to  furnish  "better  and  cheaper  vines 
than  can  be  afforded  by  any  other  establishment."  We 
do  not  pretend  that  "money-making  is  secondary  with 
us,"  we  leave  this  to  others;  all  we  do  claim  is,  that  we 
hope  to  merit  a  reasonable  share  of  patronage,  the  con- 
tinued confidence  of  our  customers,  and  a  fair  profit. 

In  this  connection,  we  cannot  refrain  from  referring 
with  a  certain  pride  to  the  voluntary  assurances  of  sat- 
isfaction we  have  received.  Desiring  to  return  our 
thanks  to  our  customers  in  an  appropriate  and  tangible 
form,  and  to  respond  to  a  desire  often  expressed  by  our 
correspondents,  we  concluded  to  present  them  with  a 
fine  Illustrated  and  Descriptive  Catalogue,  wherein  the 
characteristic  and  relative  merits  of  our  different  varie- 
ties are  clearly  stated. 

We  leave  it  to  others  to  judge  of  its  merits.  We  tried 
to  produce  something  better  than  a  mere  price  list, 
something  that  will  be  interesting  and  useful  to  pro- 
gressive grape  eulturists,  and  have  not  spared  time, 
labor  or  money  in  preparing  it. 

It  has  become  customary  to  prefix  to  a  Descriptive 


Catalogue  of  fruits  and  flowers  some  brief  directions  for 
their  cultivation,  and  we  have  been  urged  to  do  the  same. 
We  are  aware,  however,  that  some  short  and  very 
incomplete  directions,  "a  few  hints,"  do  more  harm 
than  good.  They  generally  serve  only  to  confuse  the 
tyro  or  misrepresent  grape  growing  as  a  very  easy  mat- 
ter, requiring  no  larger  outlay  of  capital,  nor  any  more 
knowledge,  skill,  and  labor  than  is  necessary  to  produce 
a  crop  of  corn.  This  we  do  not  wish  to  do.  But  on  the 
other  hand  we  are  also  aware  that  the  excellent  but 
somewhat  costly  books  on  grape  culture,  by  Fuller,  Hus- 
mann,  Strong,  and  others,  are  not  purchased  by  every 
grape  grower,  and  that  many  of  these  are  somewhat 
afraid  of  reading  whole  books.  Moreover,  considerable 
progress  has  been  made  in  grape  culture  since  these 
books  were  written;  their  very  authors,  indefatigable 
horticulturists  as  they  are,  have  by  study  and  experi- 
ence, modified  their  views  on  some  points,  but  have  not 
had  time  or  encouragement  enough  from  their  publish- 
ers to  rewrite  their  works  for  new  editions.  Thus  we 
came  to  the  conclusion  that  a  short  manual,  containing 
plain  but  full  directions  in  regard  to  the  planting, 
culture,  and  training  of  grape-vines,  and  offered  for  less  ' 
than  its  cost,  would  be  welcome.  We  have  availed  our- 
selves of  the  writings  of  our  friend  and  teacher,  Hus- 
mann,  and  of  the  works  of  Downing,  Fuller,  and  many 
others,  to  whom  due  credit  is  given  in  the  proper  places ; 
and  while  we  lay  little  claim  to  originality,  we  hope  that 
this  Catalogue  may  afford  pleasure  and  profit  to  some 
of  those  at  least  into  whose  hands  it  may  come. 


[INTRODUCTION  TO  SECOND  EDITION,  1875.] 


six  years,  embracing  the  most  disastrous  and  the 
most  favorable  seasons  to  grape  culture,  have  elapsed 
since  the  first  edition  of  this  Catalogue.  Our  experience 
has  been  enriched,  observations  have  been  made  on  old, 
and  on  then  untried  varieties,  and  some  very  promising 
new  varieties  have  since  been  added  to  our  list,  but  above 
all,  one  circumstance,  the  discovery  of  the  Grape  Root- 
louse,  the  Phylloxera,  has  led  to  a  new,  RADICAL  study 
of  the  American  Grape  Vines. 

Our  business  as  grape  growers  and  propagators 
assumed  such  large  dimensions  that  we  discarded  the 
culture  and  propagation  of  small  fruits,  etc.,  and  de- 
voted all  the  space  of  our  grounds,  all  our  means,  cares 
and  attention  to  GRAPE  CULTURE  ONLY  AND  EXCLUS- 
IVELY, for  which  we  have  unusual  facilities,  and  a  most 
favorable  soil  and  location.  This  enables  us  to  raise  a 
superior  stock,  and  to  make  it  more  advantageous  to 
the  public,  and  even  to  the  leading  nurseries  of  other 
branches  of  Horticulture,  to  deal  with  us,  whose  grape- 
nursery  business  is  now  admitted  to  be  the  first  and 
most  extensive  of  its  kind  in  the  United  States  of 
America. 

We  owe  our  reputation  to  our  determination  to  give 
complete  satisfaction,  and  to  deserve  the  entire  con- 
fidence of  our  customers,  furnishing  none  but  good, 
healthy,  genuine  plants,  unmixed,  and  true  to  name, 
packed  in  the  best  manner,  at  as  low  prices  as  possible. 

We  have  no  seedlings  of  our  own,  and  impartially 
recommend  such  varieties  only,  new  or  old,  as  have 
real  superior  merit,  and  while  the  demand  compels  us 


to  disseminate  some  inferior  varieties  (Hartford  Prolijic 
for  instance)  and  untried  novelties,  over-praised,  per- 
haps, by  their  originators,  our  Descriptive  Catalogue 
shall  save  the  reader  from  some  of  the  bitter  disappoint- 
ments which  grape  growers  have  so  often  experienced. 
For  the  sake  of  completeness,  and  in  the  interest  of 
science,  we  have  added  (in  smaller  type)  the  description 
of  nearly  all  the  old  discarded  varieties,  and  of  many 
new  ones  not  yet  tested  and  not  propagated  by  us ;  thus 
adding,  we  think,  to  the  value  of  this  Catalogue  (though 
also  to  its  cost).- 

We  have  carefully  endeavored  to  avoid  all  undue 
praise,  and  to  mention  the  shortcomings  of  even  our 
best  varieties;  we  especially  desire  to  warn  against 
the  error  of  considering  ANY"  variety  fit  for  universal 
cultivation.  To  this  end  a  study  of  the  CLASSIFICATION" 
of  our  grapes  in  the  Manual,  is  earnestly  recommended. 
Many  failures  will  thus  be  avoided  which  have  blasted 
the  hopes,  so  prevalent  ten  years  ago  throughout  the 
country,  with  regard  to  grape  culture ;  and  its  success, 
now  aided  by  a  higher  tariff  on  imported  wines,  by  in- 
creased demand  for  the  fruit  and  its  products,  by  less 
sanguine  expectations,  and,  above  all,  by  better  knowl- 
edge as  to  the  selection  of  varieties,  locations  and 
proper  mode  of  culture,  will  be  comparatively  certain. 

Finally  we  beg  to  state  that  WE  HAVE  NO  AGENTS  to 
solicit  orders  for  our  Grape  Vines.  Persons  who  desire 
to  obtain  plants  from  us  will  kindly  favor  us  with  their 
orders  by  mail,  direct,  or  through  reliable  Nurseries  or 
dealers  who  get  them  from  us. 


TESTIMONIALS, 

We  could  fill  a  book  with  voluntary  testimonials  of  prominent  Horticulturists,  Grape-groivrrs 
and  Nurserymen,  who  favored  us  with  their  command*,  and  to  whom  we  may  confidently  refer; 
but  we  flatter  ourselves  that  our  name  is  so  ividely  known,  and  our  reputation  so  well  establislicd, 
that  testimonials  are  unnecessary. 


GKAPE    MANUAL. 


CLIMATE,    SOIL   AND   ASPECTS. 

Whether  the  Grape-vine  is  a  native  of  Asia, 
and  has  followed  the  footsteps  of  man  from  the 
shores  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  and  "intertwined  its 
tendrils  with  civilization  and  refinement  in 
every  age,"  or  whether  the  hundreds  of  varie- 
ties that  now  exist  spring  from  different  pri- 
mordial forms  or  species,  certain  it  is  that,  al- 
though the  Grape-vine  may  be  found  in  Europe 
from  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  to  the  Baltic  Sea,  and 
in  America  from  the  Gulf  to  the  Lakes,  the  vine 
is  nevertheless  peculiarly  the  growth  of  defi- 
nite climatic  conditions  ;  s  )  much  so  that  even 
in  its  most  adapted  climate  there  are  often 
seasons  if  not  of  actual  failure,  at  least  of  an 
imperfect  development  of  its  fruit.  From  long 
and  careful  observations  of  temperature  and 
moisture,  in  years  of  success  and  failure,  we 
have  finally  arrived  at  same  definite  conclu- 
sions respecting  the  meteorological  influences 
affecting  the  grape.* 

1st.  No  matter  how  excellent  the  soil,  if 
there  is  a  less  average  than  fifty-five  degrees 
of  temperature  for  the  growing  months  of  April, 
May  and  June,  and  a  less  average  than  sixty- 
five  degrees  for  the  maturing  months  of  July, 
August  and  September,  there  can  be  no  hope 
of  success  ;  and  where  the  temperature  aver- 
ages sixty-five  degrees  for  the  former  months 
and  seventy-five  for  the  latter,  other  conditions 
being  equal,  fruit  of  the  greatest  excellence 
can  be  raised,  and  wine  of  the  greatest  body 
and  finest  quality  can  be  produced. 

2d.  When  there  is  an  average  rainfall  of  six 
inches  for  the  months  of  April,  May  and  June, 
and  an  average  of  5  inches  for  the  months  of 
July,  August  and  September,  though  other  con- 
ditions were  favorable,  we  cannot  succeed  in 
raising  grapes.  When  the  average  rainfall  for 
the  first  months  is  not  more  than  four  inches, 
and  the  average  for  the  latter  is  not  more  than 
three  inches,  other  conditions  favorable,  the 
hardy  varieties  can  be  cultivated  with  suc- 
cess. But  where  there  is  less  average  rainfall 

*  James  S.  Lippincott  :  Climatology  of  American 
Grapes.— Id.  Geography  of  Plants—  U.  S.  Agr.  Reports, 
1862  and  186a— Dr.  J.  Stayman:  The  MeteorologicaJ  Infra  - 
ences  affecting  the  Grape. 


than  five  inches  for  April,  May  and  June,  and 
a  less  average  than  two  inches  in  July,  August 
and  September,  all  other  conditions  being  fav- 
orable, fruit  of  the  best  quality  can  be  raised, 
and  wine  of  the  greatest  body  and  excellence 
can  be  made.  The  humidity  of  the  atmosphere 
in  some  countries,  the  dryness  of  the  air  in 
others,  will,  of  course,  materially  change  the 
proportion  of  rainfall  required  for,  or  injurious 
to  the  grape.  Here,  a  clear  sky  and  dry  at- 
mosphere, high  temperature  and  very  little 
rainfall  for  the  latter  three  months,  and  a 
less  change  of  temperature  than  50  degrees 
in  twenty-four  hours,  any  time  of  the  year,  are 
favorable  conditions  for  success. 

With  regard  to  the  necessity  of  attention  to 
the  most  advantageous  climatic  conditions, 
says  Mr.  William  Saunders  (the  eminent  su- 
perintendent of  the  Experimental  Gardens  of 
the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture),  "  It  is 
enough  to  remark,  that  where  these  are  favor- 
able, good  crops  of  fruit  are  the  rule,  and  that 
too,  even  in  the  absence  of  experience  in  culti- 
vation ;  but  in  unfavorable  locations  the  ap- 
plication of  the  highest  attainments  in  the  art 
and  science  of  grape  culture,  so  far  as  relates  to 
pruning  manipulations  or  culture  and  manage- 
ment of  soil,  will  not  insure  success.  Grape 
culture  has  now  reached  a  point  from  which 
but  little  further  progress  can  be  made  without 
a  close  recognition  of  the  requirements  of  the 
plant,  in  connection  with  local  climatic 
conditions,  the  most  important  being  that  of 
freedom  from  heavy  dews  (freedom  from  those 
cryptogamic  diseases — mildew  and  rot).  The 
topographical  configuration  of  a  locality  is  of 
far  more  importance  than  its  geographical 
formation.  Where  the  atmospheric  conditions 
are  favorable,  satisfactory  results  may  be  ob- 
tained, even  from  poor  soils,  but  in  ungenial 
climates  the  very  best  soils  will  not  guarantee 
success." 

Moreover,  with  our  present  and  increasing 
facilities  of  transportation,  grape  culture  on  a 
large  scale  cannot  be  remunerative,  except  in 
favorable  localities  which  will  produce  the 
beet  quality  almost  every  year  with  certainty. 
Where  the  production  is  low  in  quality  and 


Climate,  Soil,  etc. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Grape  Localities. 


quantity,  and  oftcm  entirely  .fairs,  gra^e  culture 
may  exist  on  a  small  scale  for  home  use  and 
market,  but  on  a'lacge  sc'al'e.it  will  not  re  ward 
the  vintner'**  labor,  and  \v'ou^d  -finally  b&  aban- 
doned. As  California  in  the  West,  so  does 
Virginia  in  the  East,  and  parts  of  Texas  and 
Arkansas  in  the  South,  seem  to  possess  the 
best  localities  for  grape  culture  on  a  very  large 
scale. 

There  are  only  a  few  countries  where  the 
grape  will,  in  favorable  seasons,  grow  to 
perfection,  and  there  is  no  country  in  the 
world  where  all  kinds  of  grapes  would  suc- 
ceed. Species  found  in  the  lower  latitudes 
will  not  flourish  if  removed  further  north  ;  the 
natives  of  higher  altitudes  will  not  endure  the 
southern  heat ;  the  Scuppernong  cannot  ripen 
north  of  Virginia  ;  the  Fox  grape  of  the  North 
will  scarcely  grow  in  the  lower  regions  of  Car- 
olina and  Georgia ;  a  vine  which  produces 
delicious  grapes  in  Missouri  may  become  very 
inferior  ia  the  most  favored  localities  of  New 
Hampshire. 

Thus  the  climate,  the  mean  temperature  as 
well  as  the  extremes,  the  length  of  the  growing 
season,  the  relative  amount  of  rain,  the  ameli- 
orating influence  of  lakes  and  large  rivers,  the 
altitude  as  well  as  the  soil,  have  an  almost 
incredible  influence  on  various  varieties  of 
grapes  ;  and  a  judicious  choice  of  locations 
adapted  to  the  grape,  and  of  varieties  adapted 
to  our  location,  its  climate  and  soil,  is  there- 
fore of  the  first  importance. 

"  No  one  grape  is  suited  to  all  localities ;  nei- 
ther is  there  any  one  locality  which  is  suited 
to  all  grapes."— £.  W.  Campbell. 

Notwithstanding  that  over  1500  varieties  are 
cultivated  in  Europe,  yet  the  number  of  kinds 
especially  adapted  to  the  different  localities  is 
very  limited  for  each  of  them,  and  we  sel- 
dom find  more  than  three  or  four  varieties 
to  form  the  main  bulk  of  the  vineyards  of  the 
different  sections ;  each  province,  county  or 
township  even,  having  its  own  special  favor- 
ites. This  question  of  adaptability  to  soil  and 
local  climate  is  one  of  the  greatest  importance, 
and  should  be  closely  studied  by  the  intelligent 
grape  grower  if  he  would  make  its  culture  a 
success.  No  existing  variety,  and  probably 
none  that  will  ever  be  produced,  is  well  adapt- 
ed to  general  cultivation  in  more  than  a  limited 
portion  of  this  vast  country.  This  limitation 
is  not  determined  by  isothermal  lines.  Success 
or  failure  of  a  variety  depends  not  only  on 
degrees  of  heat  and  cold  ;  not  only  on  earliness 
or  lateness  of  seasons,  however  important  fac- 
tors these  may  also  be,  but  on  numerous 
causes,  some  of  which  we  cannot,  PO  far,  suffi- 
ciently understand  and  explain.  We  need  but 


remember  that  the  grapes  we  cultivate  in  the 
United  States  have  originated  from  one  or  the 
other  of  several  distinct  species,  or  from  crosses 
between  some  of  their  varieties,  and  that  each 
of  those  native  species  is  found  growing  wild 
in  certain  limited  portions  of  our  country,  and 
not  at  all  in  others.  Thus  the  wild  Labrusca 
is  a  stranger  to  the  lower  Mississippi  Valley 
and  westward.  By  observing  what  species 
grows  in  a  locality,  we  may  safely  assume  that 
cultivated  varieties  of  the  same  sp3cies  will 
thrive  best  in  that  locality  or  its  vicinity  uuder 
otherwise  proper  conditions.  Where  the  na- 
tive species  does  not  exist,  its  cultivated  varie- 
ties may  for  a  time  promise  excellent  success  ; 
but  in  many  localities  this  promise  will  prob- 
ably, sooner  or  later,  end  in  disappointment. 
This  has  been  our  sad  experience  even  with 
the  Concord,  which  is  generally  considered 
the  most  reliable,  healthy  and  hardy  Ameri- 
can grape. 

On  the  other  hand  this  proposition  seems  to 
conflict  with  the  fact  that  American  vines  of 
different  species  have  been  successfully  trans- 
planted even  to  Europe.  But  it  would  be  a 
great  mistake  to  believe  that  they  would  suc- 
ceed in  all  parts  of  that  continent.  It  was 
found,  on  the  contrary,  f»hat  there  also  some  of 
our  varieties  which  succeed  well  in  one  portion 
of  France,  for  instance,  entirely  failed  in  oth- 
ers ;  and  this  only  proves  that  we  may  find  in 
far-off  foreign  lands  localities  which  exactly 
correspond  in  soil,  climate,  etc.,  with  certain 
localities  in  our  own  country,  and  where  this 
is  the  case,  well  and  good  ;  but  where  these  are 
different  the  results  are  unsatisfactory.  In 
evidence  we  quote  from  the  report  of  the  com- 
mission, composed  of  some  of  the  best  French 
authorities,  to  the  International  Phylloxera 
Congress,  in  Bordeaux  (Oct.,  1882).  After  giv- 
ing a  detailed  report  of  their  observations  in  the 
principal  vineyards  of  France  where  American 
vines  have  been  planted,  they  say,  "  But  they 
(these  resisting  American  vines)  do  by  no  means 
succeed  equally  well  in  all  locations.  The  na- 
ture of  the  terrain  and  the  climate  must  be 
taken  into  serious  consideration.  But  was  it 
not  one  of  the  great  difficulties  with  the  French 
vines  to  know  which  variety  suited  such  or 
such  soil  or  aspect?  How  many  failures  were 
the  consequence  of  bad  selection !  It  is,  of 
course,  the  same  with  American  vines,  coming 
from  widely  different  conditions  of  tempera- 
ture, humidity  and  altitude.' 

Unfortunately,  this  has  been  and  is  even  now 
but  insufficiently  understood. 

Indigenous  wild  grapes  were  found  at  the 
discovery  of  this  new  world ;  the  legend  tells 
us  that  when  the  Norsemen  first  discovered 


The  European  Grape. 


GRAPE   MANUAL. 


7's  Failure.       7 


this  country  "  Hleif  Erickson  "  called  the  land 
Vineland.  As  early  as  1564  wine  was  made  by 
the  first  colonists  in  Florida  from  the  native 
grape.  The  Pilgrim  fathers  saw  vines  in 
abundance  at  Plymouth.  "Here  are  grapes, 
white  and  red,  and  very  sweet  and  strong 
also,"  wrote  Jos.  Edward  Winslow  in  1621. 
Rev.  Fr.  Higginson,  writing  in  1629  from  the 
Massachusetts  Colony  says  "  Excellent  vines 
are  here,  up  and  down  in  the  \Yoodes:  Our 
governor  has  already  planted  a  vineyard,  with 
great  hope  of  increase."  Thus,  during  the 
previous  centuries  grapes  were  cultivated,  and 
wine  has  occasionally  been  made  in  America 
from  native  grapes  ;  (the  French  settlers  near 
Kaskaskia,  Ills.,  made,  in  1769,  one  hundred 
and  ten  hogsheads  of  strong  wine  from  wild 
grapes)  — "  but  neither  the  quality  of  the  wine 
nor  the  price  obtained  for  it  offered  sufficient 
inducement  to  persevere." — Buchanan. 

The  European  grape,  Vitis  Vinifera,  was, 
therefore,  considered  the  only  true  wine  grape. 

In  1630,  a  London  company  sent  French 
vignerons  into  the  Virginia  Colony  to  plant 
grapevines  which  they  had  imported  for  the 
purpose;  the  poor  vignerons  were  blamed  for 
their  failure.  In  1633  Wm.  Penn  vainly  tried 
to  introduce  and  cultivate  European  varie^- 
ties  in  Pennsylvania.  In  1690  a  Swiss  Colo- 
ny, grape  growers  from  Lake  Geneva,  tried 
to  raise  grapes  and  make  wine  in  Jessamine 
County,  Kentucky,  but  their  hopes  were  soon 
frustrated;  their  labor  and  fund— $10,000,  a 
large  amount  in  those  days — were  lost ;  and 
only  when  they  commenced  to  cultivate  an 
indigenous  grape,  which,  however,  they  sup- 
posed to  be  from  the  Cape  (see  description  of 
Alexander),  they  had  somewhat  better  success. 
The  attempts  with  German,  French  and  Span- 
ish vines,  made  again  and  again,  proved 
failures.  Hundreds  of  thousands  (comprising 
many  different  sorts)  of  the  best  European 
vines  were  imported,  but  they  all  perished 
"  from  the  vicissitudes  of  the  climate."  Thous- 
ands of  failures  are  recorded  ;  not  one  of  dura- 
ble success;  and  Downing  was  fully  justified 
in  saying  (Horticulturist,  Jan.,  1851),  "The 
introduction  of  the  foreign  grape  into  this 
country  for  open  vineyard  culture  is  impossible. 
Thousands  of  individuals  have  tried  it — the 
result  in  every  case  has  beea  the  same — a  sea- 
son or  two  of  promise,  then  utter  failure."* 

*  Always  excepting  California,  which  was  then  almost 
unknown,  but  which  is  now  thegreatest  wine-producing 
State  of  this  country.  There,  from  the  counties  border- 
ing the  Bay  of  San  Francisco  down  to  Colorado  river, 
several  hundred  varieties  of-  the  best  European  grapes 
are  successfully  cultivated;  and  even  since  the  appear- 
ance of  the  Phylloxera,  evidently  introduced  from 
Europe  on  imported  vines,  Amaricaii  grapes  are  not  in 
demand  there,  except  for  the  purpose  of  grafting  there- 
011  European  varieties.  (,J  lite  recently  the  Soudan  grape, 
a,  vine  discovered  on  the  banks  of  the  Xiger,  in  Africa, 


While  this  fact  could  not  be  denied,  the 
cause  remained  a  mystery.  All  pronounced 
the  European  grape  as  "  unsuited  to  our  soil 
and  climate  ;  "  all  attributed  its  failure  to  that 
cause.  But  we,  and  doubtless  many  others 
with  us,  could  not  help  thinking  that  "soil 
and  climate"  cannot  be  the  sole  causes;  for 
this  vast  country  of  oars  possesses  a  great 
many  locations  where  soil  and  climate  are 
quite  similar  to  those  of  some  parts  of  Europe 
where  the  Viuifera  flourishes.  Is  it  reasona- 
ble to  suppose  then,  that  none  of  the  many 
varieties  which  are  grown  in  Europe  under 
such  varied  climatic  conditions,  from  Mainz 
to  Naples,  from  the  Danube  to  the  Rhone, 
should  find  a  congenial  spot  in  these  United 
States,  embracing  almost  every  climate  of 
the  temperate  zone?  If  soil  and  climate  were 
so  unsuited,  how  is  it  that  the  young,  ten- 
der European  vines  grow  so  well,  so  prom- 
ising of  success,  for  a  few  seasons  ;  in  large 
cities  SDmatimas  even  for  several  years  ?  How 
explain  the  fact  that  the  finest  European  va- 
rieties of  other  fruits,  the  poar  for  instance,  are 
successfully  grown  here  in  poms  localities,  and 
that,  but  for  the  curculio,  tha  Reine  Claude 
and  German  Prunea  would  flourish  here  as 
well  as  there?  Slight  differenced  of  soil  and 
climate  might  well  produce  marked  differencas 
in  the  constitution  of  the  vine,  perhaps  also 
somewhat  change  the  flavor  and  quality  of 
the  grapes,  but  could  not  sufficiently  account 
for  their  absolute  failure.  Nevertheless  our 
learned  horticulturists  looked  for  no  other 
cause ;  they  even  went  so  far  as  to  teach  that 
"if  we  really  wished  to  acclimate  the  foreign 
grap3  here,  we  must  go  to  the  seeds,  and  raise 
two  or  three  new  generations  in  the  American 
soil  and  climate."  In  obedience  to  these  teach- 
ings, numerous  fruitless  attempts  have  been, 
made  here  to  raise  seedlings  of  the  European 
grape  that  will  endure  our  climate.  Like  their 
parents  they  seemed  successful  for  a  timef — 
to  be  soon  discarded  and  forgotten.  But,  in 

has  been  introduced  into  California;  a  few  plants  are 
now  growing  from  seed  received  by  C.  A.  Wetmore,  and 
may  also  succeed  there,  in  Los  Angeles  and  San  Bernar- 
dino counties.  This  peculiar  vine  is  an  annual,  but  has  a 
tuberous  perennial  root.  The  seeds  are  much  like  those 
of  other  grapes;  the  leaves  resemble  some  liotundifoli.i 
varietes  of  tne  S.  A.  S. 

All  our  remarks  on  grape  culture  refer  only  to  the 
States  east  of  the  Kocky  Mountains,  unless  otherwise 
expressly  stated. 

f  Among  the  seedlings  of  foreign  grapes  raised  in  the 
U.  S.,  which  obtained  a  name  and  fame,  are:  Brinkle  and 
Emily,  raised  by  Peter  Raabe  of  Philadelphia;  Brandy - 
wine,  originated  near  Wilmington,  L(el. ;  Katarka  and 
Montgomery,  or  Merritt's  Seedling,  raised  by  Dr.  W.  A. 
Royce,  of  Newburg,  X.  York.  To  these  belong  also 
Clara  and  Weehawken  (see  description).  N.Grein,  of  Her- 
mann, Mo.,  introduced,  about  ten  years  ago,  some  very 
good  new  grapes,  which  he  claimed  (and  honestly  be- 
lieved) to  have  raised  from  seed  of  the  German  Riesling. 
Taey  proved  to  be  not  seedlings  of  the  European  Riesling 
as  all,  but  of  the  American  Taylor  grape,  and  are  now 
known  as  Missouri  Kiesling,  Grein's  Golden,  &c.  (^ee 
these  varieties.)  George  Haskell,  a  most  persevering 


8         The  Phylloxera. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Am.  Species. 


absence  of  any  satisfactory  reason  for  these 
failures,  it  is  quite  natural  that  renewed  at- 
tempts were  and  are  continually  made.*  In 
the  spring  of  1867,  we  ourselves  imported  from 
Austria  about  300  rooted  vines  (Veltliner, 
Blue  Baden,  Riesling,  Tokay,  Uva  Pana, 
&c.),  not  with  expectations  of  success  in  open 
air  culture,  but  with  a  view  to  discover,  by 
careful  observation,  the  real  cause  of  failure, 
and  knowing  the  true  cause,  to  be  then,  per- 
haps, able  to  obviate  it.  The  vines  grew 
splendidly,  but  during  the  summer  of  1839, 
though  bearing  some  beautiful  fruit,  their  fol- 
iage began  to  wear  a  yellow,  sickly  appear- 
ance. In  1870  many  were  dying  and  we  almost 
despaired  of  discovering  the  cause,  whan  Prof. 
C.  V.  Riley,  then  our  State  Entomologist,  in- 
formed us  that  the.  discovery  had  just  been 
made  in  France,  by  Planchon  and  Lichten- 
stein,  that  the  serious  grape  disease  which  had 
attacked  their  noble  vineyards  was  caused  by 
a  root-louse  (Phylloxera),  which  bears  a  close 
resemblance  to  our  American  grapeleaf  gall- 
louse,  an  insect  long  known  here.  In  1871  and 
since,  Prof.  Riley  often  visited  our  vineyards, 
as  we  gave  Ijim  full  permission  and  cheerfully 
assisted  him  to  unearth  both  diseased  and 
healthy  vines,  native  and  foreign,  of  every 
kind,  in  order  to  examine  their  roots  and  to 
study  the  question.  By  his  observations  and 
those  of  Prof.  Planchon,  mide  by  both  in  this 
country  as  well  as  in  France,  and  afterwards 
confirmed  and  verified  by  all  prominent  nat- 
uralists, the  identity  of  the  American  insect 
With  the  one  discovered  in  France,  and  of  the 
two  types,  the  gall  and  the  root-lice,  has  bean 
substantiated.  Thus,  the  principal  cause  of 
the  absolute  failure  of  European  vines  in  this 
country  has  been  discovered,  but  no  satisfac- 
tory remedy  has  been  found.  So  far,  it  seems 
impossible  to  destroy  or  to  guard  against  this 
insect  enemy  ;  while  the  vigorous  roots  of  our 

experimenter,  says  "  I  raised  many  hundred  vines  from 
seeds  of  different  foreign  grapes.  These  seeds  were 
planted  under  glass,  and  the  vines  remained  in  the 
house  two  years,  when  they  were  removed  to  the  open 
air.  Xone  of  them  proved  healthy  *  *  *  *  they  all  died 
in  a  few  years,  though  well  covered  in  winter." 

*Thos.  Rush,  a  German,  planted  (in  1860)  varieties  of 
the  Vinifera  on  Kelley's  Island;  they  seemed  to  succeed 
the  first  three  years  remarkably  well,  then  they  died 
and  were  replaced  by  Catawba  vineyards. 

As  late  as  1872,  M.  J.  Labiaux,  at  Ridgway,  North  Car- 
olina, undertook  to  plant  vineyards  with  70,000  cuttings 
(principally  Aramons),  imported  from  Southern  France. 
In  the  same  vicinity,  Bug.  Morel,  a  pupil  of  Dr.  Jules 
Guyot  (the  best  authority  on  French  grape  culture),  and 
others,  were  also  cultivating  several  thousands  of  Euro- 
pean vines — without  success. 

The  only  satisfactory  method  of  obtaining  the  fine 
foreign  grapes  in  this  country  is  under  glass,  by  the  use 
of  the  grapery.  This,  however,  so  far,  is  done  on  a  very 
limited  scale  only,  as  a  luxury  for  the  table;  and  even 
there  the  roots  of  the  vines  in  the  outside  border  are  ex- 
posed to  the  danger  of  being  infested  by  the  Phylloxera; 
so  that  vines  grafted  on  American  roots  shoiild  be  used. 
Those  who  desire  and  can  afford  to  enjoy  this  luxury 
we  refer  for  information  to  Peter  Henderson's  excellent 
nooks  on  gardening. 


American  vines  enjoy  a  relative  immunity  front 
its  injuries,  the  pest  thrives  on  the  tender  roots 
of  the  European  vines,  which  readily  succumb. 
The  French  Commission,  in  its  report  to  the 
Viticultural  Congress,  held  atMontpellier,  Oct. 
1874,  came  to  the  conclusion  that  "  In  presence 
of  the  non-success  obtained  from  all  attempts 
made  since  1868,  with  a  view  to  preserve  or 
cure  our  vines,  and  feeling  that  after  six  years 
of  efforts  in  this  direction,  no  process  except 
submersion  has  been  found  effective,  many 
persons  are  quite  discouraged,  and  863  in  the 
American  vines,  whether  justly  so  or  not,  the 
only  plank  of  safety."  Since  that  time,  where- 
soever the  most  careful,  practical  grape-grow- 
ers and  most  scientific  naturalists  met  and 
exchanged  their  views,  as  at  the  International 
Congress  held  at  Lyons,  France,  and  at  Sara- 
gossa,  Spain,  in  1880  ;  at  Bordeaux  in  1881,  the 
leading  principle  established  has  been  :  "that 
the  Phylloxera  cannot  be  exterminated  where 
it  once  infests  the  vineyards,  nor  can  its  intro- 
duction be  prevented  by  any  precautionary 
measures ;  but  that  there  are  some  means 
whereby,  in  spite  of  the  insect,  we  may  yet 
save  our  vineyards  from  destruction,  and  enjoy 
their  richly  paying  returns  ;  and  that  the  most 
practical,  the  simplest,  cheapest  and*  surest 
means  is  by  planting  the  resisting  American 
grapas."  Already  millions  of  American  grape- 
vines are  growing  in  France,  hundreds  of 
thousands  in  Spain,  Italy,  Hungary,  etc. 
How  much  more,  then,  must  WE  look  to  spe- 
cies which  we  find  indigenous  here,  and  to 
their  descendants,  for  success  in  grape  culture. 
A  knowledge  of  the  distinctive  permanent 
characters  of  our  species,  and  a  proper  classifi- 
cation of  our  varieties,  referable  to  them,  is  of 
far  more  importance  than  is  generally  sup- 
posed.* And  while  many  grape-growers  may 
skip  over  the  following  pages  as  useless,  we 
hope  that  some  of  them  will  thank  us  for  em- 
bodying in  this  catalogue  the  valuable  treatise 
on  this  subject  by  the  best  living  authority — 
Dr.  G.  Engelmann  (who  has  also  kindly  re- 
vised— aye,  almost  entirely  re- written  it  for  this 
new  edition).  Twenty-five  years  ago  Robert 
Buchanan  wrote  in  his  book  on  the  culture  of 
the  grape:  "The  perfection  of  a  definite  ar- 
rangement of  all  our  varieties  must  remain  for 
future  labors,  but  it  is  to  be  hoped  an  end  so- 
desirable  will  not  be  lost  sight  of." 

*Even  A.  S.  Fuller,  in  his  excellent  Treatise  on  Grape 
Culture,  written  in  1866,  said  "  Practically  it  is  of  little 
consequence  what  view  is  taken  of  these  unusual 
forms  (of  distinct  species,  or  marked  varieties  of  the 
species),  as  the  cultivator  is  interested  in  them  only 
as  varieties,  and  it  is  of  no  particular  moment  to  him 
whether  we  have  one  hundred  or  only  one  native  spe- 
cies." We  are  satisfied  that  he  considers  it  of  far  more 
consequence  now. 


Dr.  Engelmann. 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


Classification.        9 


THE  TRUE*  GRAPE-VINES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

BY  DK.  G.  ENGELMANN. 

The  Grape-vines  are  among  the  most  varia- 
ble plants,  even  in  their  wild  state,  in  wh^ch 
•climate,  soil,  shade,  humidity,  and  perhaps 
natural  hybridization,  have  originated  such  a 
multiplicity  and  such  an  intermixture  of  forms, 
that  it  is  often  difficult  to  recognize  the  original 
types  and  to  refer  the  different  given  forms  to 
their  proper  alliances.  Only  by  carefully  study- 
ing a  large  number  of  forms  from  all  parts  of 
the  country,  in  their  peculiar  mode  of  growth 
and  especially  their  fructification,  or  rather 
their  seeds,  are  we  enabled  to  arrive  at  any 
thing  like  a  satisfactory  disposition  of  these 
plants.  (Table  of  Grape  Seeds;  fig.  1-33,  page  13.) 

Before  I  proceed  to  the  classification  of  our 
Grape-vines,  I  deem  it  necessary  to  make  a 
few  preliminary  remarks : 

The  grape-vines  cultivated  in  that  part  of 
the  United  States  lying  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  are  all  natives  of  the  country,  most 
of  them  picked  up  in  the  woods ;  some,  per- 
haps, improved  by  cultivation  ;  and  a  few  the 
product  of  natural  or  artificial  hybridization. 
In  that- part  of  the  country  the  wine  grapes  of 
the  Old  World  can  only  be  cultivated  under 
glass  ;  but  in  New  Mexico  and  California  they 
have  been  successfully  introduced  by  the  Span- 
iards, and  in  the  latter  State  a  great  many  va- 
rieties are  now  extensively  cultivated,  and 
promise  to  make  one  of  the  great  staples  of 
that  region  ;  but  eastward  and  north  ward  they 
have  entirely  failed,  owing  to  the  destructive 
effects  of  that  now  so  well  known  and  dreaded 
insect,  the  Phylloxera, of  which  more, further  on. 

All  the  true  Grape-vines  bear  fertile  flowers 
on  one  stock,  and  sterile  flowefs  on  another 
separate  stock,  and  are,  therefore,  called  poly- 
gamous, or,  not  quite  correctly,  dioecious.  The 
sterile  plants  do  bear  male  flowers  with  abor- 
tive pistils,  so  that  while  they  never  produce 
fruit  themselves,  they  may  assist  in  fertilizing 
the  others  ;  the  fertile  flowers  however,  are 
hermaphrodites,  containing  both  organs — sta- 
mens and  pistils — and  are  capable  of  ripening 
fruit  without  the  assistance  of  the  male  plants,  f 
Real  female  flowers,  without  any  stamens,  do 
not  seem  ever  to  have  been  observed  Both 

*  We  treat  here  only  of  the  true  grape-vines,  with  edi- 
ble berries.  In  the  flowers  of  these  the  small  green  pet- 
als do  not  expand,  but  cohere  at  the  top,  and  separating 
from  their  base,  fall  away  together  as  a  little  five-lobed 
hood.  The  flowers,  and  consequently  the  fruit,  are  ar- 
ranged in  the  well-known  clusters  (thyrsus).  Thus  they 
are  distinguished  from  the  false  grape-vines  (botanically 
known  as  Ampelopsis  and  Cissus),  which  often  resemble 
the  true  grape-vines  very  much,  but  bear  no  edible  ber- 
ries. Their  flowers  expand  regularly,  opening  at  top, 
and  ai%e  arranged  in  broad,  flat-topped  clusters 
(corymbs). 

t  These  fertile  plants,  however,  are  of  two  kinds ;  some 
are  perfect  hermaphrodites,  with  long  and  straight  sta- 


forms,  the  male  and  hermaphrodite,  or  if  pre- 
ferred, those  with  sterile  and  those  with  com- 
plete flowers,  are  found  mixed  in  tbeir  native 
localities  of  the  wild  plants,  but  of  course, 
only  the  fertile  plants  have  been  selected  for 
cultivation,  and  thus  it  happens  that  to  the 
cultivator  only  these  are  known ;  and  as  the 
Grape-vine  of  the  Old  World  has  been  in  cul- 
tivation for  thousands  of  years,  it  has  resulted 
that  this  hermaphrodite  character  of  its  flow- 
ers has  been  mistaken  for  a  botanical  peculiar- 
ity, by  which  it  was  to  be  distinguished,  not 
only  from  our  American  Grape-vines,  but  also 
from  the  wild  grapes  of  the  Old  World.  But 
plants  raised  from  the  seeds  of  this,  as  well  as 
of  any  other  true  Grape-vine,  generally  furnish 
as  many  sterile  as  fertile  specimens,  while 
those  propagated  by  layering  or  by  cuttings, 
of  course,  only  continue  the  individual  charac- 
ter of  the  mother-plant  or  stock.* 

The  peculiar  disposition  of  the  tendrils  in, 
the  Grape-vines  furnishes  an  important  char- 
acteristic for  the  distinction  of  one  of  our  most 
commonly  cultivated  species,  Vitis  labrusca, 
its  wild  and  its  cultivated  varieties,  from  all 
others.  In  this  species — and  it  is  the  only  true 
Viiis  exhibiting  it — the  tendrils  (or  their  equiv- 
alent, an  inflorescence),  are  found  opposite  each 
leaf,  and  this  arrangement  I  designate  as  con- 
tinuous tendrils.  All  the  other  species  known, 
to  me  exhibit  a  regular  alternation  of  two 
leaves,  each  having  a  tendril  opposite  it,  with 
a  third  leaf  without  such  a  tendril,  and  this 
arrangement  may  be  named  intermittent  ten- 
drils. Like  all  vegetable  characters,  this  is 
not  an  absolute  one ;  to  observe  it  well  it  is 
necessary  to  examine  well-grown  canes,  and 
neither  sprouts  of  extraordinary  vigor,  nor 

mens  around  the  pistil ;  the  others  bear  smaller  stamens, 
shorter  than  the  pistil,  which  soon  bend  downward  and 
curve  under  it;  these  may  be  called  imperfect  hermaphro- 
dites, approaching  females,  and  they  do  not  seem  to  be 
as  fruitful  as  the  perfect  hermaphrodites,  unless  other- 
wise fertilized. 

It  is  proper  here,  to  insist  on  the  fact  that  nature  has 
not  produced  the  male  plants  without  a  definite  object; 
and  this  object,  without  any  doubt,  is  found  in  the  more 
perfect  fertilization  of  the  hermaphrodite  flowers,  as  it 
is  a  well  .established  fact  that  such  cross  fertilization 
produces  more  abundant  and  healthier  fruit.  Vine 
growers  might  take  a  hint  from  these  observations,  and 
plant  a  few  male  stocks  in  their  vineyards,  say  1  to  40  or 
50  of  their  fertile  stocks,  and  might  expect  from  such  a 
course  healthier  fruit,  which  would  probably  resist  rot 
and  other  diseases  better  than  fruit  grown  in  the  ordi- 
nary way.  I  would  expect  such  beneficial  influence  es- 
pecially in  all  varieties  that  have  short  stamens,  such  as 
the  Taylor.  Male  stocks  can  be  easily  obtained,  either 
in  the  woods  or  from  seeds.  It  is  of  course  understood 
that  the  males  ought  to  belong  to  the  same  species  (or 
better,  to  the  same  variety)  as  the  fertile  plants  to  be 
benefltted  by  their  pollen.  European  vine  growers  may 
also  profit  by  this  suggestion. 

*  Some  observations  (rather  loose,  to  be  sure)  seem  to 
point  to  the  possibility  of  the  sexual  characters  of  the 
grape-vines  becoming  changed  under  certain  circum- 
stances; and,  though  I  have  not  seen  a  case  of  this  kind 
myself,  nor  heard  of  an  instance  where  fertile  vines  in 
cultivation  began  to  bear  sterile  (male)  flowers,  there  is 
no  absorate  impossibility  in  it,  as  we  know  that  other 
plants  (willows  for  example)  occasionally  sport  in  this 
manner. 


10        Dr.  EngeJmann. 


BUSHBERG   CATALOGUE. 


Classification. 


stunted  autumnal  branchlets.  The  few  lowest 
leaves  of  a  cane  have  no  opposite  tendrils,  but 
after  the  second  or  third  leaf  the  regularity  in 
the  arrangement  of  the  tendrils,  as  above  de- 
scribed, rarely  fails  to  occur.  In  weak  branches 
we  sometimes  find  tendrils  irregularly  placed 
opposite  leaves,  or  sometimes  none  at  all. 

It  is  a  remarkable  fact,  connected  with  this 
law  of  vegetation,  that  most  Grape-vines  bear 
only  two  inflorescences  (consequently  two 
bunches  of  grapes)  upon  the  same  cane,  while 
in  the  forms  belonging  to  Labrusca  there  are 
often  three,  and  sometimes,  in  vigorous  shoots, 
four  or  five,  or  rarely,  even  more  in  succession, 
each  opposite  a  leaf.  Whenever  in  other  spe- 
cies, in  rare  cases,  a  third  or  fourth  inflorescence 
occurs,  there  will  always  be  found  a  barren 
leaf  (without  an  opposite  inflorescence)  be- 
tween the  second  and  third  bunches. 

Another  valuable  character,  discovered  by 
Prof.  Millardet,  of  Bordeaux,  is  found  in  the 
structure  of  the  branches  ("  canes,"  as  they  are 
usually  called).  These  contain  a  large  pith, 
and  this  pith  is  transversely  separated  at  each 
node  (point  where  a  leaf  is  or  has  been  insert- 
ed), by  what  is  called  a  diaphragm.  These 
diaphragms  consist  of  harder,  solid  pith,  of  the 
appearance  of  wood,  and  are  examined  best  in 
canes  6  to  12  months  old,  when  the  pith  has 
turned  brown  and  the  diaphragm  is  whitish  ; 
A  longitudinal  section  through  the  cane  will 
best  exhibit  them.  They  are,  in  most  species, 
1  to  2  lines  thick  ;  but  in  the  Riverbank  grape,, 
Vitis  riparia,  the  diaphragm  is  not  more  than 
£  to  J-  line  thick  ;  and  in  the  Sand,  or  Rock 
grape,  Vitis  rupestris,  it  is  very  little  thicker. 
For  us  here,  the  distinction  of  these  species  is 
of  no  great  practical  importance ;  but,  as  a  con- 
siderable demand  for  them  has  sprung  up  in 
Europe,  it  is  well  to  characterize  them  accur- 
ately ;  and  this  character  holds  good  in  winter, 
when  all  others  of  foliage  or  fruit  have  disap- 
peared. There  is  only  one  American  Grape- 
vine, also  in  other  respects  an  aberrant  form, 
the  Southern  Muscadine  grape,  Vitis  vulpina, 
which  is  entirely  destitute  of  such  diaphragms. 

The  cut  represents  the  diaphragms  of  differ- 
ent species.  Fig.  34,  Vitis  riparia,  with  the 
thinnest,  and  fig.  36,  Vitis  cordi/olia,  with  a 
thick  diaphragm  ;  Vitis  cestivalis,  is  similar  to 
this  last,  and  Vitis  labrusca  scarcely  thinner  ; 
but  fig.  35,  Vitis  rupestris,  has  a  diaphragm  not 
much  thicker  than  the  first.  Fig.  37  shows 
Vitis  vulpina  without  any  partition. 

It  is  well  known  that  some  species  of  Vitis 
grow  well  from  cuttings,  while  others  are  diffi- 
cult to  propagate  in  this  way. 

Easy  to  propagate  are  Labrusca,  Monticola 
Siparia,  Rupestrts  and  Palmata.  Almost  im- 


Fig.  34. 


Fig.  35.         Fig.  36.          Fig.  37. 


V.  riparia.  V.  rupestris.  V.  cordifolia.  V.  vulpina. 
possible  to  propagate  by  cuttings  are  Candi- 
cans,  JEstivalis,  Cinerea,  Cordifolia,  Vulpina, 
and  probably  Californica.  Arizonica  and  Car- 
ibea  I  do  not  know  in  this  respect.  That  the 
southern  cultivated  forms  of  JEstivalis  grow 
more  or  less  readily  from  cuttings  is  stated 
further  on  (page  16). 

The  structure  of  the  bark  of  the  young  canes 
shows  also  differences  in  the  different  species, 
but  as  the  characters  are  to  some  extent  of 
microscopical  detail  they  are  here  omitted. 
The  bark  of  the  mature  canes  is  ashy  gray 
( V.  cordifolia,  V.  Cinerea),  to  red  or  brownish 
V.  cestivalis);  it  peels  off  after  the  first  season 
in  large  flakes,  or  in  narrow  strips  or  shreds  ; 
only  in  the  Muscadine  grape  the  dark  gray 
bark  does  not  peel  off  at  all,  at  least  not  for  a 
number  of  years. 

Young  seedlings  of  all  the  Grape-vines  are 
glabrous  or  only  very  slightly  hairy.  The 
cobwebby  or  cottony  down,  so  characteristic  of 
some  species,  makes  its  appearance  only  in  the 
more  advanced  plants  ;  in  some  of  their  varie- 
ties, and  not  rarely  in  the  cultivated  ones,  it  is 
mainly  observed  in  the  young  growth  of  spring 
and  is  apt  to  disappear  in  the  mature  leaf;  but 
even  then  such  leaves  are  never  shining  as 
they  are  in  the  glabrous  species,  but  have  a 
dull  or  unpolished,  or  even  wrinkled  surface. 

The  form  of  the  leaves  is  extremely  variable, 
and  descriptions  must  necessarily  remain 
vague.  They  are  usually  cordate  at  base, 
either  with  an  acute  and  narrow  sinus  ( V.  car- 
data,  and  many  other  species),  or  with  a  broad 
and  wide  one  ( V.  riparia  and  V.  rupestris). 
Leaves  of  seedling  plants  are  all  entire,  i.  e. 
not  lobed ;  young  shoots  from  toe  base  of  old 
stems,  as  a  rule,  have  deeply  and  variously 
lobed  leaves,  even  where  the  mature  plant 
shows  no  such  disposition.  Some  species  (V. 
riparia},  or  some  forms  of  other  species  (forms 
of  V.  labrusca  and  V.  cestivalis),  have  all  the 
leaves  more  or  less  lobed,  while  others  exhibit, 
on  the  mature  plant,  always  entire,  or,  I  should 
rather  say,  not  lobed  leaves ;  the  leaves  of  V. 


Dr.  Engelmann. 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


Classification.         11 


rupestris  and  V.  vulpina  are  never  lobed. 
Only  the  leaves  of  flower-bearing  canes  ought 
to  be  considered  as  the  normal  ones. 

The  surface  of  the  leaves  is  glossy  and  shin- 
ing, and  mostly  bright  green,  or  in  rupestris 
pale  green  ;  or  it  is  dull  above  and  more  or  less 
glaucous  below.  The  glossy  leaves  are  per- 
fectly glabrous,  or  they  often  bear,  especially 
on  the  nerves  of  the  lower  side,  a  pubescence 
of  short  hair.  The  dull  leaves  are  cottony  or 
cobwebby,  downy  on  both  or  only  on  the  under 
side,  and  this  down  usually  extends  to  the 
young  branches  and  to  the  peduncles,  but,  as 
has  been  stated  above,  often  disappears  later 
in  the  season. 

On  both  sides  of  the  insertion  of  the  petiole 
or  leafstalk  into  the  branchlet,  we  find  on  very 
young,  just  developing  shoots,  small  acces- 
sory organs,  which  soon  disappear  ;  they  are 
the  stipules.  In  most  species  they  are  thin, 
membranaceous,  rounded,  at  the  top  somewhat 
oblique,  smooth  in  some,  downy  or  woolly  in 
other  species.  They  are  most  conspicuous  and 
elongated  in  Vi/is  riparia,  in  which  I  find 
them  2J-3  lines  long;  in  V.  rupestris  they  are 
lJ-2£  lines  in  length;  in  V.  eandicans  and  Cal- 
ifornica  scarcely  shorter,  in  V.  labrusca  1J-2 
lines  long  ;  in  V.  ces'tivalis,  cordifolia,  and  most 
others,  they  are  only  one  line  long  or  less ;  in 
very  vigorous  young  shoots  they  may  some- 
times be  larger,  just  as  their  leaves  are  also 
larger  than  the  normal. 

Not  much  of  a  distinctive  character  can  be 
made  out  of  the  flowers.  It  is  observed,  how- 
ever, that  in  some  forms  the  stamens  are  not 
longer  than  the  pistil,  and  very  soon  bend 
.under  it,  while  in  other  forms  they  are  much 
longer  than  the  pistil,  and  remain  straight  till 
they  fall  off.  It  is  possible  that  those  with 
short  stamens  are  less  fertile  than  the  others.* 

The  time  of  flowering  is  quite  characteristic 
of  our  native  species,  and  it  seems  that  the 
cultivated  varieties  retain  herein  the  qualities 
of  their  native  ancestors.  The  different  forms 
of  Riparia  flower  first  of  all ;  soon  afterwards 
comes  -Rupestris,  next  Labrusca  and  its  rela- 
tives, and  later  JEstivalis  comes  iL  bloom. 
One  of  the  last  flowering  species  is  Cordifolia, 
and  still  later,  Cinerea.  Vinifera  seems  to 
flower  soon  after  Labrusca,  but  it  is  not  culti- 
vated here,  nor  is  Vulpina,  which  is  probably 
the  latest  of  all.  V.  eandicans  apparently 
blooms  about  the  same  time  that  Labrusca 
does. 

Riparia  begins  to  open  its  flowers  about  St. 
Louis  three  to  five  weeks  earlier  than  the  first 
blossoms  of  ^Estiva Us  are  seen  in  the  same 

*  Compare  note  on  page  9. 


locality.  In  favorable  situations  and  in  early 
seasons  they  make  their  appearance  in  this 
vicinity  as  early  as  April  25th,  at  other  seasons 
sometimes  as  late  as  May  15th,  or  even  20tb, 
on  the  average  about  May  10th,  and  generally 
about  the  time  when  the  Acacias  (Black  Lo- 
custs) bloom,  both  filling  the  atmosphere  with 
the  sweetest  prefumes.  Cordifolia,  and,  after 
this,  Cinerea,  on  the  contrary,  bloom  from  the 
last  days  in  May  to  (in  late  seasons)  the  mid- 
dle of  June,  when  that  weed  among  trees,  the 
fetid  Ailantus  (misnamed  the  tree  of  Heaven), 
exhales  its  nauseous  odors  and  the  beautiful 
Catalpa  expands  its  gorgeous  bunches  of  flow- 
ers. V.  palmata  (Vahl),  of  which  we  do  not 
yet  know  much,  seems  to  be  the  latest  flower- 
ing Grape-vine  with  us,  flowering  even  after 
Cinerea.  Thus  we  are  not  likely  to  have  any 
Grape-vines  in  flower  here  before  April  25th 
or  after  June  20th. 

One  of  the  botanical  characters  of  the  Grape- 
vine is  found  in  the  seeds.  The  bunches  may 
be  larger  or  smaller,  looser  or  more  compact, 
branched  (shouldered)  or  more  simple,  condi- 
tions which,  to  a  great  extent,  depend  on  vari- 
ety, soil  and  exposure ;  the  berries  may  be 
larger  or  smaller,  of  different  color  and  consist- 
ency, and  contain  fewer  or  more  seeds  (never 
more  than  four),  but  the  seeds,  though  to  some 
extent  variable,  especially  on  account  of  their 
number*  and  mutual  pressure,  where  more 
than  one  is  present,  exhibit  some  reliable  dif- 
ferences. The  big  top  of  the  seed  is  convex  or 
rounded,  or  it  is  more  or  less  deeply  notched. 
The  thin  lower  end  of  the  seed,  the  beak,  is 
short  and  abrupt,  or  it  is  more  or  less  elon- 
gated, On  the  inner  (ventral)  side  are  two 
shallow,  longitudinal  irregular  depressions. 
Between  them  is  a  ridge,  slight  where  there 
are  one  or  two  seeds,  or  sharper  where  the 
seeds  are  in  threes  or  fours ;  along  this  ridge 
the  raphe  (.the  attached  funiculus  or  cord)  runs 
from  the  hilum,  at  the  beak,  over  the  top  of 
the  seed,  and  ends  on  its  back  in  an  elongated, 
oval  or  circular  well-marked  spot,  called  by 
botanists  chalaza.  This  raphe  is  on  that  ridge 
represented  by  a  slender  thread,  which  on  the 
top  and  back  of  the  seed  is  entirely  indistinct, 
or  scarcely  perceptible,  or  it  is  more  or  less 
prominent,  like  a  thread  or  a  cord.  In  our 
American  species  these  characters  seem  pretty 
reliable,  but  in  the  varieties  of  the  Old  World 
Grape-vine  ( Vinifera),  several  thousands  of 
years  removed  from  their  native  sources,  the 
form  of  the  seed  has  also  undergone  important 

*A  single  seed  is  always  thicker,  plumper,  more 
rounded;  two  seeds  are  flattened  on  the  inner,  rounded 
on  the  outer  side;  three  or  four  seeds  are  more  slender 
and  angular;  these  different  variations  may  often  be 
found  in  berries  of  the  same  bunch. 


12         Dr.  Engelmann. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Classification. 


modifications,  and  can  no  longer  be  considered 
so  safe  a  guide  as  in  our  species. 

But  different  as  these  seeds  are  among  them- 
selves they  have  a  character  in  common,  which 
distinguishes  them  from  all  our  American 
Grape  seeds ;  their  beak  is  narrower  and  usu- 
ally longer,  and  their  large  chalaza  (the  area 
on  the  back  of  the  seed)  occupies  the  upper 
half  and  not  the  centre  of  the  seed ;  in  the 
American  species  the  beak  is  shorter  and  more 
abrupt ;  the  chalaza,  usually  smaller,  and  often 
not  circular,  but  narrower,  is  placed  in  the 
centre  of  the  back.  Any  one  who  wishes  to 
satisfy  himself  of  this  need  only  compare  a 
raisin  seed  with  any  of  our  grape  seeds,  if  the 
following  cuts  are  not  plain  enough. 

The  size  and  weight  of  the  seeds  varies 
greatly  in  the  different  species,  thus  Labrusea 
and  Candicans  have  the  largest,  Cinerea  and  Ri- 
paria  the  smallest  seeds,  but  even  in  the  wild 
state  we  find  variation,  e.  g.f  in  ^Estivalis,  still 
more  in  Cordifolia,  and  most  in  Riparia.  In 
Vinifera,  the  European  grape,  however,  the 
variations  are  much  greater,  greater  even  some 
times  than  our  figures  show.  Some  have  laid 
stress  on  the  color  of  the  seeds,  which  varies 
between  brown  and  yellowish,  but  that  seems 
to  me  to  go  too  far  for  our  purposes. 

The  cuts  of  33  Grape  seeds,  here  represented, 
illustrate  the  different  characters  which  have 
been  mentioned  above.  The  figures  are  mag- 
nified four  times  (four  diameters),  accompa- 
nied by  an  outline  of  natural  size.  They  all 
represent  the  back  of  the  seed. 

Fig.  1  and  2,  Vitis  Labrusea,  seeds  of  wild  plants ; 
fig.  1  from  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  tig.  2  from 
the  mountains  of  East  Tennessee.  The  seeds  of  the 
cultivated  varieties  do  not  differ  from  these ;  they  are 
all  large,  notched  on  top  ;  chalaza  generally  depressed 
and  no  raplre  is  visible  in  the  groove  which  extends 
from  the  chalaza  to  the  notch. 

Pigs.  3  to  5  represent  seeds  of  cultivated  forms, 
which  all  show  evident  signs  of  hybridity  and  acknowl- 
edge the  parentage  of  Labrasca  by  the  form  and  size  of 
the  seed  as  well  as  by  the  irregular  arrangement  of 
the  tendrils.  Fig.  3  is  the  seed  of  the  Taylor  Grape, 
which  stands  near  Riparia.  Fig.  4  is  the  seed  of  the 
Clinton,  which  has,  perhaps,  the  same  parents.  Fig.  5, 
seed  of  the  Delaware  Grape,  which  possibly  may  be  a 
hybrid  of  Labrusea  with  Vinifera. 

Figs.  6  to  8,  Vitis  Candicans ;  seed  similar  to  those  of 
Labrusea,  but  broader,  generally  with  a  shorter  beak, 
and  less  distinctly  notched.  Figs.  6  and  7  are  from 
Texas,  the  latter  broader  and  with  a  broader  beak; 
fig.  8  comes  from  South  Florida,  and  is  still  broader 
and  shorter. 

Fig  9,  Vitis  Caribxa,  similar  to  the  last,  but  smaller ; 
seeds  short  and  thick,  and  deeply  notched. 

Figs.  10  and  11,  Vitis  Galifornica,  seeds  often  smaller, 
scarcely  or  not  at  all  notched,  raphe  indistinct  or  quite 
invisible  ;  chalaza  narrow  and  long.  Fig.  10  represents 


a  single  seed  (one  only  in  a  berry)  from  near  San  Fran- 
cisco ;  fig.  11  is  one  of  four  seeds  from  San  Bernardino, 
in  Southern  California. 

Fig.  12,  Vitis  Monticola  ;  seed  very  similar  to  those  of 
the  last  species,  thick,  notched,  without  a  distinct 
raphe,  and  with  a  long  and  narrow  chalaza. 

Figs.  13  and  14,  Vitis  Arizonica,  from  the  Santa  Rita 
Mountains1;  seeds  small,  slightly  notched,  with  a  more 
or  less  distinct  but  flat  raphe. 

Figs.  15  to  17,  Vitis  ^stivalis  ;  seeds  rather  larger, 
cord-like  raphe  and  more  or  less  circular  chalaza 
strongly  developed ;  all  the  seeds  are  from  wild  grapes 
gathered  about  St.  Louis ;  the  seeds  of  the  cultivated 
forms,  Northern  and  Southern,  are  similar.  Figs.  15 
and  16  are  from  berries  with  only  one  or  two  seeds  ; 
fig.  17  is  narrower,  and  from  a  larger  four-seeded  berry. 

Fig.  18,  Vitis  Cinerea,  a  seed  similar  to  the  last,  with 
the  same  strong  raphe,  but  smaller  in  size,  and  often 
single. 

Figs.  19  and  2»,  Vitis  Cordifolia  ;  seeds  also  similar  to 
the  two  last,  but  raphe  not  quite  so  prominent,  mostly 
single  or  in  twos,  rarely  more  in  a  berry  ;  fig.  19  comes 
from  a  larger  berry,  with  more  seeds,  found  near  St. 
Louis;  fig.  20  is  a  single  seed,  from  the  District  of 
Columbia. 

Fig.  21,  Vitis  Palmata;  seed  large,  almost  globose, 
with  a  very  short  beak,  a  narrow  chalaza,  no  raphe 
visible,  top  slightly  depressed. 

Figs.  22  to  25,  Vitis  Riparia;  seeds  similar  to  the 
last,  but  smaller,  though  quite  variable  in  size.  The 
seeds  all  come  from  wild  plants ;  figs.  22  and  23,  from 
Goat  Island  on  the  Niagara'  Falls ;  fig.  22  a  single 
broad  seed ;  fig.  23  from  a  three-seeded  berry ;  fig.  24 
from  a  two-seeded  berry  from  the  shores  of  Lake 
Champlain,  in  Vermont ;  fig.  25,  seed  of  the  June 
grape  from  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi  below  St. 
Louis.  The  seeds  are  obtuse,  or  very  slightly  de- 
pressed on  top,  chalaza  rather  flat,  el  ongated  and 
gradually  lost  in  a  groove  which  encloses  the  scarcely 
prominent  raphe. 

Figs.  26  and  27,  Vitis  Rupestris  ;  fig.  26  from  a  two- 
seeded  berry  from  Texas,  and  fig.  27  from  a  four- 
seeded  one  from  Missouri.  The  top  of  the  seed  is 
obtuse,  not  notched,  and  the  raphe  very  inconspicu- 
ous in  the  Texan  seed,  or  invisible  in  that  from  Mis- 
souri. 

Figs.  28  to  32,  Vitis  Vinifera,  from  the  Old  World. 
Different  forms  are  introduced  here  for  comparison 
with  the  American  species,  and  to  show  how  much 
they  differ  among  themselves.  Fig.  28  represents  a 
seed  out  of  a  lot  of  grapes  (or  raisins)  found  with 
an  Egyptian  mummy,  and  probably  now  3,0:)0  years 
old,  or  older.  The  specimens  are  preserved  in  the 
Egyptian  Museum  of  Berlin.  The  berry  obligingly 
donated  to  me  was  as  large  as  the  larger  European 
cultivated  grapes,  and  enclosed  three  seeds.  It  will  be 
seen  that  it  is  the  largest  of  the  Vinifera  seeds  figured 
here,  showing  perhaps  a  slight  modification  of  the  seed 
in  the  ages  that  intervened  between  its  and  our  times. 

Fig.  29,  Brusca,  the  native  species  of  Tuscany 
(Northern  Italy) ,  fig.  30,  Riesling,  cultivated  on  the 
banks  of  the  Rhine  ;  fig.  31,  Gutedel  (Chasselas),  from 
the  same  region;  fig.  32,  Black  Hamburg,  from  a 
grapery  near  London.  All  these  seeds  are  easily  dis- 
tinguished from  all  American  grape  seeds,  by  the  nar- 
rower and  usually  longer  beak  (or  lower  part),  and 


TABLE  OF  GRAPE  SEEDS. 


V.  LABRUSCA. 
Fig.  1.  Fig.  2. 


TAYLOR.  CLINTON.  DELAWARE.        V.  CANDICANS. 

Fig.  3.  Fig.  4.  Fig.  5.  Fig.  6. 


,  V.  CANDICANS.  V.  CARIBEA.  V.CALIFORNICA.    V.  MOXTICOLA.  V.  ARIZONICA. 

Fig.  7.  Fig.  8.  Fig.  9.  Fig.  10.  Fig.  11.  Fig.  12.  Fig.  13. 


V.  ARIZONICA.  V.  ^ESTIVALIS.  CINEREA.  V.  CORDIFOLIA. 

Fig.  14.  Fig.  15.  Fig.  16.  Fig.  17.  Fig.  18.  Fig.  19.  Fig.  20. 


V.  PALMATA. 
Fig.  21. 


V.  RIPARIA. 

Fig.  22.  Fig.  23. 


V.  RIPARIA. 

Fig.  24.  Fig.  25. 


V.  RUPESTRIS. 

Fig.  26.  Fig.  27. 


V.  VINIFERA.  VITIS  VIXIFERA.  V.  VULPINA. 

Fig.  28,  Mummy  Grape.    Fig.  29,  Brusca.   Fig.  30,  Riesling.  Fig.31,Chasselas.  Fig.32,Bl.Hamb'g.       Fig.33. 


14         Dr.  Engilmann. 


BUSH BERG   CATALOGUE. 


Classification. 


especially  by  the  large  circular,  though  not  very  prom- 
inent, chalaza,  which  occupies  the  upper,  and  not  the 
middle  part  of  the  seed.  These  five  specimen  seeds 
represent  the  principal  forms,  but  not  all  European 
grape  seeds  entirely  agree  with  them. 

Fig.  33,  Vitis  Vulpinn  (or  RvtundifoUa),  from  the 
South  Carolina  Muscadine  grape,  different  from  all 
other  grape  seeds,  just  as  the  plant  differs  from  all  the 
other  Grape-vines ;  seed  very  flat,  with  straight  sides, 
very  short  beak,  wrinkled,  or  rather  folded,  on  both 
surfaces,  notched*  on  top,  with  very  narrow  chalaza 
and  no  visible  raphe. 

The  North  American  Grape-vines  may  be 
systematically  arranged  in  the  following  order: 

I.  True    Grape-vines,  with   loose,    shreddy   bark, 
climbing  by  the  aid  of  forked  tendrils,  or  sometimes 
(in  No .  12)  almost  without  tendrils. 

>.    Grape-vines  with  more  or  less  continuous  tendrils. 

1.  VITIS  LABRUSCA,  Linnxus,  the  northern  Fox  grape, 

the  mother  of  a  great  many  cultivated  varie- 
ties and  hybrids. 
B.    Grapevines  with  Intermittent  tendrils. 

a.  Leaves  pubescent  or  floccose,  especially  on  the  under 

side  and  when  young,  often  becoming  glabrous  with 
age. 

*    Ranhe  on  seed  indistinct. 

2.  VITIS  CANDICANS,  Engelmann.   The  Mustang  grape 

of  Texas. 

3.  VITIS   CARIBJSA,  De   Candolle.    The    West    India 

grape ;  rare  in  Florida. 

4.  VITIS    CALIFORNIA,    Bentham.      The    California 

grape. 

5.  VITIS  MONTICOLA,  Buckley,    The  Mountain  grape 

of  West  Texas. 

6.  VITIS  ARIZONICA,  Engelmann.    The  Arizona  grape. 

**  Raphe  on  back  of  seed  very  conspicuous. 

7.  VITIS  VESTIVALIS,  Michaux.    Summer  grape  of  the 

Middle  and  Southern  States,  with  several  va- 
rieties. 

8.  VITIS  CINEREA,  Engelmann.    The  Downy  grape  of 

the  Mississippi  Valley. 

b.  Leaves  glabrous,  or  sometimes  short,  hairy,  especially 

the  ribs  beneath ;  mostly  shining. 

*    Raphe  on  bick  of  seed  conspicuous. 

9.  VITIS  CORDIFOLIA,  Michaux.     Frost  grape  of  the 

Middle  and  Southern  States. 
**  Raphe  indistinct. 

10.  VITIS  PALMATA,  Vahl.    Red  grape  of  the  Missis- 

sippi Valley. 

11.  VITIS  RIPARIA,  Michaux.    Riverside  grape  of  the 

United  States  and  Canada. 

12.  VITIS  RUPESTRIS,  Scheele.    Rock  or  Sand  grape  of 

the  Western  Mississippi  Valley  and  Texas. 
VITIS  VIXIFERA.  £i-nn<eiw.    The  Wiue-grape  of  the  Old  World 
and  California;  would  find  its  systematic  place  here. 

II.  M  uscadine  grape ,  with  (on  the  younger  branches) 
firmly  adhering  bark,  which  only  in  the  older  stems 
scales  off;  aerial  roots  from  inclined  trunks  in  damp 
localities ;  tendrils  intermittent,  simple ;  berries  very 
large  (7-10  lines  thick),  very  few  in  a  bunch,  easily 
detaching  themselves  at  maturity ;  seeds  with  trans- 
verse wrinkles  or  shallow  grooves  on  both  sides. 

13.  VITIS   VULPINA,    Linnxus    (ROTUNDIFOLIA,    Mi- 

c.7.iuz).    The  Southern  Fox  grape  or  Muscadine. 


Rafinesque,  Le  Conte  and  others,  have  in 
times  gone  by  attempted  to  distinguish  and 
characterize  a  good  many  more  species,  while 
on  the  other  hand,  Director  Regel,  of  the  St. 
Petersburg  botanical  garden,  has  lately  tried, 
rather  unnaturally,  to  contract  them  and  unite 
them  with  Old  World  species.  Vitis  vinifera 
has  resulted  according  to  his  views,  from  the 
hybridization  of  several  of  these  species. 

I  now  propose  to  give  a  short  botanical  ac- 
count of  the  13  species  enumerated  above,  leav- 
ing to  the  author  of  this  treatise  the  task  to 
add  the  important  practical  remarks  which 
the  subject  calls  for. 

1.  VITIS  LABRUSCA,  Linnaeus.  Usually  not 
large ;  climbing  over  bushes  or  small  trees, 
occasionally  reaching  the  tops  of  the  highest 
trees  ;  distinguished  from  all  the  oiher 
species,  as  has  been  stated  above,  by  its  con- 
tinuous tendrils  and  consequently  by  its  con- 
tinuous (two  to  often  four  or  six)  clusters  of 
flowers  and  fruit;  stipules  middle-sized,  about 
two  lines  long,  or  less ;  leaves  large  (four  to 
six  inches  wide),  thick,  of  firm  texture,  entire 
or  in  some  forms  deeply  lobed,  very  slightly 
dentate,  coated  when  young  with  a  thick 
rusty,  or  sometimes  whitish  down,  which 
in  the  wild  plant  persists  on  the  under 
side,  but  almost  disappears  in  the  mature  leaf 
of  some  cultivated  varieties ;  berries  large  in 
middle  sized,  or,  in  many  cultivated  forms, 
rather  large  bunches,  bearing  2  or  3  or  even  4 
seeds,  large,  notched,  without  visible  raphe. 
(See  table  of  seeds,  page  13,  figs.  1  and  2.) 

This  species,  usually  known  as  the  Fox 
grape,  or  Northern  Fox  grape,  is  a  native  of 
the  Alleghany  Mountains,  and  of  their  eastern 
slope  to  the  sea-coast,  from  New  England  to 
South  Carolina,  where  it  prefers  wet  tliickets 
or  granitic  soil.  Here  and  there  it  descends 
along  streams  to  the  western  slope  of  the 
mountains,  but  is  a  stranger  to  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley  proper. 

As  the  Labrusca  generally  grows  on  granitic 
soil  or  granitic  detrities,  which  may  favor 
the  vine,  I  would  suggest  to  plant  Catawba 
vineyards  in  the  granitic  regions  of  our  Ozark 
Mountains,  and  would  expect  favorable  results 
there. 

By  far  the  largest  number  of  varieties  of 
Grape-vines  now  cultivated  in  our  country  are 
the  offspring  of  this  species  ;  a  few  produced 
by  nurserymen,  but  most  of  them  picked  up  in 
the  woods  ;  they  are  easily  recognized  by  the 
characters  above  given,  and  most  readily  by 
the  peculiar  arrangements  of  the  tendrils  as 
above  described.  Large  and  downy-leaved 
varieties  of  V.  cestivalis  are,  in  the  West  and 
South-west,  not  rarely  mistaken  for  Labrusca, 


Dr   Engdmann. 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


Classification. 


but  the  two  may  always  be  distinguished  by 
the  characters  indicated. 

It  is  also  the  species  which  has  most  gen- 
erally been  used  as  one  of  the  parents  (mostly 
the  mother)  in  artificial  hybridization,  and  as 
it  is  the  most  individualized  or  specialized  of 
all  our  (perhaps  of  all  known)  Grape-vines,  its 
characters  unmistakably  prevail  in  the  hy- 
brids, and  rarely  leave  a  doubt  as  to  where  to 
refer  the  questionable  form  ;  of  which  I  shall 
have  to  add  a  few  words  below,  under  the 
head  of  Hybrids. 

2.  VITIS     CANDICANS,    Englemann.      (F. 
mustangensis,  Buckley.)     The  Mustang  grape 
of  Texas  ;    a   tall  climber,  with  rather  large, 
rounded,   almost   toothless  leaves,  white  cot- 
tony on  the  under  side,  bearing  large  berries, 
which,  like  those  of  the  wild  Labrusca,  show 
different  colors,   greenish,   claret  and  bluish- 
black  ;  and  which,  in  its  native  country,  are 
made  into  wine.     In  young  shoots  and  sprouts 
the  leaves  are  usually  deeply  and  elegantly 
many-lobed,  which,  with   the  contrast  of  the 
deep  green  upper  and  pure  white  under  sur- 
face, would  make  this  species  a  most  elegant 
vine  for  arbors,  if  it  could  be  protected  from 
severe  frost.    This  may  be  done  by  laying  it 
down  and  covering  it  with  soil.     In  Texas  it 
grows  in  the  lower  country,  as  well  as  on  the 
calcareous    hills,   and  extends  even   into   the 
granitic    region.     It  has  also  been  found  in 
Florida,  where  many  Texas  plants  are  again 
met  with.    The  Florida  form,  at  one  time  taken 
for  Vitis   caribsea,  but  quite  distinct  from  it, 
has  shorter  and  comparatively  thicker  seeds. 
(Fig.  8.) 

3.  VITIS  CARIBJEA,  De  Candolle,  is  a  West 
Indian    species    which    has    lately  found    its 
way,  with  other  tropical  plants,  into  southern 
Florida.    It    has  a  downy,  cordate   leaf,  not 
lobed,  but  characterized  by  the  small  but  very 
sharp,  distant  teeth.   Its  black  berries  are  small 
and  mostly  bear  but  one  or  two  seeds.    I  find 
the  Florida  seeds   (fig.  9)  which  were  kindly 
sent  to  me  by  Mr.  A.  H.  Curtiss,  the  discoverer, 
larger  than  those  of  the  West  Indian  type. 

4.  VITIS    CALIFORNICA,     Bentham.      The 
only  wild  grape  of  our  Pacific  coast ;    a  low 
bush  a  foot  or  two  high,  in  dry  beds  of  streams 
in  southern  Oregon  ;  it  becomes  a  tall  climber 
in  southern  California,  with  a  stem  3  inches  or 
more  in  '  diameter  ;   it  is  distinguished  by  its 
cordate,  rounded,  whitish,  downy  leaves  and 
small  black  berries  in  large  bunches  ;  the  ob- 
tuse but  scarcely  notched  seeds  (figs.  10  and  11), 
without    or   with   only  a    trace  of  a   raphe, 
and    with     a     narrow,     long     chalaza.      No 
use  is  made  of  this  species,  but  it  has  lately 
oeon  recommended  as  a  grafting  stock  for  Eu- 


ropean vines  in  California  vineyards  which 
have  bean  attacked  by  the  Phylloxera.  For 
even  this  Grape-vine,  which  is  a  native  of  a 
country  originally  entirely  free  from  the  insect, 
is  as  proof  against  it  as  any  of  our  Mississippi 
Valley  vines. 

5.  VITIS  MONTICOLA,  Buckley.  Usually  a 
small  bushy  vine,  rarely  climbing  over  higher 
trees ;  branchlets  angled  ;  young  stems,  peti- 
oles and  leaves  cottony,  downy,  the  down  grad- 
ually disappearing,  remaining  only  here  and 
there  in  flocose  bunches ;  stipules  very  short 
(J  line  long);  leaves  deeply  cordate,  with  a 
rounded  sinus,  very  shortly  three-lobed,  edged 
with  small  but  broad  teeth,  rather  wrinkled 
on  the  upper  surface,  but  the  older  ones  very 
smooth  and  often  conspicuously  shining  below 
(especially  in  the  dry  specimens);  usually 
small,  not  more  than  three  inches  across,  only 
on  vigorous  shoots  three  or  four  inches  wide; 
tendrils  intermittent,  in  the  smaller,  bushy 
forms,  often  withering  away  ;  bunches  of  fruit 
compact,  short ;  berries  4,  or  rarely  5  lines  in 
diameter ;  seeds  obtuse  or  slightly  notched, 
chalaza  rather  narrow,  extending  upward  into 
a  broad  groove,  but  without  a  visible  raphe. 

This  is  one  of  the  smaller  species  and  is  pe- 
culiar to  the  hilly,  cretaceous  region  of  western 
Texas,  not  extending  to  the  lower  country  nor 
to  the  granitic  mountains  ;  common  about  San 
Antonio,  New  Braunfels,  Austin,  etc. ;  also  oc- 
casionally cultivated  about  San  Antonio,  when 
the  bunches,  as  well  as  the  berries,  become 
larger.  This  plant  has  given  rise  to  a  great 
deal  of  speculation  and  controversy.  About 
fifty  years  ago,  the  Swiss  botanist,  Berlandier, 
collected  it  in  West  Texas,*  but  it  was  not  till 
twenty-five  or  thirty  years  later  that  Prof. 
Buckley  named  and  published  it.  Unfortun- 
ately his  description  was  so  insufficient  that 
no  botanist  could  recognize  the  plant ;  only  the 
Texans  of  those  regions,  who  well  knew  "  the 
little  mountain  grape,"  understood  what  he 
meant.  Buckley's  mention  of  a  middle  sized 
green,  very  palatable  berry  has  misled  French 
botanists  to  look  for  this  plant  among  the 
numerous  forms  of  Labrusca,  and  Prof.  Plan- 
chon  therefore  changed  the  name  to  Vitis  Ber- 
landieri.  In  justification  of  Buckley's  descrip- 
tion it  is  now  said  that  there  exists  a  form  of 
this  species,  especially  about  Fredericksburg 
and  on  the  borders  of  the  Llano  Estacado,  with 
somrwhat  larger,  green  berries,  which  I  under- 
stand Mr.  J.  Meusebach  is  trying  to  find  out, 

*  On  his  specimens  I  found  the  first  Phylloxera  galls, 
which,  thus  accidentally  preserved,  prove  the  existence 
of  the  insect  in  America  (doubted,  however,  by  no 
one  now)  long  before  it  became  known  to  science  here 
or  in  the  Old  World,  and  also  prove  its  existence  as  far 
south  as  Texas. 


16        Dr.  Engelmann. 


BU8HBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Classification. 


and  to  introduce  into  cultivation.    The  species 
will  readily  grow  from  cuttings. 

6.  VITIS  ARIZONICA,  Engelmann,  is  closely 
related  to  the  last,   and    has    similar    seeds, 
but  the  flat  raphe,  though  rarely  prominent, 
is  broad  and  sometimes  inconspicuous  ;  branch- 
lets  angular ;   leaves   cordate,   with  a  rather 
open,  rounded  sinus,  not  lobed,  or  with  two 
short   latent   lobes  ;    floccose,    cottony  when 
young ;  glabrous,  thick,  very  rigid,  and  (espe- 
-cially  on  the  upper  surface)  rough,  when  older  ; 
berries  small  or  middle  sized,  reported  to  be  of 
luscious  taste. 

7.  VITIS  ^ESTIVAUS,  Michaux.     Climbing 
over  bushes  and  small  trees    by  the  aid  of 
forked,     intermittent     tendrils ;     branchlets 
rounded,    bark  of   the   mature   ones   mostly 
red,  and  scaling    off  in  large  flakes;  leaves 
large  (4 -5  or  6  inches  wide),  of  firm  texture, 
entire,    or    often   more   or  less    deeply    and 
obtusely  3-5  lobed,  with  rounded  sinus  and 
with    short   and    broad    teeth;  when  young 
always  very  woolly  or  cottony,  mostly  bright 
red  or  rusty ;  at  last  smoothish  but  dull,  pale 
or  glaucous  beneath,  and  never  shining  ;  stip- 
ules very  short  and  rounded,  mostly  rusty- 
•downy ;  berries  middle-sized,  black,  5-7  lines, 
in  Southwestern  forms  even  8-9  lines  in  diame- 
ter, co'ated  with  a  bloom,  when  well  grown  in 
compact,    often    cylindrical    bunches ;    seeds 
rather  large,  mostly  two  or    three   in    each 
berry,  rounded  on  top,  showing  a  very  promi- 
nent, cord-like  raphe,  and  more  gradually  at- 
tenuated into  the  beak  than  is  common  in  our 
species. 

This  is  the  well  known  summer  grape,  com- 
mon throughout  the  Middle  and  Southern 
States,  usually  found  on  uplands  and  in  dry, 
open  woods  or  thickets,  maturing  its  fruits  in 
September.  It  is  one  of  the  most  variable  of 
our  Grape-vines,  and  hence  has  seduced  many 
into  the  establishment  of  numerous  nominal 
species,  while  others,  and  among  them  myself, 
have  assumed  too  wide  limits  for  the  species, 
and  have  classed  under  it  forms  which  now, 
since  we  know  them  better,  have  to  be  kept 
separate.  Among  the  latter  I  mention  V.  mon- 
ticola  and  V.  cinercea,  which  are  described 
in  their  proper  places.  Among  the  former  I 
must  still  retain  with  V.  cestivalis  the  form 
that  had  been  distinguished  by  Buckley  as  V. 
lincecumi.  This  latter,  often  more  bushy  than 
climbing,  has  larger  berries,  leaves  often  deeply 
three-to-five  lobed,  and  coated  with  a  thick 
rusty  down,  or  tomenturn,  which  is  often  quite 
persistent.  Forms  with  very  large,  woolly 
leaves  have  often  been  taken  for  Labrusca, 
and  this  species,  abounding  in  the  sandy  post- 
•oak  (Quercus  stellata)  woods  of  Eastern  Texas, 


and  there  known  under  the  name  of  Post-oak 
grape  or  Sand  grape,  but  extending  also  to 
Arkansas  and  Missouri,  has  thus  been  quoted 
i  for  the  Western  and  Southwestern  States,  to 
which  the  true  Labrusca  is  an  entire  stranger. 

This  species  is  one  of  the  most  important 
ones  for  us,  and  in  the  West  at  least,  has  al- 
ready taken  the  place  once  accorded  to  the  La- 
brusca forms  in  our  cultures,  not  only  for  their 
greater,  aye  absolute,  resistance  to  the  Phyl- 
loxera, but  also  for  their  intrinsic  value  as 

j  wine  (and  even  table)  grapes,  notwithstanding 
the  superior  size  of  the  Labrusca  berries.  Un- 

,  fortunately  the  typical  forms  cannot  be  propa- 
gated by  cuttings,  and  there  are  a  number  of 

|  varieties  which,  originating  from  a  Southern 
home,  are  not  quite  hardy  here,  but,  on  the 
other  hand,  have  the  advantage  of  being 
readily  propagated  by  slips,  in  some  favor- 
able localities.  Their  leaves  are  thinner  than 
those  of  our  type,  and  woolly  only  in  the  first 
youth ;  the  bunches  are  larger,  more  shoul- 
dered ;  the  berries,  though  small,  are  much 
sweeter  and  more  juicy.  They  comprise 
among  others  the  Cunningham,  with  less  di- 
vided, and  the  Herbemont  and  the  Lenoir  with 
deeply  lobed  leaves,  the  two  former  with 
lighter  colored,  the  latter  with  deep  black 
berries.  Unfortunately  no  wild  plant  from 
which  these  varieties  might  have  sprung  is 
yet  known,  but  must  be  looked  for  in  the 
mountains  or  hills  of  the  Carolinas  and  Geor- 
gia, and  only  when  found  in  a  wild  state  can 
we  correctly  judge  of  their  botanical  status. 
About  their  viticultural  relations,  the  body  of 
this  work  has  to  be  consulted.  I  will  only 
state  here  that  a  slight  suspicion  exists  of 
their  being  hybrids  between  V.  cestivalis  and 
some  form  of  vinifera,  though  the  seeds  are 
entirely  those  of  the  former,  and  also  the  re- 
sistance to  Phylloxera.  The  variety  Lenoir, 
often  named  Jaquez,  and  in  Texas  Black  Sj^an- 
ish,  has  been  introduced  by  millions  into 
Southern  France,  and  is  there  found  to  furnish 
not  only  an  excellent  stock  whereon  to  graft 
their  own  vines,  but  also  to  make  a  superior 
wine  directly,  and  one  very  rich  in  the  deep 
coloring  matter  so  highly  prized  there. 

8.  VITIS  CINEBEA,  Engelm.,  closely  allied 
to  jEstivalis,  with  which  I  had  formerly  united 
it  as  a  variety,  of  pretty  much  the  same  size, 
rarely  taller.  It  is  distinguished  by  its  white- 
ish  or  grayish  pubescence,  which,  especially 
on  the  branchlets,  is  quite  persistent,  even 
into  winter ;  by  the  angular  branchlets,  the 
hair  being  especially  developed  on  the  angles  ; 
the  cordate  often  entire,  or  slightly  three- 
lobed,  more  or  less  gray-downy  leaves,  which 


Dr.  Engelmann. 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


Classification.        17 


often  resemble  a  Lindenleaf,  with  a  rounded 
but  usually  rather  narrow  sinus  ;  by  the  large; 
loose  inflorescence,  which  opens  its  flowers 
rather  later  than  any  other  of  our  species  ;  by 
the  small  black  berries,  about  four  lines  in 
diameter,  without  a  bloom,  of  a  pleasantly 
acid  taste,  until  frost  sweetens  them,  and  by 
the  small,  plump  seed  with  a  short  beak. 

This  species  is  found  in  rich  soil  in  the  Mis- 
sissippi Valley  from  Central  Illinois  to  Louisi- 
ana and  Texas,  especially  in  bottom  lands  and 
along  the  banks  of  lakes,  in  situations  where 
we  scarcely  ever  meet  with  JRstivalis.  It  is 
quite  abundant  in  such  localities  near  St. 
Louis. 

9.  VITIS  CORDIFOLIA,  Michaux.  This  is 
the  tallest  of  our  climbers  at  home  in  our  deep 
bottom  woods,  but  often  also  a  low  trailer  over 
bushes  and  hedges,  well  known  as  the  Win- 
ter, or  Frost  grape,  flowering  late  and  matur- 
ing late  its  strongly  flavored,  shining  black 
berries. 

The  plant  is  glabrous,  or  the  branchlets  and 
lower  surface  of  leaves  somewhat  hairy ; 
branchlets  indistinctly  angular  (in  this  re- 
spect intermediate  between  the  last  two 
species)  ;  diaphragm  at  the  nodes  of  the 
brandies  thick,  rarely,  at  the  lower  nodes, 
wanting ;  leaves  rather  large,  three  to  four 
inches  wide,  or  more,  not  lobed  at  all,  or  slight- 
ly three-lobed,  cordate,  with  a  deep  narrow,  or 
wider,  but  always  sharp  sinus,  margined  with 
conspicuous,  rather  large  sharp-pointed  teeth  ; 
stipules  short ;  flowers  in  large,  usually  loose 
clusters,  blooming  rather  late ;  berries  small 
(three  to  four  lines  through),  black  and  shin- 
ing, with  a  peculiarly  disagreable  and  strong 
flavor ;  edible  only  after  frost ;  seed,  with  slight 
or  strong  raphe. 

A  common  plant  from  the  Middle  States 
southward  to  Texas ;  not  known,  I  believe,  in 
northern  New  York  or  New  England,  but  not 
rare  in  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey,  and 
found  also  near  the  city  of  New  York  ;  very 
common  in  the  deep  soil  of  the  western  river 
valleys,  where  it  takes  its  fullest  development. 
There  the  trunk  sometimes  reaches  thirty  to 
thirty-eight  inches  in  circumference  (southern 
Missouri,  along  the  Iron  Mountain  Railroad) ; 
whether  the  trunk  found  by  Mr.  Ravenel  at 
Darien,  Georgia,  measuring  forty-four  inches 
around,  belongs  to  this  species,  I  cannot  tell, 
but  his  supposition  that  it  was  ^Estivalis  is 
quite  improbable ;  the  statement  of  newspa- 
pers that  a  Grape-vine  in  Gulf  Hammock,  in 
Florida,  had  a  circumference  of  sixty-nine 
inches,  is  considered  a  "  fish  story  "  by  Florida 
botanists. 

The  acute,  mostly  narrow  sinus  of  the  leaves, 


the  small  stipules,  the  broad  diaphragms,  the 
character  of  the  seeds,  the  circumstance  that  it 
don't  grow  from  cuttings,  and  the  late  flower- 
ing time,  abundantly  distinguish  this  species 
from  Vitis  riparia,  with  which  it  has  been 
thrown  together  so  long  and  so  obstinately. 

10.  VITIS  PALMATA,  Vahl,  has  been  culti- 
vated in  the  Jardin  des  Plantes  in  Paris  for 
perhaps  one  hundred  years  or  more,  and  has 
thence  found  its  way  into  other  European 
gardens,  without,  however,  as  it  seems,  having 
attracted  the  attention  of  botanists,  since  its 
first  publication,  in  1794. 

Vahl's  description  is  accurate  enough,  with 
the  exception  of  its  native  country,  which  he 
gives  as  "Virginia,"  a  negligence  or  igno- 
rance which  we  must  not  criticise  too  severely 
in  botanists  of  a  century  ago.  The  seed  was 
originally  brought  to  Paris  probably  by  French 
missionaries,  who,  as  is  well  known,  roamed 
about  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  one  and  two. 
hundred  years  ago.  Soon  after  the  publica- 
tion of  Vahl's  description  of  this  grape,  above 
mentioned,  Michaux  discovered  this  interest- 
ing species  "  growing  abundantly  on  the  banks 
of  the  streams  in  Illinois,"  and  named  it  V. 
rubra.  He  don't  seem  to  have  recognized  the 
vine  which  he  might  have  seen  growing  under 
his  eyes  in  Paris,  and  eventually  he  merged 
his  specimens  of  this  Vitis  in  his  herbarium 
under  V.  riparia. 

Last  fall  Mr.  H.  Eggert,  of  St.  Louis,  re-dis_ 
covered  this  long  neglected  plant  on  the  banks 
of  the  Mississippi,  opposite  Alton,  and  collected 
it  there  again  this  summer,  when  it  proved  to 
be  the  latest  blooming  of  all  our  species  (far 
from  blooming  yet  to-day,  June  10th).  There 
can  be  no  doubt  of  the  identity  of  this  plant 
with  Vahl's  V.  palmata  and  Michaux's  JRubra* 
nor  of  its  entire  distinctness  from  Riparia.  It 
is  found,  with  this  last  one,  covering  willow 
thickets  and  other  bushes  in  low  grounds, 
overflowed  during  high  water.  Its  bright 
red  branches,  from  which  the  bark  sepa- 
rates in  large  flakes,  conspicuous  between  the 
smooth  but  dull,  darkish  foliage  (much  darker 
than  Riparia~),  show  at  once  how  appropriate 
Michaux's  name  is.  The  diaphragms  are 
thick.  The  leaves  have  a  broad  sinus,  and 
are  shallow  or  often  deeply  three,  rarely  five, 
lobed,  the  lobes  usually  drawn  out  into  long 
and  slender  points;  the  under  side  is  often 
somewhat  hairy  along  the  nerves ;  stipules 
middle  sized,  \\  to  2  lines  long ;  flower  bunches 
large  and  loose,  on  long  stems  ;  berries  rather 
small  (4-5  lines  through),  black,  without 
bloom;  seeds  one  or  two,  very  large  and 
plump,  rounded,  with  very  short  beak, 
notched  on  top,  without  a  visible  raphe. 


18        Dr.  Engelmann. 


BUSHBERG   CATALOGUE. 


Classification. 


Our  plant  is  readily  distinguished  from 
Riparia  by  the  thick  diaphragm,  the  red 
branches,  its  late  flowering  and  its  bloomless, 
late  ripening  berries ;  from  Cordifolia  th,e 
form  of  the  leaves  and  of  the  seeds,  and  its 
ready  growth  from  cuttings,  easily  separate  it. 

11.  VITIS  RtPARiA,  Michaux,  the  Grape-vine 
of  the  river  banks,  has  lately  acquired  a  great 
deal  of  importance,  as  it  has  now  becom3  the 
principal  Grape-vine  relied  on  in  France  for 
the  renovation  of  their  failing  vineyards  for 
which  its  vigorous  growth,  adapted  to  almojt 
all  climates,  its  perfect  resistance  to  the  insect, 
its  easy  growth  from  cuttings,  and  its  ready 
taking  of  grafts,  seem  to  peculiarly  fit  it. 

This  species  climbs  o/er  bushes  and  small 
trees,  or  trails  over  the  rocks  on  our  river 
banks.  It  is  also  found  inland,  always  near 
water,  on  larger  trees,  where  its  trunk  may 
become  six  inches  thick.  The  branchlets  are 
rounded,  not  angled ;  the  diaphragms  very 
thin  (£  to  \  line  thick)  ;  the  stipules  large  (2-3 
lines  long)  and  very  thin,  and  persist  longer 
than  in  m>st  other  species  ;  leaves  of  a  light 
green,  shining,  glabrous  or  often  hairy  below, 
with  a  wide,  rounded,  or  even  truncate  sinus  ; 
they  are  more  or  less  tri-lobei,  margined  with 
large,  sharp-pointed  teeth.  The  bunches  are 
mostly  small  and  compact  ;  berries  small  (four 
or  rarely  five  lines  in  diameter),  black,  with  a 
bloom,  sweet  and  very  juicy,  scarcely  pulpy; 
seeds  (figs.  22  to  25)  obtuse  or  slightly  notched, 
with  a  narrow  chalaza,  raphe  indistinct  or  very 
thin.* 

It  has  the  widest  geographical  distribution 
of  any  of  our  Grape-vines,  and  is  the  hardiest 
of  them  all.  It  extends  northward  to  Lake  St. 
Jean,  ninety  miles  north  of  Quebec,  and  to  the 
banks  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  in  Minnesota, 
and  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior  ;  in  the  South 
it  is  common  on  the  banks  of  the  Ohio  and  in 
Kentucky,  Illinois,  Missouri  and  Arkansas,! 

*  The  French  now  distinguish  several  types  of  Ripa- 
ria, differing  somewhat  in  their  minor  characteristics. 
See  our  Viticultural  Remarks. 

t  A  peculiar  form  of  Riparia  is  a  plant  which  I  found 
fifteen  years  ago  in  the  botanic  garden  of  Berlin,  under 
the  name  of  Vitis  Solonis,  and  about  the  history  of  which 
nobody  seems  to  have  known  any  thing.  Lately  this 
plant  has  been  taken  up  in  France  with  that  zeal  so  char- 
acteristic to  that  nation,  as  something  possibly  of  par- 
ticular interest  for  their  yiticultural  pursuits.  It  is 
distinguished  from  the  ordinary  form  by  the  long  and 
narrow,  almost  incised,  crowded  teeth  of  the  scarcely 
three-lobed  leaves.  The  name  is  undoubtedly  a  corrup- 
tion of  "Long's,"  and  the  plant  comes  from  the  Upper 
Arkansas  river,  where  Major  Long,  on  his  return  from 
his  expedition  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  found,  as  he  re- 
ports, such  excellent  grapes.  Seeds  may  have  been 
brought  home  and  the  plant  raised  as  "Long's."  A 
manuscript  of  the  viticulturist  Bronner,  preserved  in  the 
Carlsruhe  libi'ary,  speaks  of  a  certain  grape-vine  as 
"  Longs,  from  Arkansas,"  and  it  is  reported  that  Long's  is 
still  growing  in  the  late  Mr.  Bronner's  garden  at  Wisloch, 
near  Heidelberg,  and  that  it  is  identical  with  Solonis.  As 
an  example  of  curious  speculative  interpretation  it  may 
be  stated  that  some  viticulturist  had  read  Solonis  for 
Zanis  (an  oriental  grape),  and  Arkansas  for  Caucasus. 


and  in  the  Indian  Territory.  1  have  not  seen 
it  from  Louisiana  or  Texas,  but  a  form  of  it  is 
found  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado  and 
New  Mexico,  and  perhaps  in  southern  Utah. 
It  is  the  earliest  flowering  species  about  St. 
Louis,  according  to  season,  between  April  25th 
and  May  loth,  and  matures  earlier  than  any 
other.  In  St.  Louis  it  used  to  be  brought 
to  market,  before  we  had  cultivated  grapes, 
sometimes  as  early  as  July  1st,  from  the  rocky, 
sun-exposed  banks  of  the  river  below  town, 
and  was,  indeed,  known  as  the  "  June  Grape." 
From  that  time  on  ripe  fruit  is  found,  ac- 
cording to  locality,  through  .August  and  Sep- 
tember. It  is  singular  that  our  vintners,  as 
far  as  I  can  learn,  have  never  made  wine  from 
this  species,  nor  tried  to  cultivate  and  improve 
it.  The  berries  probably  seem  too  small,  and 
they  may  have  expected  better  results  from 
the  larger  fruits  of  ^Eitivalis  ;  but  the  experi- 
ment might  yet  be  made,  and  our  woods  might 
be  examined  for  larger-fruited  varieties,  which 
really  d)  occur,  e.  g.,  along  the  Lakes  and  on 
Niagara,  near  Detroit,  etc. 

As  has  been  stated  above,  this  species  has 
been  confounded  with  Vitis  cordifolia,  to  which 
indeed,  it  bears  a  certain  resemblance;  but  the 
characters  enumerated,  especially  those  of  the 
diaphragms,  the  stipules,  the  form  of  the  le;if 
and  its  base,  its  flowering  timje,  and  above  all 
the  seeds,  distinguish  them  as  well  as  any  two 
species  can  be  distinguished,  even  if  the  diffi- 
culty of  one  and  the  readiness  of  the  other  to 
grow  from  cuttings  be  not  taken  into  account. 

12.  VITIS  RUPESTRIS,  Scheele,  mostly  a 
low,  bushy  plant,  often  without  any,  or  with 
weak,  deciduous  tendrils,  and  not  climbing, 
under  favorable  circumstances  becoming 
stouter  and  climbing  pretty  high  ;  branchlets 
rounded,  diaphragm  thicker  than  in  Riparia, 
but  thinner  than  in  other  species ;  leaves 
rather  small  (about  three  inches  wide),  broadly 
cordate,  rarely  very  slightly  lobed,  mostly 
broader  than  long,  usually  somewhat  folded 
together,  with  broad,  coarse  teeth,  and  com- 
monly with  an  abruptly  elongated  point,  gla- 
brous, shining,  of  a  very  pale  green  color  ; 
stipules  almost  as  large  as  in  last  sp3Cies,  2-2| 
lines  long,  thin ;  berries  small  or  middle- 
sized,  sweet,  and  in  very  small  bunches  ;  seed;! 
obtuse,  with  a  slender  or  almost  invisible 
raphe. 

This  Grape-vine,  of  very  peculiar  aspect,  is 
a  native  of  the  hilly  country  west  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi river,  from  the  banks  of  the  Missouri 
to  Texas,  and  is  also  found  on  the  Cumberland 
river  near  Nashville ;  its  favorable  localities 
are  gravelly  banks  or  bars  of  mountain  streams, 
overflowed  in  spring,  more  rarely  (in  Texas) 


Dr.  Engelmann. 


GRAPE   MANUAL. 


Hybridity.         19 


on  rocky  plains.  In  Missouri  it  is  called.  Sand 
grape,  in  Texas  often,  on  account  of  its  lus- 
cious fruit,  Sugar  grape ;  with  us  it  flowers 
soon  after  Raparia  and  ripens  in  August,  and 
is  said  to  make  a  good  wine.  In  France  the 
V.  liupestris  is  used,  like  the  last  species,  as  a 
grafting  stock  for  French  vines' ;  it  grows 
easily  from  cuttings,  and  is  said  to  make  vig- 
orous plants,  perfectly  resistant  to  the  insect. 

VITIS  VINIFERA,  Linnseus.  Here  would  be  the 
place  to  introduce  the  Grape-vine  of  the  Old  World,  as 
it  is  most  nearly  allied  to  the  last  enumerated  species, 
especially  to  V.  riparia.  Though  many  of  its  culti- 
vated varieties  bear  berries  as  large,  or  even  larger, 
than  those  of  any  of  our  American  Grape-vines,  other 
cultivated  forms,  and  especially  the  true  wine-grapes, 
those  from  which  the  best  wines  are  obtained,  and 
also  the  wild  or  naturalized  ones,  have  fruit  not  much 
larger  than  that  of  the  above  named  native  species. 

This  plant,  together  with  the  wheat,  belongs  to 
those  earliest  acquisitions  of  cultivation,  the  history  of 
which  reaches  beyond  the  most  ancient  written  rec- 
ords. Not  only  have  the  sepulchres  of  the  mummies 
of  ancient  Egypt  preserved  us  its  fruit  (large  sized 
berries)  and  seed,  but  its  seeds  have  even  been  discov- 
ered in  the  lacustrian  habitations  of  Northern  Italy. 
It  is  a  mooted  question  where  to  look  for  the  native 
country  of  this  plant,  and  whether  or  not  we  owe  the 
different  varieties  of  our  present  Vinifera  to  one  or  to 
several  countries,  and  to  one  or  to  several  original 
wild  species,  which,  by  cultivation  through  uncounted 
ages,  and  by  accidental  and  repeated  hybridization, 
may  have  produced  the  numberless  forms  now  known. 
These  remind  us  forcibly  of  the  numerous  forms  of 
our  dog,  which  we  cannot  trace,  either,  but  wrhich  can 
scarcely  be  derived  from  a  single  (supposed)  original 
wild  species.  Director  Hegel,  of  St.  Petersburg,  as- 
cribes them  to  the  intermingling  of  a  few  species,  well 
known  in  their  wild  state  at  this  day.  The  late  Prof. 
Braun,  of  Berlin,  suggested  that  they  are  the  offspring 
of  distinct  species  yet  found  wild  in  many  parts  of 
Southern  Europe  and  Asia,  which  thus  he  consid- 
ered not  the  accidental  offspring  of  the  cultivated 
plants,  as  is  generally  believed,  but  the  original  parent 
.stock.  I  may  add,  from  my  own  investigations,  that 
the  Grape-vine  which  inhabits  the  native  forests  of  th 
low  banks  of  the  Danube,  "  bottom-woods,"  as  we 
would  call  them,  from  Vienna  down  into  Hungary, 
well  represents  our  V.  cordifolia,  with  its  stems  three, 
six  and  nine  inches  thick,  and  climbing  on  the  highest 
trees,  its  smooth  and  shining,  scarcely  lobed  leaves, 
and  its  small,  black  berries.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
wild  grape  of  the  thickets  of  the  hilly  countries  of 
Tuscany  and  Rome,  with  its  lower  growth,  somewhat 
cottony  leaves,  and  larger  and  more  palatable  fruit, 
which  "  don't  make  a  bad  wine,"  as  an  Italian  botan- 
ist expressed  himself  to  me,  reminds  us,  notwithstand- 
ing the  smaller  size  of  the  leaves,  of  the  downy  forms 
of  Riparia,  or  perhaps  of  some  Estiva li*.  It  was 
known  to  the  ancients  as  Labrusca,  a  name  improp- 
erly applied  by  science  to  an  American  species,  and  is 
called  by  the  natives  to  this  day  Brusca.  The  Grape- 
vines of  the  countries  south  of  the  Caucasus  Moun- 
tains, the  ancient  Colchis,  the  reputed  original  home 


of  these  plants,  greatly  resemble  the  Italian  plant  just 
described. 

The  European  Grape-vine  is  characterized  by 
smoothish,  and,  when  young,  shining,  more  or  less 
deeply,  five  or  even  seven-lobed  leaves ;  lobes  pointed 
and  sharply  toothed ;  seeds  mostly  notched  at  the 
upper  end  ;  beak  elongated ;  raphe  indistinct ;  chalaza 
broad,  high  up  the  seed.  In  some  varieties  the  leaves 
and  branchlets  are  hairy  and  even  downy  when  young ; 
the  seeds  vary  considerably  in  thickness  and  length, 
less  so  in  the  shape  of  the  raphe.  It  is  well  known 
that  the  plant  grows  readily  from  cuttings .  and  that 
it  easily  and  almost  invariably  succumbs  to  the  attacks 
of  the  Phylloxera,  which,  accidentally  introduced  into 
France,  probably  with  American  vines,  has  done  such 
immense  damage  in  that  country  and  in  the  rest  of 
Europe,  probably  since  1863  (though  only  discovered 
as  the  virulent  enemy  in  1868),  and  is  spreading  more 
and  more.  In  California,  where  thus  far  the  Vinifera 
has  been  successfully  cultivated,  the  insect  also  begins 
to  make  its  appearance  in  some  localities.  That  it 
was  the  cause  of  the  complete  failure  in  all  the  efforts 
to  plant  the  European  vine  east  of  the  Rocky  Mount- 
ains, is  now  well  known. 

13.  VITIS  VULPINA,  Linnaeus  (known  also 
as  V.  rotundifolia,  Michaux),  the  Southern  Fox 
grape,  Bullace  or  Bullit  grape,  or  Muscadine 
of  the  Southern  States,  is  entirely  different 
from  all  our  other  Grape-vines,  and  is  men- 
tioned here  only  to  complete  the  list  of  our 
species.  It  is  too  tender  for  our  climate,  and 
never  flowers  or  fruits  here.  It  is  found  in 
damp  thickets  or  on  mountain  slopes,  so-ne 
times  a  low  bush,  and  again  climbing  very 
high,  with  entire,  never  forked,  tendrils; 
branchlets  without  any  diaphragm  (see  fig.  37); 
leaves  small  (two,  or  at  most,  three  inches 
wide),  rounded,  heart-shaped,  firm  and  glossy, 
dark  green,  smooth,  or  rarely  slightly  hairy 
beneath,  with  coarse  and  large  or  broad  and 
bluntish  teeth.  The  bunches  are  very  small, 
of  few  very  large  berries,  which  fall  off  singly, 
like  plums.  The  peculiar  seed  has  been  fig- 
ured and  described  above  (page  13,  fig.  33).  In 
the  South  some  of  the  varieties  are  highly 
esteemed,  especially  the  White  Scuppernong. 

HYBRIDITY. 

Plants,  which  are  so  intimately  related 
among  themselves,  are  apt  to  hybridize,  and 
their  offspring  is  usually  fertile,  not  like  many 
hybrid  animals  (the  mule)  or  plants  incapable 
to  propagate.  We  have  a  number  of  artificial 
hybrids  among  Grape-vines,  whose  history  is 
well  known,  and  which  bear  as  well  as  the 
true  species,  and  their  seeds  are  fertile.  But 
we  also  find  other  vines  in  the  woods  or  in 
vineyards,  which,  from  their  characters,  we 
must  conclude  to  be  spontaneous  hybrids. 
There  is,  of  course,  a  good  deal  of  experience 
and  judgment  necessary  to  decide  what  may  be 


20 


Dr.  Engelmann. 


BUSHBERG    CATALOGUE. 


Hybridity. 


justly  claimed  to  be  a  hybrid,  and  what  only  a 
variety  within  the  limits  of  some  variable  spe- 
cies, and  the  opinions  of  different  persons  may 
honestly  vary  on  these  points.  But  whoever 
has  studied  the  great  variability  of  many 
plants  will  hesitate  long  before  he  calls  to  his 
aid  the  often  fanciful  help  of  hybridity  in  the 
explanation  of  doubtful  forms.  Where  species 
are  so  well  marked  as  e.  g.  Labrusca  is,  it  is 
not  difficult  to  recognize  some  of  its  characters 
in  a  hybrid  off-spring,  though  the  general 
looks  of  the  questionable  plant  otherwise  may 
not  conform  to  our  idea  of  Labrusca  at  all ;  but 
in  other  cases,  where  species  already  stand 
near  one  another,  the  matter  becomes  much 
more  difficult.  But  there  is  another  way, 
unfortunately  a  very  tedious  one,  to  assist 
in  such  investigations,  viz :  to  sow  the  seeds 
of  hybrids  and  study  their  offspring ;  for  it  is 
a  fact  that  seedlings  of  hybrids  are  apt  to 
revert  to,  or  at  least  to  approach  to,  one  or  the 
other  of  the  parents.  One  of  the  most  striking 
examples  of  both  positions  here  taken  is  fur- 
nished by  the  well-known  Taylor  or  Bullit 
grape.  The  vigorous  growth  of  this  form,  its 
thin  diaphragms,  its  glossy,  glabrous  fol- 
iage, its  small  clusters  of  rather  small  berries 
entirely  destitute  of  foxy  taste,  all  seem  to 
point  to  it  as  a  cultivated  variety  of  JRiparia  ; 
but  when  we  come  to  examine  the  tendrils  we 
find  that  they  are  irregular  ;  sometimes  inter- 
mittent, sometimes  more  or  less  continuous 
(I  have  seen  six  in  succession,  which  can  only 
point  to  Labrusca),  and  just  so  the  seeds  differ 
from  Biparia  seeds  by  their  great  size  and  their 
form  (see  page  13,  fig.  3).  Now  it  so  happens 
that  Taylor  seeds  have  baen  planted  by  the 
million  in  Europe,  in  order  to  raise  resistant 


stock  for  grafting,  and  the  general  experience  is 
that  one  cannot  find  two  seedlings  in  a  hund- 
red alike,  and  similar  to  the  mother-plant ; 
some  approach  the  Riparia  type,  and  others 
show  the  Labrusca  parentage  distinctly. 
Thus,  to  give  only  one  example,  one  of  such 
seedlings— the  now  frequently  cultivated  El- 
vira— is  a  Taylor  seedling  with  a  close  approach 
to  Labrusca. 

It  would  further  the  study  of  our  Grape- 
vines considera  bly  if  some  of  those  that  have 
the  zeal,  the  leisure  and  the  opportunity, 
would  institute  such  experiments  with  doubt- 
ful forms. 

Pursuing  this  interesting  subject  further,  I 
may  add  that  where  nearly  allied  species  grow 
near  together,  and  bloom  about  the  same  time, 
they  are  rtnre  likely  to  hybridize  than  such 
species  that  are  separated  by  wide  space  or 
different  period  of  flowering.  With  all  these 
considerations  we  must  not  forget  that  with 
the  innumerable  opportunities  given  every 
where  for  hybridization  we  find  comparatively 
so  few  spontaneous  hybrids  in  the  vegetable 
world.  Hybridization  is  an  abnormal,  I  may 
say,  an  unnatural  process,  which  is  usually 
prevented  by  countless  obstacles.  If  it  were 
not  so,  we  would  meet  with  more  hybrids  in 
our  woods  and  prairies  than  with  genuine  spe- 
cies ;  but  how  rare  are  they,  and  what  a  find 
it  is  for  a  botanist  to  discover  one!  And  this 
is  the  more  to  be  wondered  at,  because  the 
genital  organs  of  the  plants,  though  mostly 
united  in  one  flower,  are  usually  so  organized 
that  self-fertilization  is  made  difficult,  or  i& 
excluded,  and  that  cross-fertilization  is  the 
rule.  We  may  put  it  down  as  a  law  that 
honest  nature  abhors  hybridization. 


BUSHBERG   CATALOGUE. 


21 


Fig.  K9.    JEsTivALis  FOLIAGE.    (Cunningham.) 


VITICULTURAL  REMARKS 

ON  OUR  AMERICAN  SPECIES,  WITH  LISTS   OF  THEIR 
CULTIVATED  VARIETIES. 

The  varieties  which  we  cultivate  in  this  country, 
east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  over  in  Europe,  un- 
der the  name  of  American  Grapes,  all  belong  to  either 
one  or  other  of  the  following  four  species : 

(I)  VITIS  LABRUSCA,          (7)    V.  J^STIVALIS, 

(II)  V.  RIPAEIA,  (12)  V.  RUPESTKIS,  and 

(13)    V.  VULPINA  Or  ROTUNDIFOLIA, 

or  are  HYBRIDS  (crosses  between  these  or  with  Vitis 
vinifera). 

While  a  study  of  the  preceding  treatise,  by  Dr.  G. 
Engelmann,  is  sufficient  to  enable  every  careful  ob- 
server.and  especially  the  botanist,  to  distinguish  them, 
the  following  "viticultural  remarks,"  with  lists  of  varie- 
ties for  each  species,  and  containing  observations  of 
practical  grape-culturists,  may  assist  in  that  important 
study  and  may  prove  of  some  value. 

V.  LABRUSCA,  the  species  of  which  the  largest  num- 
ber of  our  cultivated  varieties  and  those  most  exten- 
sively cultivated  in  our  country  are  the  offspring,  is 
still  the  most  limited  local  species,  its  home  being  con- 
fined to  the  region  between  tthe  Atlantic  Ocean  and 
the  Alleghany  Mountains. 

Dr.  Engelmann  desires  local  botanists  to  assist  in 
more  accurately  denning  the  geographical  limits  of  our 
species  of  Vitis ;  but  there  is  no  doubt  about  the  wild 
Labrusca  being  unknown  in  the  Mississippi  Valley. 
"Whatever  has  been  called  so  there,  or  in  Louisiana  or 
Texas,  is  a  large  and  downy-leaved  form  of  jEativalis, 
always  readily  distinguished  by  its  '  intermittent '  ten- 
drils, while  Labrusca  has  more  or  less  'continuous'  ten- 
drils." (Compare  Figs.  39  and  42.) 

"For  table  use,  this  species,  in  its  improved  varieties, 
will  probably  always  occupy  a  prominent  position  in 
a  large  portion  of  the  Eastern  and  Northern  States  as 
well  as  in  the  northern  sections  of  the  Western  States ; 
and  in  those  regions  where  the  climate  will  not  favor 
the  maturity  of  the  best  varieties  of  this  class,  the  in. 
ferior  kinds  will  occupy  their  place." 


"As  a  wine  grape  the  V.  Labrusca  has 
been  over-estimated ;  the  tough,  musky 
pulp  of  even  the  best  varieties  requires  a 
long  and  favorable  season  of  growth  to  re- 
duce the  acid  center  so  as  to  produce  a 
proper  ratio  of  the  ingredients  necessary  for  a  pas- 
sable quality  of  wine." 

Fully  endorsing  the  above  quoted  views  of  William 
Saunders,  Superintendent  of  the  Experimental  Gardens 
at  Washington,  we  do  not  wish  to  be  understood  as  ad- 
vocating the  discontinuance  of  planting  and  using  La- 
brusca grapes  for  wine-making ;  we  are  well  aware  that 
the  Catawba  and  Concord  still  furnish  the  bulk  of  our 
most  popular  wines.  But  for  wines  of  finest  quality 
we  recommend  the  JDstivalis,  where  its  varieties  suc- 
ceed, as  far  superior  to  the  Labrusca.  Moreover,  we 
fecognize  in  this  species  a  Northern  and  a  Southern 
form  (same  as  in  the  Riparia  and  ^Estivalis),  with  dis- 
tinct characteristics. 

The  Northern  Labrusca — a  plant  of  great  vigor,  hard- 
iness and  productiveness ;  abundant,  heavy,  branching 
and  fibrous  roots,  thick  pith,  and  firm  liber ;  with  a 
fruit  of  superior  size,  but  also  of  a  disagreeable  rough- 
ness and  foxiness  in  taste  or  flavor.  In  some  of  its 
new  cultivated  varieties,  however,  this  foxiness  has 
become  less  marked,  and  is  far  from  disagreeable. 

The  Southern  Labrusca — a  far  more  tender  plant, 
very  sensitive  to  casualties  from  unfavorable  atmos- 
pheric changes  of  climate,  with  few  and  feeble  roots, 
of  only  moderately  firm  texture  ;  but  also  with  a  much 
more  delicate  fruit  of  an  agreeable  musky  flavor.  The 
first  will  not  do  well  at  the  South-west,  the  second  will 
be  found  subject  to  fungoid  and  other  diseases,  and  will 
not  ripen  well  at  the  North,  except  under  the  bene- 
ficial influences  of  large  lakes,  or  in  some  peculiar, 
well-protected  localities  and  favorable  seasons. 

Both  are  subject  to  rot,  and  do  not  continue  to 
thrive  well  in.  those  parts  of  the  country  where  both 
types  of  Labrusca  do  not  seem  to  feel  at  home.* 

*  G.  Onderdonk  writes  us ;  "After  all,  our  grapes  in 
Texas  must  come  from  the  yEstivalis  family.  No  La- 
brusca has  given  us  good,  permanent  satisfaction  here." 
This  same  view  is  obtaining  ground  in  Arkansas  and 
south-west  Missouri,  after  full  trial  and  dearly-bought 
experience. 


22        Labrusca. 


BUSHBERG   CATALOGUE. 


^Estivalis. 


of  this  species,  thus  classi- 

[6]     Southern  Group. 
ADIEONDAC, 
CASSADY, 
CATAWBA, 
DIANA, 
IONA, 
ISABELLA, 
ISKAELLA, 
LYDIA, 
MAXATAWNY, 
MILES, 
MOTTLED, 
PRENTISS  (new), 
REBECCA, 
TO-KALON, 
UNION  VILLAGE. 


The  principal  varieties 
fied,  are : 

[a]    Northern  Group. 
BLACK  HAWK, 
CONCORD, 
COTTAGE, 
DEACDT  AMBEE, 
EABLY  VICTOE  (new), 
HAETFOBD  PEOLIFIC, 
IVKS, 
LADY, 
MAETHA, 
MOOEE'S  EAELY, 
NORTHERN  MUSCADINE, 
PERKINS, 
RENTZ, 
TELEGRAPH, 
VENANGO, 
VERGENNES  (new), 
WOEDEN'S. 

This  subdivision  of  Labrusca  into  a  northern  and 
southern  form  is  a  new  idea  of  our  own,  and  may  be  a 
mistake.  It  was  presented  for  the  first  time  in  our  Cat- 
alogue, not  as  an  established  fact,  already  accepted  or 
endorsed  by  any  botanical  authority,  but  as  an  hypoth- 
esis worthy  of  consideration  and  further  research.  In 
some  few  varieties  (Creveling,  North  Carolina,  &c.)  we 
as  yet  find  it  difficult  to  determine  to  Avhich  group 
they  should  be  assigned  ;  but  this  difficulty  also  exists 
in  some  with  regard  to  the  species. 

The  large  size  of  the  fruit,  the  vigor  and  productive- 
ness of  the  vine,  and  its  easy  propagation  from,  cuttings, 
made  the  varieties  of  this  species  preferable  to  others  for 
hybridizing  with  European  grapes;  and  it  was  expected 
to  thereby  ameliorate,  if  not  to  remove,  their  foxiness. 
While  this  improvement  in  flavor  has  been  thus  accom- 
plished, the  process  has  diminished  the  hardiness  and 
has  increased  the  sensitiveness  to  climate  and  to  fun- 
goid diseases  in  the  varieties  thus  produced.  It  has 
proven  far  more  successful  to  grow  seedlings  from  pure 
Labrusca  varieties,  selecting  the  best,  as  in  Early  Vic- 
tor, Pocklington,  &c.,  or  seedlings  from  crosses  between 
the  coarser  and  more  tender  varieties  of  this  species,  as 
the  Niagara  (cross  between  Concord  and  Cassady),  the 
Jefferson  (cross  between  Concord  and  lona).  Moreover 
the  much  decried  "foxy  taste"  becomes  much  less  ob- 
jectionable by  habit.  Lovers  of  the  Concord  and  of 
the  Catawbafind  the  Chasselas  insipid,  and  even  Euro- 
peans learn  to  eat  the  foxy  grape  with  pleasure. 

The  hardy  varieties  of  the  Labrusca  are  also  excel- 
lent as  a  grafting-stock  for  its  own  tender  varieties,  and 
for  those  of  the  Vinifera,  in  locations  suitable  to  this 
species.  They  were  largely  imported  for  this  purpose 
into  southern  France,  but  in  some  localities  there  they 
did  not  prosper ;  the  conditions  of  soil  and  climate 
did  not  suit  them,  and  were  far  more  suitable  to  the 
Riparia;  hence  it  was  supposed  by  some,  and  soon  re- 
peated by  others,  both  grape-culturists  and  botanists, 
that  the  Labrusca,  though  exhibiting  a  larger  degree  of 
resistance  than  the  V.  Vinifera,  suffers  from  the  insect 
(the  Phylloxera).  This,  however,  is  incorrect.  Even 
the  most  tender  Labr.  varieties,  whose  enfeebled  roots, 
caused  by  their  mildew-diseased  tops,  look  as  if  de- 
stroyed by  the  insect,  revive  during  favorable  seasons 
and  again  become  vigorous  and  fruitful  —  as  no  Phyl- 


loxera-infested vine  ever  does.  We  have  seen  very  fine 
and  healthy  Catawba  and  Isabella  vines  in  full  bear- 
ing, in  phylloxera-infested  localities  of  France.  We 
could  quote  hundreds  of  testimonials  proving  our  posi- 
tion. For  want  of  space  let  the  following  suffice : 

From  the  official  report  of  the  Commission  on  American 
Vines  — signed  by  MM.  Lespiault,  Pres't;  Piola,  Vice 
Pres't ;  Laftte,  Sec. ;  and  by  such  members,  well  known 
in  the  scientific  world,  as  Millardet,  Skavinshi,  Debruck, 
&c. — to  the  International  Phylloxeric  Congress,  held 
at  Bordeaux,  Oct.,  1882. 

''It  is  almost  useless  to  insist  on  the  resistance  of  the 
American  vines.  It  cannot  any  longer  be  contested. 
Everywhere  the  proofs  thereof  are  numerous.  While 
the  French  vines  succumb,  the  American  vines,  planted 
from  10  to  15  years  ago,  present  a  vegetation  of  perfect 
health.  Even  the  LABEUSCA,  reputed  as  less  resistant — 
the  Concord,  for  instance  —  are  still  largely  cultivated 
by  certain  wine-growers,  MM.  Guirand,  Moline,  Lu- 
got,  the  Duchess  of  Fitz-James,  &c.,  who  are  well  satis- 
fied with  them." 

VITIS  ^ESTIVALIS. — This  species  is  preeminently  the 
WINE  grape  of  the  South  Atlantic  States,  and  of  the  low- 
er Mississippi  Valley  and  Texas.  Owing  to  the  fact  that 
none  of  the  varieties  except  the  Elsinburgh  and  Eumelan 
will  ripen  north  of  the  parallel  of  40°,  unless  it  may  be 
in  some  peculiarly  favored  situation,*  they  have  not 
been  extensively  planted,  and  their  superior  qualities 
are  but  little  known.  The  berries  are  destitute  of  pulp, 
and  the  juice  contains  a  larger  percentage  of  sugar 
than  any  other  improved  American  species.  The  foli- 
age is  not  so  liable  to  disease  as  that  of  the  fox  grape, 
and  in  the  berries  rot  is  also  less  prevailing,  while  in 
some  varieties  of  this  class,  as  Norton's  Va.  and  Cyn- 
thiana,  it  is  comparatively  unknown.  Some  of  the  best 
wines  made  in  this  country  are  produced  from  varie- 
ties of  this  family.  ' '  Requiring  a  long  season  and  ge- 
nial climate  for  their  perfection,  they  have  not  yet  been 
extended  so  widely  as  the  varieties  of  Vitis  Labrusca. 
Their  range  of  successful  growth  not  reaching  into 
high  latitudes,  their  culture  has  been  limited,"  —  ex- 
cepting Norton's  Va.  Seedling,  of  which  hundreds  of 
acres  are  now  planted  around  Gordonsville  and  Char- 
lotteville,  Va. — "I  am  convinced  that  neither  the  wine- 
producing  capabilities  of  the  country  nor  the  highest 
excellence  of  the  product  can  be  decided  until  vine- 
yards of  these  varieties  are  established  in  the  best  loca- 
tions of  favorable  climates."— Wm.  Saunders. 

"  The  most  genial  home  of  this  species  is  the  coun- 
try of  the  Ozark  hills,  Missouri,  S.  Kansas,  Arkansas, 
Texas  and  Indian  Territory ;  probably  also  the  moun- 
tain slopes  in  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  and  Tennes- 
see. And  these  must  be  looked  upon  as  the  great 
producing  regions  of  this  continent,  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  for  a  certain  class  of  fine  wines.  In  western 
Texas,  also,  the  varieties  belonging  to  this  class  seem 
'to  succeed  better  than  any  other  class  of  grapes,' 

*  Their  proper  climate  is  south  of  the  isotherm  of  70° 
Fahrenheit  for  June,  July,  August  and  September;  they 
require  a  longer  season  to  attain  maturity.  The  more 
tender  varieties  may  be  properly  placed  between  the 
isothermal  lines  of  70°  and  75*.  [Isothermal  lines  denote 
localities  of  equal  mean  temperature,  and,  by  careful 
observation,  have  been  delineated  upon  maps  indicat- 
ing the  various  belts  of  climate,  the  limits  where  certain 
important  plants  thrive,  by  far  more  accurately  .than 
by  zones  and  geographical  degrees.  The  latter  have 
long  been  in  vogue,  but  have  really  no  place  in  nature.  X 


jEstivalis. 


GJRAPE  MANUAL. 


Lincecumii.        23 


though  we  have  never  yet  seen,  or  heard  of  either,  an 
undoubted  JSstivalis  (wild)  or  a  Labrusca  in  our  part 
of  Texas  (S.  W.)"— Q.  Onderdonk,  Victoria,  Texas. 

The  following  varieties  of  this  most  valuable  species 
(omitting  new  untried  and  discarded  varieties)  are  now 
cultivated : 


Northern  Group. 
CYNTHIANA, 
ELSINBURG, 
EUMELAN, 
HERMANN, 


Southern  Group. 

CUNNINGHAM  (Lonpr), 
DEVEREUX  t  Black  July), 
HERBEMONT  (Warren), 
LENOIR  (Jaquez), 


NORTON'S  VIRGINIA,       LOUISIANA  or  RULANDER(?) 

(Several  new  varieties  of  this  species,  some  chance 
seedlings  selected  in  the  forests  of  Arkansas,  others 
raised  from  seeds  of  cultivated  varieties,  are  on  trial.) 

The  quality  of  these  varieties  is  so  excellent  that 
even  the  French  taste  seems  quite  satisfied.  Only  their 
•size  is  unsatisfactory.  "  Dans  ce  group  se  trouvent  les 
raisins  dont  le  goAt  se  rapproche  le  plus  des  ndtres,  et 
•qui  donnent  desvins  colores,  corses,  &  bouquet  souvent 
•delicat,  et  en  tout  cas  non  foxe."  —  «7.  E.  Planchon,  Les 
Vignes  americaines. 

Mr.  Herman  Jaeger,  of  Neosho,  south-west  Missouri, 
writes  us :  "  In  south-west  Missouri,  southern  Illinois, 
Arkansas,  western  Texas,  (also  in  Tennessee  and  Ala- 
bama,) the  Labrusca,  or  Fox  grapes,  bring  two  healthy 
•crops  of  fine  grapes,  and  of  the  most  vigorous  varieties, 
with  proper  culture  and  favorable  seasons,  a  few  more ; 
then  they  rot  to  such  an  extent  that  they  are  entirely 
worthless.  The  JDstivalis  never  rots,  and  is  the  only 
truly  reliable  grape  for  these  States.  It  was  believed 
that  no  large  summer  grapes  were  existing — but  this  is 
a  mistake;  summer  grapes  (JEstivalis),  nearly  of  the 
size  of  Concord,  are  found  growing  wild  in  Arkansas, 
and  I  am  confident  that  superior  table  grapes  will  be 
obtained  from  their  seed.  The  wild  large  JSstivalis  are 
not  as  juicy  nor  as  aromatic  as  the  small ;  but  by  cross- 
ing the  one  with  the  other  we  may  obtain  large  grapes 
for  the  south-west  as  juicy  as  Herbemont,  and  as 
healthy,  vigorous  and  productive  as  Norton's  Virginia, 
as  free  from  rot  and  mildew  as  no  Labrusca  ever  will 
"be  with  us." 

The  exemption  from  rot  however,  unfortunately 
refers  only  to  the  JSstivalis  of  the  Norton  family ; 
those  of  the  Herbemont  class  or  southern  -^Estivalis  are 
often  affected  by  rot,  and  on  this  account  their  cultiva- 
tion has  been  abandoned  in  the  south-eastern  States, 
Virginia,  North  Carolina,  Georgia,  and  even  in  parts 
of  Arkansas. 

In  southern  and  central  Texas  the  Herbemont  and 
its  group  of  grapes  seems  free  from  rot,  so  far.  Mr.  G . 
Onderdonk  writes :  "Every  year  demonstrates  more 
clearly  that  in  southern  Texas  we  must  have  Southern 
jEstivalis  grapes,  or  have  none,  except  varieties  of  Vini- 
iera,  in  localities  where  the  Phylloxera  will  not  work, 
as  in  the  sands  of  the  immediate  coast,  or,  as  these 
European  varieties  may  be  preserved,  by  grafting  on 
stocks  of  th-e  Rupestris." 

A  very  intelligent  and  reliable  vine-grower  writes 
us  from  Texas :  "  I  have  been  investigating  the  grape 
question  for  two  years  in  southern  and  central  Texas. 
On  the  Rio  Grande  the  Mexicans  have  been  culti- 
vating the  European  grapes  for  many  years,  but  al- 
ways where  the  land  can  be  irrigated ;  but  the  area 


susceptible  of  irrigation  is  very  limited.  All  the  varie- 
ties of  the  V.  vinifera  and  other  grapes  that  ripen  as 
late  as  September,  are  liable  to  fail  in  Texas  on  account 
of  the  summer  rains,  which  come  in  August,  causing 
the  grapes  to  mildew  and  rot.  But  the  cultivated  varie- 
ties of  .<EsTiVALis  ripen  here  in  July,  and  do  well  when 
planted  in  the  right  soil.  I  have  seen  bunches  of  LE- 
NOIE,  called  here  "  Black  Spanish,"  grown  in  sandhills 
of  Bastrop  county,  that  were  as  fine  as  any  Zinfandel, 
which  they  much  resembled,  being  long  and  compact, 
and  very  prolific.  Yet  nobody  thinks  it  worth  while  to 
plant  a  vineyard.  Grapes  sold  in  Austin  last  summer 
at  from  10  to  40  cts.  per  pound. 

"  Land  suitable  for  grapes  can  be  bought  in  Bastrop 
county,  convenient  to  the  Texas  Central  railroad,  for 
from  $2.50  to  $10.00  per  acre,  with  a  market  for  all  the 
grapes  and  wine  within  a  few  hours'  travel  by  rail." 

The  varieties  of  this  group  generally  prefer  a  dry, 
poor  soil,  intermingled  with  lime  and  decomposed 
stones,  with  a  southern  and  south-eastern  exposure ; 
they  seem  to  endure  the  severest  drouths  without  flag- 
ging. Although  we  have  seen  some  of  them,  especially 
the  Norton  and  Cynthiana,  bear  immense  crops  on  the 
deep,  rich,  sandy  loam  of  our  river  bottom,  their  fruit 
does  not  reach  the  same  perfection  as  on  the  hills. 
The  wood  of  the  true  JEstivalis  is  very  solid,  hard,  with 
small  pith,  and  firm  outer  bark ;  so  that  it  is  almost 
impossible  to  propagate  this  species  from  cuttings.  The 
bark  on  the  one  year  old  wood  is  of  a  dark  gray  color, 
bluish  around  the  eyes.  The  roots  are  wiry  and  tough, 
with  a  smooth,  hard  liber,  penetrating  deep  into  the 
ground,  successfully  defying  the  attacks  of  Phylloxera. 
Their  resistive  power  has  been  fully  tested,  and  estab- 
lished beyond  a  doubt.  As  a  stock  for  grafting  they 
are  far  superior  to  Clinton — but  we  think  they  are  too 
good  and  valuable  to  serve  merely  as  a  grafting  stock. 

Another  form  of  the  Vitis  ^Estivalis  is  the 
VITIS  LINCECUMII,  or  Post-oak  grape.  —  Grows  in 
Texas  throughout  the  post-oak  region  of  the  tertiary. 
There  are  already  two  or  three  esteemed  varieties  of 
this  class  in  cultivation.  One  of  these,  called  McKee's 
Everbearing  grape,  because  it  is  said  to  have  ripe  fruit 
during  several  months  of  summer,  is  considered  an  ex- 
cellent table  grape  and  good  for  wine.  Mr.  S.  B.  Buck- 
ley, State  Geologist  of  Texas,  writes:  "At  the  place  of. 
the  Wilkins,  in  the  north  part  of  Lamar  county,  I  saw 
a  Post-oak  vine  which,  the  family  said,  bore  one  of  the 
best  grapes,  if  not  the  very  best,  they  had  e^ver  seen ; 
and  they  had  a  large  variety  of  grapes  in  cultivation. 
Mrs.  Wilkins  gave  me  some  Post-oak  grape  wine  which 
was  excellent,  the  grape  being  considered  the  best  for 
wine  of  any  they  had." 

VITIS  RIPARIA.— This  most  widely  diffused  and  now 
most  important  American  species  of  grapevines  was 
but  imperfectly  known,  up  to  within  a  few  years,  even 
to  botanists ;  so  that  they  could  not  clearly  distin- 
guish V.  Riparia  from  V.  Cordifolia ;  and  in  the 
works  on  practical  grape-culture  they  were  generally 
united  under  the  one  designation,  "  Cordifolia."  The 
preceding  treatise  by  Dr.  Engelmann  has  now  shown 
their  absolute  specific  difference  ;  but  the  circumstan- 
ces whereby  this  knowledge  was  acquired  are  s,o  inter- 
esting and  instructive,  that  we,  who  have  almost  provi- 
dentially led  thereto,  deem  it  our  doity  to  record  them. 


24        Riparia. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Eiparia. 


In  the  winter  of  1875  we  received  from  M.  Fabre  de 
Saint  Clement,  in  France,  an  order  for  several  hundred 
thousand  long  cuttings,  mostly  of  the  "Taylor,  "which 
variety  he  had  recognized  as  the  best  grafting  stock 
among  those  with  which  he  had  experimented.  In 
view  of  the  impossibility  to  furnish  more  than  100,000 
Taylor  cuttings  (as  this  variety  is,  on  account  of  its  de- 
ficient productiveness,  but  little  cultivated),  our  G.  E. 
Meissner  proposed  to  M.  Fabre  (as  also  to  MM.  Blou- 
quier  &  fils  &  Leenhardt,  and  others)  to  send  him  wild 
Riparia  or  Cordifolia  cuttings,  which  bear  the  greatest 
resemblance  to  the  Taylor,  one  of  its  cultivated  varie- 
ties, and  which,  we  had  every  reason  to  believe,  would 
prove  equally  satisfactory,  if  not  more  so,  as  a  Phyllox- 
era-resisting grafting  stock,  for  the  reconstruction  of 
their  devastated  vineyards.  Fabre  consented,  and  the 
success  was  beyond  our  most  sanguine  expectations.  In 
October,  1877,  Fabre  first  published  the  result  in  the 
"Journal  d' Agriculture,"  and  since  that  time  this  spe- 
cies was  more  and  more  recognized  as  the  great  reme- 
dy for  the  Phylloxera-destroyed  vineyards  of  France. 
It  was  then  called  Riparia  Fabre.in  France,  but  might 
more  properly  have  been  called  Riparia  Meissner. 

Very  large  quantities  were  then  ordered  from  us, 
and  we  had  to  look  about  for  them  far  and  near ;  nor 
was  it  an  easy  matter  to  avoid  the  admixture  of  Cor- 
difolia,  Cinerea,  .^Estivalis,  and  other  wild  grapes,  which 
would  not  answer. 

The  careful,  observing  French  vintners  to  whom 
these  Riparias  were  so  very  valuable  for  their  vigorous, 
rapid  development  in  almost  every  soil,  their  great 
adaptability  to  rooting  and  grafting,  and  their  almost 
perfect  immunity  from  the  Phylloxera,  soon  recog- 
nized that  the  so-called  "  Riparia  or  Cordifolia  "  em- 
braced quite  a  group  of  somewhat  deviating  forms,  of 
larger  and  smaller  foliage,  more  or  less  hairy,  more  or 
less  dark  in  color  of  wood,  &c.,  some  making  stouter 
canes  than  others — differences  resulting,  very  natural- 
ly, from  the  various  soils  and  localities  from  which  they 
were  derived,  and  also  from  their  frequently  being 
mixed  in  the  same  locality  ; — they  found,  besides,  that 
some  cuttings  (Cordifolia)  would  fail  to  root,  though 
they  arrived  and  were  planted  in  the  best  condition. 
This,  naturally,  led  to  the  study  of  their  botanic  cha- 
racter, now  so  fully  established  that  we  can  at  sight 
recognize  and  distinguish  the  true  Riparia  from  Cor- 
difolia; aye,  in  the  mere  cutting,  in  winter,  as  well 
as  in  the  young  plant  and  in  the  seed. 

Besides  these  valuable  characteristics,  given  by  Dr. 
Engelmann,  we  have  discovered  some  additional  indi- 
cations which  will  aid  the  non-botanist  in  distinguish- 
ing them.  On  the  young  shoots  of  Cordifolia  the  very 
small  terminal  leaves  open  as  soon  as  formed  (the  same 
as  in  .iEstivalis) ;  those  of  the  Riparia,  on  the  contrary, 
remain  folded  for  some  days  after  they  are  formed 
and  become  larger,  then  expand,  but  only  gradually. 
This  is  shown  in  our  table  of  grape  leaves  (Figs.  40  to 
43),  which  however  do  not  show  the  more  heart-shaped, 
roundish  form  of  the  Cordijolia  ieo/when  fully  grown, 
nor  the  form  of  the  fully  developed  Riparia  leaf,  in 
which  the  sinus  of  the  leaf-stalk  is  more  widely  open 
(truncated),  often  broad.  Another  very  characteristic 
sign  of  Riparia  is  found  in  the  shreddy  character  of 
the  bark,  which  is  underlaid  by  filaments  resembling 
coarse  yellow  threads.  We  find  a  similar  characteristic 
only  in  the  Rupestris  ;  but  its  filaments  or  threads  are 


finer  and  not  as  strong  as  those  of  the  Riparia.  The 
bark  of  these  two  species  will  be  found  to  peal  off  in 
shreds,  whilst  the  bark  of  the  Cordifolia  and  others- 
will  peal  off  in  flakes. 

We  are  just  in  receipt  (July,  1883)  of  the  first  num- 
ber of  the  "A mpelographie  Americaine."  an  Album  of 
American  Grapes,  now  being  published  in  France  — 
price  75  francs — by  Em.  Isard,  which  will  contain  from 
80  to  90  Plates  (phototypes)  and  descriptive  text  by' 
Gustave  Foex  and  Pierre  Viala,  all  of  the  celebrated 
National  Schoorof  Agriculture  of  Montpellier.*  Of 
Vitis  Riparia  three  forms  will  be  figured  and  minutely 
described. 

Dr.  Despetis,  who  made  the  Riparia  a  special  study , 
says  that  he  knows  380  varieties  or  subvarieties  of 
Riparia ;  some  are  tomentous  (downy-leaved),  others 
glabrous  (smooth-leaved) ;  some  have  light  red  wood, 
others  dark,  and  some  even  white  (gray)  wood.  But 
they  all  resist  everywhere  and  succeed  generally  well ; 
on  limestone  hills,  however,  they  do  not  as  well  as  the 
Jacquez  (JEstivalis). 

Many  a  grape-grower  will  ask :  Of  what  practical 
importance  is  it  to  know  the  botanic  characteristics  of 
any  species?  The  answer  is,  that  it  enables  us  to  de- 
termine to  which  species  a  cultivated  variety  belongs, 
and  to  know  thereby,  beyond  doubt,  which  qualities, 
common  to  all  descendants  of  such  species,  it  will  have ;. 
what  kind  of  soil  or  location  is  most  suitable ;  whether 
it  will  easily  grow  from  cuttings,  be  more  or  less 
subject  to  certain  diseases,  be  more  or  less  hardy,  etc. 
The  Vitis  Riparia  comprise  the  "most  healthy  and 
hardy  grapes  of  the  North  Central  States  (N.  C.  S.),. 
formerly  designated  as  the  North-west,  extending  to 
the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Wyoming,  Colorado  and  New 
Mexico,  and  is  found  equally  healthy  and  more  pro- 
ductive at  the  south,  in  Arkansas  and  Texas.  Hence  we 
may  also  judge,  from  its  geographical  extension,  as  to 
its  rare  adaptability  to  various  climates. 

Alex.  Hunger,  an  intelligent  amateur  grape-grower, 
native  of  Switzerland,  now  at  Sauk  City,  Wis.,  writes 
us :  "The  woods  and  hills  of  Wisconsin  are  full  of  wild 
vines,  and  they  grow  also  along  the  streams  and  creeks- 
The  fruit  of  the  Creek-grape  (?)  ripens  late,  tastes  very 
harsh  and  sour ;  but  the  Sand-grape,  (by  which  the 
Riparia  is  evidently  meant)  ripens  with  us  in  August 
already,  is  not  disagreeable  for  eating,  and  makes  a 
wine  of  fine  aroma.  It  grows  often  in  almost  pure 
sand,  and  no  cold  can  kill  it.  From  the  Sand-grape 
the  North-wresjt  must  get  the  proper  varieties  for  its 
sandy  plains  and  hills.  If  I  were  not  too  old  I  would 
cross  the  Sand-grape  with  those  European  grapes 
which  grow  in  my  native  home  (canton  Graubunden), 
on  the  boundary  line  of  wine-culture,  where  'with  one 
hand  we  may  touch  the  glaciers  and  with  the  other 
pluck  the  noble  grape.'  The  bunches  of  the  Sand- 
grape  are  of  the  size  of  the  Delaware;  its  foliage  is  simi- 

*  The  "  Ecole  nationale  d' agriculture"  at  Montpellier  has 
not  improperly  been  called  the  "  Phylloxera  University." 
In  its  experimental  garden,  of  about  fifty  acres,  were 
planted  nearly  all  the  various  grape-vines  of  the  world, 
probably  the  most  complete  collection  ever  existing.. 
And  when  we  consider  that  its  ground  is  thoroughly  in- 
fested by  the  Phylloxera,  thus  affording  the  opportun  jty 
to  test  and  study  all  the  species  and  their  varieties,  with 
regard  to  their  resistibility  to  the  disease  and  in  other 
respects,  under  most  eminent  investigators,  we  may  well 
understand  what  a  fund  of  information  has  been  added 
during  the  last  decade  concerning  the  subject  of  this- 
Catalogue. 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


Fig.  40.     CORDIFOLIA. 


Fig.  41.     CORDIFOLIA. 


Fig.  42.    LABRUSCA. 


Fig.  43.    RIPARIA. 


26        Eiparia. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Bupestris. 


lar  to  the  Taylor,  darker  green  on  its  upper,  lighter  on 
its  lower  face,  and  more  glossy ;  every  third  leaf  is 
without  a  tendril.  Crosses  of  this  northern  (Riparia) 
grape  would  seem  desirable  for  our  North-western 
States." 

The  CLINTON  is  the  most  prominent  of  its  cultivated 
varieties,  and  the  AUGHWICK,  BURROUGHS,  CHIPPEWA, 
FRANKLIN,  HUNTINGDON,  MARION  and  OPORTO  belong 
to  the  same  group  or  family.  The  BACCHUS  is  a  seedling 
of  Clinton,  and  probably  also  SchraidV s  seedling  BLACK 
PEARL,  £icketts'  PEABODY,  &c.  The  TAYLOR  was  held 
to  belong  to  a  somewhat  different  form  of  the  Riparia, 
found  growing  along  the  Alleghany  range,  from  south- 
ern New  York  to  Alabama ;  it  certainly  has  a  close  re- 
semblance to  this  form  of  the  Riparia,  but  botanists 
have  lately  discovered  and  established  that  the  Taylor 
is  an  accidental  cross  with  Labrusca,  which  is  con- 
firmed by  the  character  of  many  of  its  seedlings.  This 
variety,  much  esteemed  for  its  vigorous  growth,  health 
and  hardiness,  as  also  for  its  superior  quality  for  wine, 
was,  however,  generally  unproductive  on  account  of 
its  more  or  less  deformed  stamens,  with  short  or  rather 
curved  filaments ;  a  defect  exhibited  also  in  most  of 
the  wild  Riparias,  which  are  the  most  profuse  bloom- 
ers of  any  grape-vines.  FULLER,  in  his  old  book  on 
grape  culture,  first  expressed  the  opinion  that  some 
individuals  of  this  group  (Taylor,  Othello,  &c.)  pos- 
sess excellent  qualities,  which,  when  properly  devel- 
oped, and  their  defects  remedied,  will  make  the  best 
wine  grapes  in  the  country. 

Following  this  suggestion  of  Mr.  Fuller,  already 
quoted  in  the  former  editions  of  this  Catalogue,  a 
large  number  of  experiments  have  been  made  with 
raising  seedlings  from  Taylor  and  Clinton,  and  these 
are  now  crowned  with  eminent  success,  having  pro- 
duced some  of  the  most  valuable  and  promising  new 
wine  grapes,  especially  adapted  to  the  wide  range  of 
the  Riparia  Class.  See  Amber,  Bacchus,  Elvira,  Grime's 
Golden,  Missouri  Riesling,  Montefiore,  Noah,  Pearl, 
Transparent,  Uhland,  &c. 

The  foliage  is  rarely  attacked  by  mildew,  but  the 
leaves,  possibly  owing  to  their  smoothness,  are  occasion- 
ally injured  by  insect  punctures.  The  Phylloxera  pre- 
fers the  foliage  of  this  class  of  vines  to  that  of  all  others — 
so  that,  in  some  seasons,  it  is  covered  with  leaf-galls 
made  by  this  formidable  insect.  The  fruit  is  less  sub- 
ject to  rot,  and  is  noted  for  keeping  well  after  being 
gathered  from  the  plant.  That  of  the  northern  form 
is  late  in  maturing,  and  seems  to  reach  its  greatest  per- 
fection by  remaining  on  the  vine  until  the  thermome- 
ter indicates  proximity  to  the  freezing-point,  when, 
even  in  northern  localities,  it  proves  to  be  a  fruit  of  fair 
quality  either  for  table  or  wine.  The  greatest  objection 
to  it  as  a  wine  grape  is  that  of  having  too  much  acid. 
The  fruit  is  not  so  deficient  in  sugar  as  is  generally 
supposed,  having  enough  of  this  important  ingredient 
for  a  good  wine.  Nor  has  it  any  foxy  or  musky  taste 
whatever,  the  judgment  of  our  friends  in  France  to 
the  contrary  notwithstanding.  The  peculiar  flavor  in 
some  varieties  may  displease  them — tastes  differ ;  we, 
ourselves,  do  not  admire  the  Clinton  goflt,  but  it  has 
certainly  no  resemblance  to  what  we  call  "foxiness," 
as  the  characteristic  of  Labrusca.  The  flavor  of  Taylor 
and  its  seedlings  seems  to  us  unexceptionable.  The 
Marion  and  other  varieties  of  this  class  may  also  be 


preferable  to  Clinton  in  this  respect.  Analysis  shows 
that  they  have  a  sufficiency  of  sugar,  and  it  seems 
probable  that  the  wines  only  require  age  to  develop 
their  qualities. 

It  is  known  that  wines  of  the  Clinton  variety,  when 
kept  in  a  suitable  cellar  from  four  to  six  years,  assume 
a  fine  character. 

The  mode  of  management  and  culture  has  also  a 
decided  influence  upon  the  productiveness  of  this  spe- 
cies. The  shoots  on  young  plants  in  good  soil  grow 
with  much  vigor  during  early  summer,frequently  form- 
ing canes  from  14  to  20  feet  in  length  before  the  end  of 
the  season.  On  these  canes  the  best  developed  buds 
are  some  distance  from  the  base,  or  point  of  growth 
on  the  stem  ;  consequently,  if  cut  back  closely  at  the 
fall  or  winter  pruning,  the  best  buds  for  fruit-bearing 
are  removed,  and  a  luxuriant  growth  of  wood,  with  a 
minimum  crop  of  fruit,  will  be  the  result.  The  varie- 
ties of  this  group  should  be  planted  on  rather  poor  soil, 
deeply  and  well  cultivated,  as  they  are  naturally  ram- 
pant growers,  and.  when  planted  in  rich  soils,  are  al- 
most uncontrolable. 

The  Riparia  is  more  accommodating  to  various  soils 
than  any  other  grape-vine ;  it  grows  well  almost  every- 
where, except  on  heavy  yellow  clay  soil,  and  on  lime- 
stone hills  it  does  not  as  well,  of  course,  as  the  JSstiva- 
lis :  it  is  in  name  and  in  fact  a  river-bank  grape. 

The  wood  of  the  cultivated  varieties  is  soft,  contain- 
ing a  thick  medulla ;  cuttings  will,  therefore,  grow  very 
readily.  The  roots  are  wiry  and  tough,  with  a  thin, 
hard  liber,  growing  rapidly.  They  also  possess  full 
powers  of  resistance  to  the  Phylloxera,  which  is  usu- 
ally found  in  small  numbers  on  their  roots  even  while 
their  foliage  is  densely  covered  with  its  galls.  The 
roots  have  so  much  vitality  that  new  rootlets  push  out 
from  the  swellings  more  rapidly  than  the  insect  can 
destroy  them. 

V.  RUPESTRIS  has,  of  late,  already  become  of  very 
great  value  as  stock  for  grafting.  In  southern  Texas 
some  experiments  are  being  made  with  Vinifera  graft- 
ed on  Rupestris,  and  we  predict  for  the  same  a  com- 
plete success.  Wheresoever  the  Lenoir  (Jacques  or 
Black  Spanish)  and  Herbemont  will  flourish  without 
covering  in  winter  and  without  mildew  and  rot  in 
summer,  the  finest  European  varieties  will,  we  think, 
succeed,  if  protected  from  the  root-louse  (Phylloxera) 
by  grafting  on  Rupestris  or  other  resisting  native  stock, 
best  adapted  to  the  soil  and  climate.  In  France,  also, 
the  Rupestris  is  now  used  to  some  extent  as  a  Phyl- 
loxera-proof grafting  stock,  and  is  found  especially 
valuable  on  poor,  rocky  soil,  and  hot,  dry,  exposures, 
where  other  sorts  are  less  adapted.  Some  promising 
hybrids  between  Rupestris  and  Vinifera  have  lately 
been  produced  in  France. 

VITIS  VULPINA,  Linmeus. — Southern  grape-growers 
generally  designate  this  species  as  Vitis  Rotundifolia 
(Michaux). 

This  name  seems  to  us  more  appropriate.  V.  Rotundi- 
folia signifies  "round-leaved,  "as  this  species  has  leaves 
which  are  nearly  round,  unlike  those  of  any  other  spe- 
cies. V.  Vulpina  signifies  "Fox-grape;"  but  it  has  less 
resemblance  than  any  other  species  with  the  Labrusca, 
which  is  generally  known  as  the  Fox-grape,  and,  while 
the  name  "vulpina,"  as  the  translation  of  or  synonym 
with  "fox,"  has  sometimes  been  applied  to  the  "La- 


Rotundifolia. 


GRAPE   MANUAL. 


Hybrids.        27 


ftrwsca"  and  even  toother  species,  no  other  species 
has  ever  been  designated  by  the  name  "Rotundi folia." 
This  latter  designation  would  avoid  confusion  in  the 
grape  nomenclature  and  is  therefore  preferable.  Many 
botanists,  including  Bertram,  Le  Conte,  Rafinesque, 
Ravanel,  and  Buckley,  followed  Michaux  in  calling  it 
"  Rotundifolia,"  and  we  may  be  excused  for  not  fol- 
lowing Linnseus  in  this  instance,  and  feel  justified  in 
thus  designating  this  southern  species  as  it  is  known 
among  southern  people,  southern  grape  cultivators, 
and  their  writers.  The  V.  Rotundifolia  is  strictly  con- 
fined to  the  southern  States,  and  in  foliage  and  wood  is 
very  unlike  any  other  grape,  either  native  or  foreign, 
distinguishing  itself  by  its  small,  roundish,  shining 
leaves,  never  lobed,  and  green  on  both  sides  ;  by  its 
bright,  smooth  bark,  never  scaly  or  shaggy ;  by  its 
fruit,  which  forms  no  bunches,  but  grows  in  large, 
thick-skinned  and  pulpy  berries,  only  about  2-4-6  in 
number  on  a  stem  ;  by  its  tendrils,  which  are  never 
forked  like  those  of  other  grape-vines.  The  varieties 
of  this  type  cannot  be  grown  from  cuttings.  Pruning 
does  not  benefit  them ;  on  the  contrary,  they  must  be 
left  to  grow  free,  without  any  trimming,  except  cutting 
off  smoothly  the  shoots  and  suckers  from  the  ground 
to  the  lath-work  or  scaffold  which  may  have  been 
erected  to  support  them.  Without  care  or  labor,  save 
some  good  cultivation  of  the  soil,  they  produce  annu- 
ally large  and  sure  crops,  being  entirely  free  from  rot 
and  mildew,  and,  it  seems,  also  from  the  attacks  of 
insects.  The  Vitis  Rotundifolia,  so  far,  enjoys  perfect 
immunity  from  Phylloxera,  (some  galls  have  been 
found  on  their  leaves,  but  no  trace  of  the  insect  on 
their  roots,  which  are  of  an  astringent,  acrid  taste). 
This  immunity  caused  them  to  be  exported  into 
France,  but  their  fruit  is  so  deficient  in  grape  sugar 
(although  it  tastes  sweet,  containing  scarcely  any  acid) 
and  it  is  so  rich  in  musky  flavor,  that  it  cannot  satisfy 
the  refined  French  taste ;  and,  as  a  grafting  stock,  the 
hardness  of  the  wood  and  different  construction  of  the 
bark  make  the  Rotundifolia  unfit  for  this  purpose. 

P.  J.  Berkmans,  of  Augusta,  Georgia,  who  makes 
the  propagation  of  this  species  a  specialty,  enumerates 
seven  varieties :  SCUPPERNONG,  FLOWERS,  THOMAS, 
MISH,  TENDER  PULP,  PEDEE,  and  RICHMOND  (there 
exists  also  an  Isabella-seedling  under  the  name  of 
Richmond). 

HYBRIDS. 

Besides  the  varieties  referred  to  either  the  one  or  the 
other  of  these  species,  we  now  cultivate  many  grapes 
which  originated  by  cross-breeding,  either  through  the 
agency  of  wind  or  insects,  or  through  the  efforts  and 
skill  of  man. 

The  former  or  natural  hybridization  is  no  doubt  of 
very  frequent  occurrence,  but,  as  neither  the  act  can 
well  be  observed,  traced  or  recognized,  nor  the  character 
of  these  young  seedlings  thus  produced  be  ascertained, 
they  are  generally  passed  unnoticed  in  the  vineyard,  or 
are  destroyed.  Judging  from  the  great  tendency  to 
variation  in  seedlings  of  cultivated  varieties,  we  are 
inclined  to  believe  that  most  varieties,  generally  called 
pure  seedlings,  yet  so  very  dissimilar  to  their  parents, 
are  produced  by  natural  hybridization.  But  the  ques- 
tion arises,  how  are  grapes  thus  cross-fertilized  by 
nature  without  the  aid  of  man?  "  By  insects  "  seems 
scarcely  a  sufficient  explanation  ;  and  we  venture  the 


the  DELAWARE, 


following  ne\f  hypothesis,  viz.,  that  the  stigma  of  the 
grape  does  not  receive  the  pollen  of  its  own  individual 
blossom,  as  probably  the  two  are  not  ready  for  fecun- 
dation at  the  same  moment.  Thus  a  mere  kindly 
breeze  may  be  sufficient  to  bring  about  cross-fertiliza- 
tion where  different  varieties,  blooming  at  the  same 
time,  are  growing  in  proximity  to  each  other. 

Without  discussing  the  subject  any  further,  we  state ' 
that  we  believe  to  recognize  in 

the  ALVEY,  a  Hybrid  between  JE*tiv,  and  Vinifera: 
the  CREVELING,    "  "         Labr.      "    Riparia; 

,,       )  Labr.      "     Vinifera,  or 

)  Vinif.     "    Riparia; 
the  ELVIRA,          "  "         Ripar.    "    Labrusca, 

and  so  in  a  few  others  (as  will  be  mentioned  in  their 
description)  possessing  certain  distinct  characteristics 
ot  two  distinct  species;  and,  while  vre  do  not  claim 
to  be  botanists,  we  are  glad  to  find  our  observations 
endorsed  by  the  botanists  of  both  this  country  and  of 
Europe. 

From  later  observations  (since  the  issue  of  our  Cata- 
logue, second  edition)  we  are  led  to  consider  also  the 
LOUISIANA  or  RULANDER  as  hybrids  between  jEstivalis 
and  Vinifera';  and  the  HUMBOLDT,  which  the  late  Fr. 
Muench  supposed  a  pure  seedling  of  the  LOUISIANA,  as 
the  result  of  an  accidental  cross  between  this  and  some 
other  variety. 

It  has  already  been  mentioned  (page  20)  that  the 
TAYLOR  is  now  considered  a  cross  produced  by  na- 
tural hybridization  between  a  Labrusca  and  a  Riparia. 
Characteristics  of  both  species  are  quite  distinct  in  the 
Taylor-Seedlings  of  Rommel :  the  AMBER,  ELVIRA, 
ETTA,  FAITH,  MONTEFIORE,  PEARL  ;  as  also  in  Wasser- 
zieher's  Taylor-Seedling  NOAH,  &c.  Accidental  crosses 
between  different  varieties  of  the  same  species  must  be 
more  frequent,  though  admitted  but  in  few  varieties, 
such  as  BEAUTY  (Catawba  crossed  with  Maxatawny), 
and  NIAGARA  (Concord  crossed  with  Cassady),  and  ge- 
nerally claimed  to  be  "pure  seedlings." 

The  second  class,  hybrids  produced  by  artificial 
cross-fertilization,  though  of  but  recent  date,  are  now 
very  numerous,  and  very  interesting  and  important  re- 
sults have  been  attained  through  this  agency.  When 
the  supposition  that  the  seedlings  from  foreign  spe- 
cies, raided  in  our  own  soil  and  climate,  would  be  more 
hardy,  proved  fallacious,  efforts  were  made  to  secure 
hybrids  between  the  native  grapes  and  Vitis  Vinifera, 
as  it  was  hoped  thus  to  combine  the  superior  excel- 
lence of  the  foreign  with  the  Health  and  vigor  of  our 
native  plants,  and  in  the  opinion  of  some  eminent  hor- 
ticulturists this  desirable  result  has  already  been  very 
nearly  or  quite  accomplished. 

But  for  practical  grape-culture  on  a  large  scale,  all 
hybrids  produced  by  crossing  the  foreign  on  our  native 
grapes  have  generally  given  unsatisfactory  results  in 
this  country.  It  is  a  remarkable  fact  that  some  of  these 
hybrids  are  very  successful  in  Europe,  as  the  TRIUMPH, 
a  cross  between  Concord  and  Chasselas  mosquee  by 
Campbell ;  the  OTHELLO,  a  cross  between  V.  Riparia 
and  Black  Hamburg  by  Arnold ;  BLACK  EAGLE  and 
BLACK  DEFIANCE,  crosses  between  Concord  and  Black 
St.  Peters  by  Underbill.®  These  and  some  other  hy- 

*  CROTON,  a  cross  between  Delaware  and.  Chasselas; 
suffers  from  Phylloxera  almost  as  badly  as  its  parent, 
the  Chasselas  de  Fontainbleau. 


28        Hybrids. 


BUSHBERG   CATALOGUE. 


Location, 


brids  have  evidently  inherited  from  the  American  pa- 
rent the  Phylloxera-resisting  root,  but  also  from  the 
European  parent  the  non-resistance  to  our  climatic  in- 
fluences and  the  great  sensibility  to  mildew  and  rot. 
In  localities  of  this  country  where  these  destructive 
influences  and  diseases  do  not  prevail,  most  of  these 
hybrids  will  prove  highly  satisfactory  ;  they  are — 

A.   Hybrids  between  Labrusca  and  Vinifera: 


ADELAIDE, 

AGAWAM, 

ALLEN'S  HYBRID, 

AMINIA  (R.  39), 

BARRY, 

BLACK  DEFIANCE, 

BLACK  EAGLE, 

BURNET, 

CLOVER  STR.  BLACK, 

CLOVER  STR.  RED, 

CONCORD  CHASSELAS, 

CONCORD  MUSCAT, 

DIANA  HAMBURG, 

DON  JUAN, 

DOWNING, 

EARLY  DAWN, 

ESSEX, 


EXCELSIOR, 

GARTNER, 

GOETHE, 

HERBERT, 

HIGHLAND, 

IMPERIAL, 

IRWING, 

LlNDLEY. 

MASSASOIT, 

MERRIMAC, 

PLANET, 

REQUA, 

ROGERS'  HYBRIDS,* 

SALEM, 

SENASQUA, 

TRIUMPH, 

WILDER, 


and  many  more,  less  known. 

B.    Hybrids  between  Riparia  and  Vinifera  : 

ADVANCE,  NAOMI, 

ARIADNE,  NEWARK, 

AUGUST  GIANT,  OTHELLO, 

AUTUCHON,  PlZARRO, 

BRANDT,  QUASSAIC, 

CANADA,  SECRETARY,  • 

CORNUCOPIA,  WAVERLEY. 

C.  HYBRIDS  between    Varieties  of  American  species  and 
Hybrids,  especially  Delaware. 

ALMA  (Bacchus  with  Hybr.) 
BERCKMANS  (Clinton  with  Del.) 
BRIGHTON  (Concord  with  Diana  Hamb.) 
CENTENNIAL  (Eumelan  with  Del.) 
DUCHESS  (w.  Concord  with  Del.) 
EL  DORADO  (Cone,  with  Allen's  Hybr.) 
GOLDEN  GEM  (lona  with  Del.) 
LADY  WASHINGTON  (Cone,  with  Allen's  Hybr.) 
MONROE  (Concord  with  Del.) 
POUGHKEEPSIE  (I0na  with  Del.  or  Walter). 
PURITY  (?  on  Del.) 
RARITAN  (Concord  with  Del.) 
ROCHESTER  (Diana  with  Del.) 
WALTER  (Del.  with  Diana), 
and  others ;  mostly  new. 

These  are  considered  very  promising,  and  some,  as 
the  BRIGHTON,  the  DUCHESS,  the  LADY  WASHINGTON, 
are  already  highly  esteemed  ;  it  is  supposed  that  they 
will  become  more  successful,  their  origin  being  three- 
fourths  native.  But  for  localities  where  the  Delaware, 
or  other  hybrid  parent,  does  not  succeed,  mainly  on 
account  of  mildew.,  we  cannot  share  the  high  expecta- 
tions for  any  of  them  expressed  by  others.  The  efforts 
of  hybridizers  therefore  have  been,  of  late,  wisely  direc- 
ted to  the  producing  of  crosses  between  purely  native 

*  Not  named. 


varieties;  most  remarkable  among  the  new  grapes  thus 
produced  are  the  JEFFERSON  (white  Concord  with  lona) 
and  the  EMPIRE  STATE  (a  seedling  of  the  Hartford 
Prolific  fertilized  with  the  Clinton),  both  by  Ricketts. 
And  it  seems  that  in  these,  fine  quality  and  beauty  of 
fruit  are  united  with  a  strong  vigorous  growth  of  vine 
and  thick,  mildew-resisting  foliage. 

In  the  former  editions  of  this  Catalogue  we  alrea- 
dy expressed  our  conviction  that  the  production  of 
healthy,  successful  Hybrid  grapes  from  tender,  unreli- 
able natives,  such  as  the  lona,  with  the  here  still  more 
unhealthy  Vinifera,  is  highly  improbable,  especially 
when  some  glasshouse-grown  variety  of  the  latter  is 
used  for  that  purpose.  European  horticulturists  are 
now  largely  engaged  there  in  producing  new  hybrids 
between  American  and  their  own  varieties ;  but  it  is 
doubtful  whether  even  these  will  prove  a  great  gain  for 
American  grape  culture  here.  Its  progress  depends, 
we  think,  on  the  production  of  grapes  from  the  seed  of 
our  native  species,  and  from  cross-breeding  their  best 
varieties,  carefully  selecting  those  most  adapted  to  our 
own  locality. 

LOCATION. 

The  only  general  rules  we  can  give  to  guide 
in  the  selection  of  a  proper,  desirable  location 
for  vineyards,  are : 

I.  A  good  win e-gro wing  region  is  one  where 
the  season  of  growth  is  of  sufficient  length  to 
ripen  to  perfection  our  best  wine  grapes,  ex- 
empt from  late  spring  frosts,  heavy  summer 
dews,  and  early  frosts  in  autumn.  Do  not  at- 
tempt, therefore,  to  cultivate  the  grape  in  low, 
damp  valleys,  along  creeks  ;  high  table-lands 
and  hillsides,  with  their  dry  atmosphere  and 
cool  breezes,  are  preferable  to  rich  bottom  lands; 
low  situations,  where  water  can  collect  and 
stagnate  about  the  roots,  will  not  answer;  wher- 
ever we  find  the  ague  an  habitual  guest  with 
the  inhabitants,  we  need  not  look  for  healthy 
grape-vines ;  but  on  the  hillsides,  gentle  slopes, 
along  large  rivers  and  lakes,  on  the  bluffs  over- 
hanging the  banks  of  our  large  streams,  where 
the  fogs  arising  from  the  water  give  sufficient 
humidity  to  the  atmosphere,  even  in  the  hot- 
test summer  days,  to  refresh  the  leaf  during 
the  night  and  morning  hours,  there  is  the  lo- 
cation for  the  culture  of  the  grape.  Shelter 
has  also  an  important  bearing  on  the  healthy 
growth  of  the  vines ;  some  well-located  vine- 
yards have  not  proven  lucrative  for  the  want 
of  proper  shelter  ;  where  it  is  not  afforded  by 
woods  growing  near  by,  it  shoud  be  provided 
for  by  planting  trees ;  large  trees,  however, 
should  not  be  planted  sc  near  the  vines  as  to 
interfere  with  their  roots.  One  of  our  vine- 
yards has  been  thus  protected  by  an  arbor 
vitae  fence  from  the  north  and  west  winds. 
This  fence  is  now  15  years  old,  over  8  feet  high, 
and  is  considered  one  of  the  finest  ornaments 
to  our  grounds.  There  are  some  locations  so 


Preparing. 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


Planting.        29 


favored  that  no  artificial  protection  is  needed. 
Remember,  however,  that  no  one  locality  is 
suited  to  all  kinds  of  grapes.  (See  page  6). 

2.  A  good  soil  for  the  vineyard  should  be  a 
dry,  calcareous  loam,  sufficiently  deep  (say  3 
feet),  loose  and  friable,  draining  itself  readily. 
A  sandy,  yet  moderately  rich  soil  is  better 
adapted  to  most  varieties  than  heavy  clay. 
New  soils,  both  granitic  and  limestone,  made 
up  by  nature  of  decomposed  stone  and  leaf- 
mould,  are  to  be  preferred  to  those  that  have 
long  been  in  cultivation,  unless  these  have  been 
put  in  clover  and  rested  a  few  years.  If  you 
have  such  a  location  and  soil,  seek  no  further, 
ask  no  chemist  to  analyze  its  ingredients,  but 
.go  at  once  to 

PREPARING   THE   SOIL.. 

"  The  preparation  of  the  soil  is  undoubtedly 
one  of  the  most  important  operations  in  the 
•establishment  of  a  vineyard,  and  one  of  its 
objects  should  be  to  get  the  soil  of  a  uniform 
texture  and  richness  throughout,  but  not  over- 
rich.  This  deep  stirring  of  the  soil  puts  it  very 
much  in  the  condition  of  a  sponge,  which  ena- 
bles it  to  draw  moisture  from  the  soil  beneath 
And  from  the  atmosphere  above,  and  hold  it  for 
the  wants  of  the  plant ;  hence,  soils  that  are 
drained  and  deeply  stirred,  keeping  the  good 
soil  on  the  surface,  are  less  subject  to  the  evils 
that  accompany  and  follow  a  drought  than 
those  that  are  not  so  treated.  It  is  of  the  first 
importance,  therefore,  that  vineyards  and  or- 
chards at  least  should  be  put  in  the  best  condi- 
tion for  the  reception  of  the  vines  and  trees,  if 
the  best  results  are  aimed  at."  Pet.  Henderson. 

The  old  system  of  trenching  is  no  more  prac- 
ticed, except  upon  very  hard,  stony  soil,  and 
upon  steep  hillsides,  being  too  costly  and  of 
very  little,  if  of  any,  advantage.  The  plow  has 
taken  the  place  of  the  spade,  and  has  greatly 
lessened  the  expense.  While  we  would  urge  a 
thorough  work  in  the  preparation  of  the  soil 
before  planting  the  vine,  and  warn  against 
planting  in  ditches,  or,  still  worse,  in  square 
holes,  we  believe  that  by  careful  grubbing  (in 
timber  lands),  leaving  no  stumps,  which  would 
only  be  continual  eyesores  and  hindrances  to 
proper  cultivation,  and  then,  using  a  large 
breaking  plow,  followed  by  the  subsoil  plow, 
the  soil  will  be  stirred  as  deeply  (say  20  inches) 
.as  is  really  necessary  to  insure  a  good  and 
healthy  growth  of  vines.  This  will  require  two 
to  three  yoke  of  oxen  to  each  plow,  according 
to  the  condition  of  the  soil.  For  old  ground  a 
'Common  two-horse  plow,  with  a  span  of  strong 
horses  or  cattle,  followed  in  the  same  furrow 


by  a  subsoil  stirrer,  will  be  sufficient  to  stir  the 
soil  deeply  and  thoroughly,  and  will  leave  it  as 
mellow  and  as  nearly  in  its  natural  position  as 
desirable.  This  may  be  done  during  any  time 
of  the  year  when  the  ground  is  open  and  not  too 
wet.  Most  soils  would  be  benefited  by  under- 
draining;  the  manner  of  doing  this  is  the  same 
as  for  other  farm  crops,  except  that  for  vines 
the  drains  should  be  placed  deeper  ;  it  is  less 
important  on  our  hillsides,  and  too  costly  to 
be  here  practiced  to  a  great  extent ;  wet  spots, 
however,  must,  be  drained  at  least  by  gutters, 
and,  to  prevent  the  ground  from  washing,  small 
ditches  should  be  made,  leading  into  a  main 
ditch.  Steep  hillsides,  if  used  at  all,  should  be 
terraced. 

PLANTING. 

The  soil  being  thus  thoroughly  prepared  and 
in  good  friable  condition,  you  are  ready  for 
planting.  The  proper  season  for  doing  this  here, 
is  in  the  fall,  after  the  1st  of  November,  or  in 
the  spring,  before  the  1st  of  May.  Seasons  dif- 
fer and  sometimes  make  later  planting  advisa- 
ble, but  never  during  frost  nor  while  the  ground 
is  too  wet.  If  you  have  been  delayed  with  your 
work  of  preparing  the  soil  in  spring,  the  young 
plants  from  the  nursery  should  be  hilled  in 
some  cool,  dry  place  and  covered,  so  that  their 
vegetation  be  retarded  ;  if  they  have  already 
made  shoots,  be  specially  careful  to  guard 
against  their  roots  getting  dry.  Most  vine- 
yards are  planted ^n  spring;  in  northern  and 
very  cold  localities,  this  may  be  preferable. 
We  prefer  fall  planting  ;  the  ground  will  gen- 
erally be  in  better  condition,  as  we  have  better 
weather  in  the  fall,  and  more  time  to  spare. 
The  ground  can  settle  among  the  roots  in  win- 
ter ;  the  roots  will  have  healed  and  calloused 
over,  new  rootlets  will  issue  early  in  spring  be- 
fore the  condition  of  the  ground  would  have 
permitted  planting,  and  the  young  plants, 
commencing  to  grow  as  soon  as  the  frost  is 
out  of  the  ground,  will  start  with  full  vigor 
in  spring.  To  prevent  the  roots  from  being 
thrown  to  the  surface  by  alternate  freezing  and 
thawing,  a  mound  of  earth  hoed  up  around  the 
plants,  or  a  ridge  thrown  up  with  a  plow  so  as 
to  elevate  the  ground  somewhat  in  the  rows, 
will  be  found  to  afford  all  the  protection  neces- 
sary. By  no  means  delay  planting  till  late  in 
spring,  and,  if  your  ground  is  not  ready  in  time, 
you  had  much  better  cultivate  it  with  corn  or 
hoed  crops  or  some  kind,  and  postpone  plant- 
ing until  next  fall.  Planting  in  rows,  six  feet 
apart,  is  now  the  usual  method ;  it  gives 
sufficient  space  for  a  horse  and  man  to  pass 
through  with  plow  or  cultivator  ;  the  distance 


30        Planting. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Seed  Culture. 


in  the  rows  varies  somewhat 
with  the  growth  of  the  different 
varieties  and  the  richness  of  the 
soil.  Most  of  our  strong  vigorous, 
growers,  the  Concord,  Ives, 
Hartford,  Clinton,  Taylor,  Nor- 
ton, Herbemont,  will  need  8  to 
10  ft.  in  the  rows  ;  Scuppernongs 
are  planted  20  to  80  feet  apart ; 
while  the  Delaware,  Catawba, 
Creveling,  lona,  may  have  suffi- 
cient room  when  planted  6  feet 
apart.  The  dwarfing  treatment  practiced  with 
European  varieties,  especially  by  German  vint- 
ners, will  not  do  for  American  vines,  which 
must  have  ample  room  to  spread  and  a  free  cir- 
culation of  air.  The  number  of  vines  required 
to  set  an  acre  (containing  43,560  square  feet) 
will  be — 


One  acre  =  41  ares  French  measure,  or  one  hectare 
nearly  equal  to  two  and  a  half  acres. 

Having  determined  the  distance  at  which  you 
desire  to  plant  the  vines,  mark  off  the  rows, 
running  them  parallel,  and  with  the  most  level 
lines  of  your  slope  or  hillside,  so  that  you  may 
easily  plow  between  the  rows  and  that  the 
ground  may  not  wash.  (On  an  eastern  slope 
the  rows  will  therefore  run  in  a  direction  from 
north  to  south,  which  most  vine-dressers  pre- 
fer.) Be  careful,  on  sloping  ground,  to  leave 
spaces  for  surface  drains  ;  the  steeper  the  hill- 
sides the  more  frequent  must  these  surface 
drains  be.  Then  divide  the  rows  into  the  de- 
sired distances  by  the  aid  of  a  stretched  line, 
and  put  small  stakes  where  each  plant  is  to 
stand.  Now,  if  the  ground  is  sufficiently  dry 
so  as  to  pulverize  easily,  make  the  holes  to  re- 
ceive the  vines  as  shown  in  Fig.  44.  The  depth 
of  those  holes  must  necessarily  vary  somewhat 
with  the  nature  of  the  soil.  On  very  steep  hill- 
sides, and  especially  on  southern  slopes,  with 
naturally  warm,  dry  soil,  you  must  plant  deep- 


Dixtanre,  feet. 

Metres. 

Number. 

6  ft.  by    6  ft  

....  1  '»  85  by  1  m  85  .... 

1,210 

6  ft.  by    7  ft.  . 

....  1  m  85  by  2  m  15 

1,037 

6  ft.  by    8  ft  

.  .  .  1  m  85  by  2  m  46  

.   ...       907 

6  ft.  by    9  ft  

1  ra  85  by  2  m  75  

807 

6  ft.  by  10  ft. 

...  1  m  85  by  3  ra 

725 

7  ft.  by   7  ft  

...  2  m  18  by  2  m  15    .  . 

889 

7  ft.  by    8  ft  

2  ni  15  by  2  m  46    .  . 

.    ...       777 

7  ft.  by   9  ft  

....  2  m  15  by  2  m  75     ... 

690 

7  ft.  by  10  ft.    ... 

.    2  m  15  by  3  m 

622 

8  ft.  by   8  ft. 

2"'  46  by  2m  46 

680 

8  ft.  by   9  ft.    .  . 

.     .  2  ra  46  by  2  m  75    . 

605 

8ft.  by  10  ft,    ... 

..    2m46by3m 

545 

9ft.  bv   9ft.  ... 

....  2  ra  75  by  2  m  75  

537 

9  ft.  by  10  ft. 

...    2  ra  75  by^3  >»        

.   ...      484 

10  ft.  by  10  ft. 

3  m       by  3  ra       

435 

Fig.  44. 

er  than  on  gentle  slopes  with  deep,  rich  soil,, 
or  on  bottom  land  and  rich  prairies.  Eight 
inches  will  be  deep  enough  on  the  latter*;  on  the 
former  we  should  plant  from  twelve  to  fourteen 
inches  deep. 

Having  made  the  holes — and  it  is  best  not  to 
make  too  many  at  a  time,  as  the  ground  will 
dry  out  too  quickly — you  can  go  to  planting.  In 
planting  it  is  important  to  give  the  roots  their 
former  position,  and  to  have  them  each  and  all 
firmly  surrounded  with  good  fine  soil,  press- 
ing it  down  with  the  hands  or  foot ;  then  fill  up 
the  hole  with  earth,  forming  a  very  small  hill 
over  the  head  of  the  plant,  so  that  no  part  of  it 
may  dry  up,  yet  so  as  to  permit  the  young  ten- 
der shoot  to  penetrate  easily. 

Every  beginner  in  Grape  culture  knows  that 
young  rooted  vines  are  used  for  planting,  wheth- 
er it  be  for  whole  vineyards  or  merely  for  the 
garden  or  arbor,  and  that  such  young  vines  are 
usually  raised  in  the  nursery  from  cuttings  or 
layers.  But  the  reason  why  they  are  not  grown 
from  seeds  is  not  generally  so  well  known,  and 
even  among  old  experienced  grape- growers 
some  erroneous  ideas  prevail  with  regard  to 
seed  culture  and  questions  connected  with  this, 
now  more  than  ever  important  and  interesting 
subject.  It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  mention 
that  the  wild  grape  grows  and  propagates  itself 
from  seed  only.  This  wild  grape  constant- 
ly reproduces  itself ;  i.  e.,  its  seedlings  do 
not  materially  differ  from  their  parent  vines. 
Transplanted  into  richer  soil,  and  receiving 
care  and  cultivation,  its  berries  may  increase 
in  size,  and  in  the  course  of  years  may  some- 
what improve  and  change  its  character ;  if, 
then,  we  take  the  seed  of  this  cultivated  vine, 
especially  if  it  was  grown  in  proximity  to  other 
different  grapes,  the  seedlings  of  these  will 
more  materially  differ.  So  great  is  this  tend- 
ency to  variation,  that  of  a  hundred  seedlings 
of  one  cultivated  vine  scarcely  two  will  be 
found  exactly  alike ;  some  will  differ  widely ; 
nearly  one-half  will  be  male  plants  and  will  not 
produce  any  fruit  at  all,  while  most  of  th& 
others  will  retrograde  to  their  wild  origin,  and 


Planting. 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


Seed  Culture.        31 


scarcely  one,  perhaps,  be  an  improvement  on 
the  cultivated  parent. 

The  layer  or  the  cutting  of  a  grape-vine  will, 
on  the  contrary,  exactly  reproduce  the  parent 
vine  from  which  it  was  taken,  and  even  any 
transplanting  of  the  same,  into  a  widely  differ- 
ent locality,  cannot  change  it.  The  differences 
in  soil  and  climate  may  improve  or  impair  the 
vigor  of  the  vine  and  its  foliage,  the  size  and 
quality  of  its  fruit ;  in  other  words,  they  may 
be  more  or  less  favorable  to  the  development 
of  its  inherent  qualities,  to  the  good  or  ill  suc- 
cess of  the  variety  ;  but  they  will  never  materi- 
ally change  it  in  appearance,  form,  taste,  color — 
much  less  in  its  botanical  characteristics.*  The 
practical  grape-grower,  therefore,  who  desires 
to  plant  certain  varieties,  all  fruit-bearing,  will 
not  plant  seeds,  nor  young  plants  raised  from 
seeds  —  although  some  theorists  pretend  that 
the  long  continued  propagation  and  culture  of 
the  grape  from  the  wood  was  the  cause  of  its 
recent  failures  to  withstand  diseases,  insects, 
and  other  parasites.  Careful  and  unprej  udiced 
investigation  and  reasoning  as  well  as  practical 
experiments  have  fully  established  the  facts  : 
that  seedlings  resist  no  more  successfully  than 
plants  from  cuttings,  nor  are  they  much  less 
sensitive  to  the  vicissitudes  of  climate ;  and  that 
the  long  continued  culture  and  propagation 
from  wood  has  nothing  to  do  with  the  greater 
or  less  resistance  to  diseases,  nor  has  their  cel- 
lular tissue  been  softened  thereby. 

For  practical  grape  culture  we  should  use 
none  but  the  best  rooted  plants  of  those  kinds 
which  we  wish  to  produce.  Some  vintners,  from 
supposed  economy,  use  only  cuttings  to  plant 
their  vineyards,  placing  two  cuttings  where 
one  vine  is  to  grow  ;  but  the  result  generally  is 
unsatisfactory,  especially  with  American  va- 
rieties, most  of  which  do  not  root  as  easily  as 
those  of  the  European  Vinifera  class,  and  make 
much  replanting  necessary ;  and  where  both 
cuttings  do  grow,  one  must  be  pulled  out. 
Those  vintners  would  do  better,  by  far,  by 
first  growing  their  cuttings  one  or  two  years  in 
nursery  rows,  and  afterwards  transplanting 
the  best  of  them  to  their  intended  vineyard. 

But  if  we  desire  to  obtain  NEW  varieties  we 
must  plant  seed.  This  is  a  far  more  uncertain, 

*  The  erroneous  opinion  that  a  grape  transplanted 
to  other  countries  may  become  entirely  changed  by  in- 
fluences of  climate  and  soil  was  often  supported  by  errors 
or  deceptions  in  transplanting  a  vine  or  culling,  not  true 
to  name.  Thus  the  famous  Tokay  grape  was  supposed  to 
have  been  transplanted  to  the  Rhine  150  years  ag_o,  and, 
as  it  was  there  found  to  be  a  miserable  grape,  quite  dif- 
ferent from  the  noble  Tokay,  this  was  ascribed  to  the 
influence  of  the  different  soil.  But  lately  it  has  been 
discovered  that  the  grape  transplanted  from  Tokay  (in 
Hungary),  and  known  in  Germany  under  the  nickname 
" Putzsi'here"  (Snuffers),  is  the  same  grape  which  also 
grows  at  Tokay  and  is  known  there  under  the  name 
" Qyonyszulo"  (white  pearl) ,  and  that  it  is  there  also  of 
poor  quality,  and  is  not  the  excellent  variety  "Prumtnt" 
of  which  the  celebrated  Tokay  wine  is  made. 


slow  and  difficult  operation  than  most  people 
imagine,  and  but  very  few  have  been  successful 
in  it.  Just  as  some  careful  breeders  of  animals 
have  succeeded  in  raising  improved  kinds,  on 
which  they  engrafted  certain  qualities  by  cross- 
ing, so  have  horticulturists  endeavored  to  reach 
the  same  end  by  hybridizing  the  best  varieties 
of  grapes  and  planting  their  seeds,  having  due 
regard  to  tb.e  characteristics  of  the  parents 
from  which  they  breed.  (See  "Hybrids, "p. 28.) 

But  of  late  still  another  very  important  func- 
tion has  been  assigned  to  seed  planting,  name- 
ly, to  produce  in  Europe  (especially  where  the 
import  of  our  cuttings  and  rooted  plants  has 
been  prohibited)  American  vines,  which  resist 
the  Phylloxera,  as  grafting  stocks.  For,  how- 
ever great  the  tendency  to  variation  is  in  seed- 
lings, still,  under  all  circumstances  and  changes 
of  soil  and  climate,  they  retain  the  Phylloxera- 
resisting  root  as  well  as  other  botanical  charac- 
teristics of  their  parents.*  During  the  last  few 
years  w'e  have  furnished  several  thousands  of 
pounds  of  grape-seed  to  Austria,  Italy,  Spain, 
and  Portugal.  The  reports  of  their  germina- 
tion were  generally  favorable,  while  seeds  sent 
by  others  mostly  failed.  The  following  report 
of  v.  Babo,  kindly  furnished  us  this  spring 
(1883)  is  certainly  both  reliable  and  interesting 
in  this  respect :  "  Of  the  grape-seeds  received 
from  you  last  year,  the  Riparia  sprouted  best ; 
so  well,  indeed,  that  we  can  scarcely  manage 
the  innumerable  small  seedlings.  All  the  other 
seedlings  (from  cultivated  sorts)  show  great 
variety  in  fruit,  color,  foliage,  &c.  Most  varia- 
ble are  those  from  Taylor  seed  ;  from  the  2,500 
bearing  vines  raised  from  seed  of  this  one  va- 
riety, a  hundred  distinct  sorts  can  easily  be 
selected.  The  young  plants  from  Riparia  seed 
seem  not  to  vary  much,  as  we  can  find  but  very 
little  essential  difference  in  their  foliage." 

We  do  not  intend  here  to  discuss  the  vari- 
ous modes  of  multiplication  or  propagation  of 
grape-vinus  from  cuttings,  layers  or  single  eyes 
(buds),  still  less  the  methods  of  producing  new 
varieties  from  seed  and  of  hybridizing,  as  this 
would  far  exceed  the  scope  of  this  brief  manual, 
nor  do  we  desire  to  say  whether  plants  grown 
from  cuttings,  from  single  eyes  or  from  layers, 
are  preferable.  Propagators  and  nurserymen 
are  not  considered  disinterested,  impartial 
judges  on  this  question.  But  we  may  reasona- 
bly suppose  that  those  who  read  this  catalogue 
are  either  our  customers  or  desire  to  purchase 
rooted  vines  from  us,  and  want  to  get  the  best 
plants.  Vines  raised  from  layers  were  in  for- 
mer years  held  to  be  superior,  and  are  still  pre- 

*For  this  purpose  it  is  best  to  use  the  seed  of  the  wild 
grape,  especially  of  JEstivalis  and  of  Riparia ;  the  seed  of 
hybrids  should  not  be  used. 


32        Planting. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Grafting. 


ferred  by  many,  but  unprejudiced  and  observ- 
ing cultivators  have  found  that  they  only  look 
stronger  and  finer,  but  are  not  as  goo./  as  plants 
properly  grown  from  cuttings  or  single-eyes,  of 
mature,  healthy  wood.  The  disposition  to  ra- 
pidly multiply  the  new  varieties  of  grapes  has 
led  to  the  production  of  vast  numbers  of  vines 
from  summer  layers,  or,  still  worse,  from 
green  cuttings.  The  plants  so  produced  usually 
prove  a  disappointment  to  the  planter,  and 
injure  the  reputation  of  new  varieties. 

Our  German  and  French  vine-dressers  gene- 
rally practiced  growing  vines  from  long  cut- 
tings, but  short  (two  or  three  eyej  cuttings  will 
usually  make  stronger  and  better  ripened  roots. 
Others  again  have  obtained  the  best  results 
from  single-eye  plants,  and  consequently  pre- 
fer them.  The  celebrated  French  ampelograph 
Dr.  Jules  Guyot  praised  single-eye  cuttings  as 
physically  and  physiologically  most  approach- 
ing to  those  raised  from  seed.  We  have  tried 
all,  and  find  that  it  makes  very  little  difference 
how  the  vine  has  been  produced  and  raised, 
provided  it  has  strong,  firm,  healthy,  well- 
ripened  roots,  and  wood,  with  plump  and  per- 
fect buds.  (We  never  found  any  grown  from 
green  or  unhealthy  wood  that  had  them.)  As 
a  general  rule,  a  well  grown  vine  is  in  its  best 
condition  for  planting  when  one  year  old. 
Fuller  and  some  other  good  authorities  prefer 
two-year  old  transplanted  vines ;  vines  older 
than  two  years  should  not  be  planted,  and  so- 
called  extra  large  layers  "  for  immediate  bear- 
ing" are  a  humbug. 

There  is,  however,  one  method  of  propagat- 
ing the  grape,  namely,  by  GRAFTS,  which  be- 
longs more  properly  to  the  sphere  of  the  culti- 
vator, the  vineyardist,  than  the  nurseryman 
or  propagator,  and  which  presents  itself  under 
aspects  almost  entirely  new. 

GRAFTING. 

Grafting  the  grape-vine  is  now  practiced  on 
a  gigantic  scale  in  Europe,  where  the  contin- 
ued inroads  of  the  Phylloxera  have  carried 
devastation  and  destruction  over  an  immense 
area  of  vineyards,  once  thrifty  and  blooming. 
Many  methods  have  been  tried  ;  untold  sums 
of  money  have  been  expended  in  vain  attempts 
to  check  the  march  of  this  terrible  enemy  of 
the  European  grape;  but,  alas  !  these  attempts 
have  practically  proved  to  be  failures.  By  the 
application  and  continued  use  of  chemical  in- 
secticides some  vineyards  have  been  kept  up 
in  a  state  of  comparative  health  and  produc- 
tiveness ;  but,  unfortunately,  the  cost  of  these 
annual  applications  is  too  high  for  general  use, 
and  can  only  be  afforded  by  the  proprietors  of 


the  most  renowned  vineyards,  the  "grand 
crus,"  whose  products  command  such  extraor- 
dinary prices  as  to  cover  the  extraordinary 
expenses  of  preserving  them  by  this  means. 
Vineyards  which  can  be  entirely  submerged 
in  water  every  winter,  for  a  period  of  at  least 
fifty  days,  can  also  be  maintained  in  spite  of  the 
Phylloxera.  And,  finally,  vines  planted  in  soil 
containing  at  least  60  per  cent,  of  pure  sand 
(silica)  offer  also  a  comparative  resistance  to 
the  insect. 

These  three  means  of  maintaining  the  Euro- 
pean grape  in  spite  of  the  Phylloxera  apply 
themselves  only  in  such  exceptional  cases,  how- 
ever, that  European  grape  culture  would  be 
doomed  to  an  almost  entire  destruction  were 
it  not  for  the  American  vine  coming  to  the  aid 
of  its  European  sister.  The  American  vine, 
with  its  strong,  robust  system,  and  its  tough, 
vigorous  root,  resists  the  Phylloxera,  and  by 
lending  its  root  to  the  European  vine  makes 
the  reconstruction  of  the  devastated  vineyards 
possible. 

When  the  last  edition  of  our  catalogue  was 
published  (1875)  this  matter  was  stil  a  problem, 
and  many  then  doubted  whether  the  solution, 
p<  tsitively  and  practically,  would  be  a  satisfac- 
tory one.  To-day  this  problem  is  solved,  and 
it  is  placed  beyond  all  doubt  that  the  use  of  the 
American  resistant  vine  as  a  grafting  stock  for 
the  European  grape  (V.  Vinifera)  is  the  true 
solution  of  the  Phylloxera  question  for  the  Eu- 
ropean vintner — that  solution  which. alone  has 
so  far  been  found  generally  applicable,  gener- 
ally practical,  and  generally  satisfactory. 

Millions  upon  millions  of  vines  are  now 
grafted  in  Europe  every  spring,  some  on  simple 
cuttings,  some  on  nursery  plants,  and  others 
in  vineyard  plantations ;  but  in  all  cases  the 
grafting  stock  is  of  American  descent.  The 
stocks  most  generally  employed  for  this  pur- 
pose are  types  of  our  wild  Vitis  Riparia, 
which  probably  constitutes  four-fifths  of  the 
grafting  stocks  now  employed,  having  been 
found  to  adapt  themselves  to  nearly  all  kinds 
of  soils  and  exposures,  and  uniting  the  greatest 
powers  of  resistance  to  the  insect  with  a  re- 
markable facility  of  rooting  from  cuttings  and 
of  receiving  the  graft  of  the  V.  Vinifera. 

We  will  be  pardoned  for  mentioning  here 
with  a  certain  degree  of  pride  and  satisfaction, 
that  we  were  the  first  to  recommend  and  to 
bring  this  valuable  grafting  stock  to  the  notice 
of  the  French  grape-growers  (in  Dec.,  1875)  and 
to  place  it  in  their  hands  in  sufficient  quanti- 
ties to  test  its  merits,  which  merits  they  soon 
learned  to  appreciate.  Since  then  the  French 
vintners  have  propagated  and  increased  the 
stock  in  a  wonderful  degree,  and  last  winter 


Grafting. 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


Grafting.        33- 


the  single  Department  of  Herault  alone  fur- 
nished not  less  than  twenty  millions  of  plants 
and  cuttings  of  lUparia,  all  to  be  grafted  with 
the  European  grape. 

The  results  obtained  by  grafting  the  V.  Vini- 
fera  on  American  roots  have  generally  been 
found  so  satisfactory,  not  only  as  the  means  of 
resisting  the  Phylloxera,  but  also  as  imparting 
greater  vigor  and  productiveness  to  the  Euro- 
pean grape,  that  the  practice  of  grafting  on 
American  stocks  would  probably  be  continued 
even  if  the  dreaded  Phylloxera  were  to  sud- 
denly and  entirely  disappear.  Unfortunately, 
the  very  reverse,  the  increase  and  spread  of  the 
insect,  is  far  more  probable;  and  the  sooner 
those  grape-growers  of  southern  Europe  whose 
territory  is  not  yet  infested  by  this  scourge 
reconcile  themselves  to  the  idea  of  reconstruct- 
ing their  precious  but  doomed  vineyards  by 
the  means  of  grafting  on  American  Phylloxera- 
resisting  stocks,  the  better  it  will  be  for  them. 

We  hope  our  American  readers  will  excuse 
these  rather  lengthy  remarks  about  "  grafting 
in  Europe";  but  some  of  them,  especially  our 
friends  in  California,  where  the  European  grape 
forms  the  main  basis  of  grape  culture,  may  find 
them  of  some  practical  interest. 

The  question  of  grafting  the  grape-vine  has 
many  other  points  of  interest  for  us,  aside  from 
the  object  of  placing  a  variety  which  is  subject 
to  the  Phylloxera  beyond  the  pernicious  influ- 
ence of  this  insect.  Thus  another  object  for 
which  grafting  is  very  desirable  is  the  early 
testing  of  new  varieties.  By  grafting  on  a  vig- 
orously bearing  vine  we  will  generally  obtain 
bearing  wood,  and  sometimes  even  fruit,  at 
the  first  season.  We  are  also  enabled,  by  graft- 
ing, to  turn  old  vigorous  vines  of  perhaps  some 
worthless  variety  to  good  account,  as  with  a 
little  trouble  and  care  and  the  loss  of  only  one 
year  we  can  change  them  into  some  choice  and 
valuable  variety.  Before  we  enter  into  the  de- 
tails of  the  modus  operandi  of  grafting,  we  will 
first  speak  of  the  conditions  generally  consid- 
ered essential  to  the  successful  performance  of 
the  operation. 

First.  THE  STOCK.  Judging  from  our  own 
experience,  we  cannot  side  with  those  who 
claim  that  in  all  cases  the  stock  and  scion 
should  belong  to  the  same  class  in  order  to  in- 
sure perfect  success. 

A  point  which  is  of  far  more  importance  is 
the  perfect  health  and  vigor  of  the  stock.  We 
should  never  select  a  sickly  or  diseased  vine, 
nor  one  subject  to  the  attacks  of  the  Phyllox- 
era, as  a  stock  to  graft  upon.  Even  if  the  graft 
should  live  it  will  thrive  but  poorly,  unless  in- 
deed it  belongs  to  some  very  vigorous  variety 
and  is  grafted  deeply  enough  below  the  sur- 


face, to  form  its  own  roots  ;  these  will  then  sup- 
port it  entirely,  and  it  will  soon  dissolve  its 
union  with  the  unhealthy  stock.  But  even  in 
this  case  it  will  require  years  to  overcome  the 
effects  of  the  uncongenial  partnership.  If  the 
object  in  grafting  is  to  guard  a  variety  subject 
to  the  Phylloxera  against  the  ravages  of  this 
insect,  we  should  select  for  the  stock  a  vine  of  a 
strong  and  vigorous  variety,  which  possesses 
recognized  powers  of  resistance  to  the  insect. 
The  graft  should  then  be  inserted  as  near  the 
surface  of  the  ground  as  possible,  and,  where 
practicable,  even  above  it.  Some  have  asserted 
that  the  stock  and  scion  should  be  of  varieties 
as  near  alike  in  vigor  of  growth  as  possible, 
but  with  this  we  cannot  agree.  We  should 
invariably  prefer  to  graft  a  weak  grower  on  a 
strong  one. 

Second.  THE  SCION.  This  should  come  from 
a  healthy  and  short-jointed  cane  of  last  sum- 
mer's growth,  and  of  moderate  size  (a  little 
stouter  than  an  ordinary  lead  pencil  is  the 
thickness  that  we  prefer).  It  should  be  cut 
from  the  vine  before  very  hard-freezing  weath- 
er, and  kept  in  a  cool  cellar,  either  in  damp 
moss,  sand,  or  sawdust,  or  buried  in  the  ground. 
In  case  the  grafting  is  to  be  performed  late  in 
spring,  the  scion  may  be  kept  dormant  in  an 
ice-house. 

Third.  WHEN  TO  GRAFT.  The  best  time,  as 
far  as  days  and  months  are  concerned,  varies, 
of  course,  with  the  locality  and  latitude;  but, 
as  a  rule,  we  would  state  that  the  vine  cannot 
be  grafted  with  good  success,  either  while  the 
sap  is  running  so  freely  as  to  cause  the  vine 
when  cut  to  bleed  heavily,  as  it  is  termed,  nor 
yet  (except  by  the  process  of  inarching,  of  which 
hereafter)  from  the  time  in  the  spring,  or  ra- 
ther in  the  early  summer,  when  the  young 
shoots  begin  to  turn  hard  and  fibrous  ;  this  pe- 
riod generally  commences  about  the  time  of  the 
bloom,  and  lasts  until  after  the  fall  of  the  leaf. 
This  reduces  the  time  for  successful  grafting  to 
two  periods,  the  first  one  lying  between  the  fall 
of  the  leaf ,  and  the  rising  of  active  circulation 
in  the  spring,  and  the  second  one  commencing 
after  this  exceedingly  strong  flow  of  sap  has 
abated  and  lasting  until  the  full  development 
of  the  first  young  growth. 

In  the  more  southern  States  grafting  may  be 
successfully  and  practically  performed  during 
the  first  period.  In  fact,  the  late  Dr.  A.  P.  Wy- 
lie,  of  Chester,  S.  C.,  considered  the  fall  or  early 
winter,  in  that  latitude,  as  the  proper  time  for 
grafting.  Farther  north,  and  even  in  the  lati- 
tude of  St.  Louis,  fall  grafting  is  not  quite  as 
certain,  for  even  when  protected  by  a  mulch 
of  straw  or  leaves  the  graft  is  in  danger  of  be- 
ing thrown  out  by  the  heaving  of  the  ground 


34        Grafting. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Grafting. 


caused  by  the  frost.  In  this  latitude,  however, 
we  often  have  fine  days  in  February  and  early 
in  March,  when  the  ground  is  open  and  before 
the  active  flow  of  sap  has  commenced,  which 
should  be  improved  for  the  operation.  Still 
farther  north,  where  the  ground  opens  late 
and  spring  comes  in  abruptly,  these  days  are 
generally  so  few  that  they  can  seldom  be  made 
of  any  use.  For  these  latitudes  the  best  oppor- 
tunity lies  in  the  second  period,  or  during  the 
time  in  which  the  sap  has  ceased  its  active  flow 
and  exudes  from  the  wound  in  a  gummy  state. 
Some  even  claim  good  success  in  mid-summer 
with  scions  of  the  same  season's  growth. 

In  describing  the  operation  proper,  of  graft- 
ing in  the  several  different  methods,  we  do  not 
think  that  we  could  give  better  directions  than 
by  following  largely  an  excellent  new  French 
work,  "  Traite  the'orique  et  pratique  du  Greffage  de 
la  Vigne,"  by  AIME  CHAMPIN,  an  eminent  and 
most  intelligent  practical  vineyardist,  and  a 
most  spirited  and  elegant  writer,  who  has 
treated  the  subject  in  an  exhaustive  work. 
His  book  has  also  been  translated  into  the  Ger- 
man language  by  Dr.  ROESLER.  ("  Der  Wein- 
bau,  seine  Cultur  und  Veredlung,  von  Aime 
Champin.  A.  Hartleben  &  Co. :  Wien,  1882.") 
To  Mr.  Champin  we  are  also  indebted  for  the 
cuts  relating  to  grafting,  which  are  part  of  the 
seventy  excellent  illustrations  embellishing 
Mr.  Champin's  work.  These  cuts  were  drawn 
from  Nature,  with  rare  accuracy  and  skill,  by 
Miss  Aim^e  Champin.  To  all  who  are  inter- 
ested in  the  question  of  grape  grafting,  we  nan 
recommend  this  work  as  one  of  the  very  best 
on  the  subject. 


Fig.  45. 


The  method  of  grafting  most  generally  ap- 
plied for  larger  stocks,  or  for  plants  which  are 
already  established  in  the  open  ground,  is 
"CLEFT  GRAFTING."  After  clearing  away  the 
soil  around  the  collar  of  the  stock  to  be  oper- 
ated upon,,  to  the  depth  of  3  or  4  inches,  select 
a  place  below  the  surface  with  a  smooth  exte- 
rior around  the  collar  ;  just  above  this  place 
cut  the  vine  off  horizontally  with  a  tine- toothed 
saw,  or,  in  the  case  of  smaller  stocks,  with  a 
sharp  knife ; ,  then  split  the  stock  with  a  com- 
mon grafting  chisel,  or  other  sharp  instrument, 
so  that  the  cleft  will  run  down  about  1  \  or  2 
inches.  Insert  the  small  end  of  the  grafting 
chisel,  or  a  narrow  wedge,  in  the  centre  of  the 
cleft  in  order  to  keep  it  open,  and  then  with  a 
very  sharp  knife  cut  your  scion — which  may  be 
3  to  4  inches  long  and  have  one  or  two  eyes — 
to  a  long  wedge-shape  at  the  lower  end,  so  as 
to  fit  the  cleft,  leaving  the  outer  side  a  trifle 
thicker  than  the  inner  one ;  insert  it  in  the 
cleft  so  that  the  inner  bark  of  both  stock  and 
scion  may  as  much  as  possible  make  a  close  fit 
on  each  other  ;  then  withdraw  the  wedge  in  the 
centre,  and  the  scion  will  be  held  firmly  in  its 
place  by  the  pressure  of  the  stock.  If  the  stock 
is  a  large  one  two  scions  may  be  inserted,  one 
on  each  side.  This  mode  of  grafting  answers 
for  stocks  varying  from  one-half  to  three  inches 
in  diameter.  (See  Figs.  45  and  46.) 

Though  not  absolutely  necessary  with  large 
stocks,  it  is  best  to  wind  the  grafted  plant 
tightly  with  some  strong  coarse  string,  or  other 
suitable  material,  in  order  to  bind  stock  and 
graft  together.  Then  cover  it  with  a  grafting- 
clay  ;  this  clay  is  best  made  by  thoroughly  mix- 
ing one  part  fresh  cowdung  with  four  parts  of 
ordinary  tenacious  clay.  Grafting- wax,  such  as 


Fig.  40. 


Grafting. 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


Grafting.        35 


is  generally  used  for  tree  and  other  grafting, 
cannot  be  recommended  for  the  grape,  as  the 
tallow  and  rosin  seem  to  have  a  deleterious 
influence. 

To  complete  the  operation,  replace  the  soil, 
filling  it  up  so  that  the  upper  bud  on  the  scion 
will  be  level  with  the  surface.  A  shade  placed 
so  as  to  protect  it  from  the  noonday  sun,  or  a 
slight  mulch,  is  very  desirable. 

This  method  of  grafting  may  also  be  em- 
ployed for  small  stocks ;  when  the  stock  is 
nearly  the  same  size  as  the  scion  a  perfect  con- 
tact of  the,  bark  (liber)  can  be  obtained  on 
both  sides.  (See  Fig.  47.) 

Or  two  scions  may  also  be  inserted  in  a  stock 
of  a  little  larger  size  (see  Fig.  48). 

It  can  also  be  employed  for  grafting  cuttings 
on  cuttings  (as  figured  in  Fig.  49),  though  for 
this,  and  in  fact  for  all  small  stocks  grafted 
out  of  the  ground,  we  would  prefer  the  WHIP- 
GRAFT,  or,  better  yet,  the  "  CHAMPIN-GRAFT," 
of  which  we  will  speak  later. 


Another  mode  of  cleft-grafting,  which,  though 
a  little  more  tedious,  is  perhaps  also  that  much 
more  certain,  is  to  saiv  a  slit  in  the  stock  about 
one  and  a  half  inches  deep  with  a  thick-bladed 
or  wide-set  saw,  instead  of  using  the  chisel. 
The  cleft  thus  made  must  be  spread  open  suffi- 
cient only  to  receive  the  scion,  which  must  be 
cut  to  fit  nicely  in  the  slit,  with  its  upper  por- 
tion resting,  with  a  square  shoulder  each  side, 
on  the  stock.  In  this  instance  we  prefer  to  graft 
with  two  buds,  the  lower  one  of  which  should 
be  the  point  where  to  cut  the  shoulders.  In 
other  respects  the  same  rules  apply  to  this  mode 
as  those  given  before.  The  greatest  advantage 
is  that  we  can  always  make  a  clean  straight 
cleft,  even  when  the  stock  is  gnarly  or  twisted. 

As  the  slit  cut  by  the  saw  is  always  of  a 
uniform  thickness,  the  scions  may  be  prepared 
beforehand  in  the  house  during  a  rainy  day/ or 
in  the  evening,  and  kept  in  damp  moss  until 
wanted. 

We  spoke  before  of  the  "WHIP-GRAFT"  and 
the  "CHAMPIN-GRAFT"  as  being  preferable 
for  small  stocks  or  for  cuttings  grafted  upon 
cuttings.  The  ordinary  whip-graft  (the  greffe 
anglaise  of  the  French)  is  well  known  to  our 
horiculturists,  and,  probably,  to  most  of  our 
readers  ;  it  is  this  graft  which  is  most  gener- 
ally employed  by  our  nurserymen  in  the  propa- 
gation of  all  small  fruit  trees,  in  making  root- 
grafts,  and  it  is  especially  convenient  for  graft- 
ing in-doors,  for  the  "graft  on  the  table"  or  for 
the  "graft  by  the  hearth-stone,"  as  the  French 
designate  it. 

In  France  millions  of  this  grape-graft  are 
made  every  winter,  mostly  on  rooted  plants  of 
one  year's  growth,  but  very  many  also  on  sim- 
ple cuttings  of  Phylloxera-resisting  varieties. 

The  stocks  and  scions  should  both  be  pro- 
vided in  good  season  and  kept  well-preserved 
in  sand,  sawdust,  moss,  or  other  suitable  ma- 
terial, and  stowed  away  in  a  convenient  place  in 
the  cellar.  For  this 
method  of  grafting 
it  is  very  desirable, 
though  not  really  es- 
sential, that  the  stock 
and  scion  should  be  as 
nearly  as  possible  of 
a  uniform  size.  The 
ordinary  whip-graft, 
as  employed  for  the 
grape,  is  best  ex- 
plained by  the  ac- 
companying Figs.  50 
and  51. 


Fig.  47. 


Fig.  48. 


Fig,  49. 


Fig.  50. 


Fig.  51. 


36         Graftinrj. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Grafting. 


The  improved  whip-grafting,  or  the  "Cham- 
pin-graft"  (la  greffe  Champin),  we  will  de- 
scribe by  a  free  translation  of  that  chapter  of 
his  book  treating  thereon  : 

Let  us  operate  first  on  a  rooted  plant  or  a 
rooted  internode  ;  with  the  pruning  shears,  or 
better  still  with  the  knife,  cut  off  the  top  as 
close  as  possible  below  an  eye  or  joint  at  the 
collar.  After  the  top  has  been  taken  off  there 
remains  but  little  difference  between  a  plant 
and  a  rooted  joint.*  With  a  coarse  rag  wipe 
off  all  sand  and  grit  from  that  portion  of  the 
shoot  to  be  grafted.  Then  with  a  grafting- 
knife,  which  should  be  simple  and  strong,  with 
a  very  thin,  but  wide,  and  not  too  long  blade 
(see  Fig.  52),  make  a  nice,  straight  and  regular 


G 


Fig.  52. 

slit  or  cleft,  from  above  downwards,  and  at  one- 
third  or  one-fourth  of  the  diameter  (1£  to  2J 
inches  in  length),  according  to  the  size  of  the 
subject  (Fig.  53).  Then,  holding  the  stock  in 
your  left  hand  in  the  manner  shown  in  Fig.  54, 
with  the  palm  of  the  hand  turned  up,  cut  the 
thickest  part  of  the  split  end  to  an  exact  smooth 
level,  of  equal  length  as  the  cleft,  as  shown  in 
Fig.  55. 


Fig.  54. 


Fig.  53. 


•  By  "rooted  joints  "  (inerithulle  rncine*  Mr.  Chauj- 
pin  designates  portions  of  a  cane,  layered  the  previous 
summer,  which  has  sent  out  roots  from  itsdifferent  eyes 
or  nodes.  For  grafting  purposes,  it  will  be  seen,  these 
rooted  internodes  answer  all  purposes  ii  they  have  good 
strong  roots,  even  though  no  top  growth  has  pushed 
from  the  eyes  which  were  buried  iu  the  ground. 


Fig.  55.  Fig.  5H. 

This  operation  is  not  at  all  difficult ;  but,  in 
order  to  perform  it  easily,  it  requires  a  very 
sharp  knife,  ground  to  a  fine  edge  from  the 
upper  side  only. 

The  graft  or  scion,  which  should  be  selected 
as  nearly  as  possible  corresponding  in  size  or 
thickness  with  the  stock,  and  generally  with 
two  eyes,  is  prepared,  split  and  cut  precisely  in 
the  same  manner  as  the  stock,  except  only,  of 
course,  that  the  cleft  and  level  will  be  at  the 
lower  extremity  instead  of  at  the  upper.  (See 
G,  Fig.  55.) 

Having  thus  prepared  both  stock  and  scion,, 
it  is  a  very  easy  matter  to  unite  and  adjust 
them,  as  shown  by  Fig.  56,  taking  care  that 
the  bark  of  both  fit  together  exactly  and  snug- 
ly, at  least  on  one  side. 

The  graft  is  now  ready  for  the  tie,  which 
should  be  of  some  st»ong  pliable  material.  Lin- 
den-bass is  very  good,  but  any  small,  strong 
twine  will  answer.  In  France,  "  Raphia,"  the 
product  of  a  palm  leaf,  is  used  very  extensively 
for  this  purpose.  The  tie  should  be  adjusteoL 
firmly. 


Grafting. 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


Grafting.        37 


Fig.  57  shows  a  well- 
made  "Champin-graft." 

It  now  remains  to  be 
covered  with  a  thin  but 
well-applied  coating  of 
grafting-clay,*  and  after 
that  will  be  ready  for 
planting  out ;  or,  if  the 
operation  is  performed  in 
winter,  before  the  planting 
season,  it  may  be  stored 
in  the  cellar,  or  some  other 
suitable  place,  carefully 
packed  away  in  sand  or 
sawdust. 

The  operation  of  graft- 
ing upon  simple  cuttings 
is  performed  in  precisely 
the  same  manner.  A 
grafted  cutting  is  shown 
in  Fig.  58. 

The  grafted  cutting 
should  be  planted  out  in 
nursery  rows  and  grown 
there  for  one  season  before 
they  are  set  out  for  per- 
manent vineyard  planta- 


Fig.  57. 

tion.    This  plan  is  now  pursued  on 
a  very  extensive  scale  in  France. 

It  may  sometimes  be  desirable  to 
graft  on  a  layered  cane  ;  for  instance, 
in  filling  a  vacancy  in  a  vineyard-row, 
or  in  cases  where  no  good  place  can 
be  obtained  for  inserting  a  graft  at 
the  collar  of  an  old  vine  to  be  operated 

*  A  narrow  strip  of  tin -foil,  wound  around 
the  graft,  makes  an  excellent  substitute  for 
grafting  clay  or  wax  If  well  put  on,  it  will 
exclude  all  air  and  moisture.  Narrow  strips 
or  bands  of  elastic  india-rubber  are  also  used 
very  extensively  in  France ;  these  are  wound 
around  the  graft  and  serve  at  once  as  tie  and 
mastic.  They  offer  besides  the  great  ad- 
vantage that  they  will  expand  with  the  growth  of  the 
stock  and  consequently  will  not  strangle  the  graft,  as 
it  is  sometimes  the  case  with  other  ties  when  not  re- 
moved in  time.  These  rubber  bands  should  be  about  % 
to  yt  inch  in  width. 


upon ;  in  such  cdses,  a  thrifty  young  cane  is 
grafted  at  some  desirable  point  near  its  end. 
The  graft  may  be  either  an  ordinary 
cleft-graft,  a  common  whip-graft, 
or  a  Champin-graft,  or,  as  the 
illustration  Fig.  59  shows,  a  saddle- 
graft.  The  saddle-graft  is  noth- 
ing else  than  an  inverted  cleft- 
graft,  the  cleft  being  made  in  the 
scion,  while  the  tongue  or  wedge  is 
cut  on  the  stock.  Fig.  59  shows  the 
layered  cane  and  graft,  and  will 
make  the  operation  plain  to  the 
reader.  One  great  advantage  of 
grafting  a  layered  cane  is,  that  the 
stock  is  not  sacrificed  in  case  the 
graft  should  fail  to  grow;  it  also 
enables  us  to  obtain  a  number  of 
such  grafts  from  one  vine.  In  this 
case  the  layered  canes  should  be 
separated  from  the  parent  stocks  in 
the  latter  part  of  summer,  and  may 
be  taken  up  in  the  fall  like  any 
other  ordinary  layers. 

When  the  object  of  grafting  is  to 
place  a  European  variety  or  a 
hybrid,  s  ubject  to 
the  attacks  of'  the 
Phylloxera,  beyond 
reach  of  harm  by 
the  insect,  it  is 
very  important  to 
place  the  graft  as 
near  the  surface  of 
the  soil  as  possible, 
so  as  to  prevent  the 
scion  from  making 
ts  own  roots.  Dur- 
ing the  first  sum- 
mer, the  grafts 
should  be  carefully 
examined  about  once 

Fig.  58. 


Fig.  59. 


a  month,  and  any  roots  which  may  have  formed 
from  the  scion  should  be  cut  off.    Where  the 


38        Grafting, 


BUSHBEHG  CATALOGUE. 


Grafting. 


scion  is  itself  of  a  phylloxera-resisting  variety, 
this  precaution  is,  of  course,  unnecessary. 

It  frequently  happens  that  the  buds  of  the 
grafts  swell  rapidly  within  a  few  days  after  the 
operation,  and  then,  after  having  given  great 
promise  for  a  week  or  two,  they  turn  brown 
and  apparently  die  off,  Do  not  let  this  dis- 
courage you  too  quickly,  and  above  all  make 
no  rash  examinations  of  the  cause  of  this  seem- 
ing failure,  by  pulling  out  the  scion  or  other- 
wise loosening  it.  A  graft  will  often  remain 
in  this  state  for  a  period  of  five  or  six  weeks, 
and  then  start  up  all  at  once  with  a  vigor  that 
will  push  young  wood  to  the  length  of  twenty 
or  more  feet  the  same  season.  Keep  the  young 
growth  well  tied  up,  and  carefully  remove  all 
suckers  from  the  parent  stock  as  soon  as  they 
appear. 

A  method  of  "Green  or  Herbaceous  graft- 
ing," which  is  said  to  give  excellent  results, 
and  is  extensively  practiced  in  some  parts  of 
Hungary,  especially  in  the  grape  regions  around 
BUDA-PESTH,  is  described  in  the  Ampelogra- 
phische  Berichte,  January  1880,  as  follows  :  '  In 
the  month  of  May,  when  the  young  shoots 
have  not  yet  become  woody  but  have  already 
well-developed  eyes  at  the  base  of  the  leaf,  the 
shoot  which  is  to  be  grafted  is  cut  off  close  be- 
low an  eye ;  it  is  then  split  nearly  up  to  the  eye 
below  the  cut.  The  scion,  which  has  been 
taken  from  a  suitable  young  shoot,  is  cut  to 
one  eye  with  a  long,  thin  wedge,  below  which 
it  is  fitted  nicely  into  the  split.  The  graft  is 
then  wrapped  with  woolen  yarn.  After  a  few 
days  the  eye  will  begin  to  swell  and  grow,  and 
after  a  complete  union  has  taken  place  will 
develop  shoots  of  a  yard  (over  90  centim.)  or 
more  in  length,  the  same  season.  During  the 
first  winter  the  grafted  canes  should  be  laid 
down  and  covered,  to  protect  them  from  in- 
jury by  frost.  The  advantages  of  this  method 
of  grafting  are,  that  fruit  may  often  be  ob- 
tained the  first  season,  that  several  grafts  can 
be  made  on  the  same  stock,  and  that  the  opera- 
tion is  a  very  easy  one ;  a  skilled  hand  can 
easily  graft  one  hundred  and  fifty  or  more  in 
a  day  ;  and  that  it  is  performed  at  a  time  when 
other  work  in  the  vineyard  is,  comparatively, 
not  very  pressing.' 

Another  method  of  grafting,  above  the 
ground,  is  by 

GRAFTING   BY   APPROACH    OR    INARCHING. 

For  this  method  it  is  desirable  that  two 
plants,  one  each  of  the  variety  which  is  to 
form  the  stock,  and  one  of  the  scion,  are  plant- 
ed close  together,  say  about  one  foot  apart. 
In  June  (the  first  year,  if  the  plants  make  a 


sufficiently  strong  growth,  if  not,  the  second 
year),  or  as  soon  as  the  young  shoots  become 
sufficiently  hard  and  woody  to  bear  the  knife, 
a  shoot  is  taken  from  both  the  stock  and  the 
scion  vine,  and  at  a  convenient  place,  where 
they  may  be  brought  in  contact,  a  shaving  is 
taken  out  from  each  of  these,  on  the  side  next 
to  the  other,  for  a  length  of  two  or  three  inches. 
This  must  be  done  with  a  smooth  cut  of  a  sharp 
knife,  a  little  deeper  than  the  inner  bark,  so  as 
to  obtain  on  each  a  flat  surface.  They  are  then 
fitted  snugly  together,  so  that  the  inner  bark 
j  joins  as  much  as  possible,  and  are  wrapped 
securely  with  some  old  calico  strips,  or  with  soft 
bass  strings.  Besides  this,  it  is  well  to  place 
one  tie  a  little  below,  and  one  above  the  grafted 
point,  and  also  to  tie  the  united  canes  to  a  stake 
or  trellis  to  insure  against  all  chances  of  loosen- 
ing by  the  swaying  of  the  wind.  The  rapid 
swelling  of  the  young  growth  at  this  period  of 
the  year  makes  it  desirable  that  the  grafts  be 
looked  over  after  a  few  weeks,  replacing  such 
ties  which  may  have  burst,  and  loosening 
others  which  may  bind  so  as  to  cut  into  the 
wood.  A  union  will  generally  be  made  in  the 
course  of  two  or  three  weeks,  which  will  be 
further  consolidated  in  the  course  of  six  to 
eight  weeks,  when  the  bandages  may  be  re- 
moved and  the  grafted  portion  left  exposed  to 
the  sun,  to  thoroughly  harden  and  ripen  it. 
The  shoots  themselves  are  to  be  left  to  grow 
undisturbed  for  the  rest  of  the  season.  In  the 
fall,  if  a  good  union  has  taken  place,  the  cane 
forming  the  scion  is  cut  close  below  its  union 
with  the  stock  cane,  which  in  its  turn  is  cut 
close  above  the  connection.  Supposing  the 
stock  to  have  been  a  Concord  and  the  scion 'a 
Delaware,  we  now  have  a  vine  of  the  latter  en- 
tirely on  the  strong,  vigorous  root  of  the 
former.  Of  course  constant  vigilance  must  be 
exercised  to  prevent  suckers  from  starting  out 
of  the  stock.  It  is  well  to  protect  the  grafted 
joint  the  first  few  winters  by  a  slight  covering 
of  straw  or  soil  to  prevent  the  frost  from  split- 
ting it  apart. 

Another  mode  of  grafting  above  ground 
(copied  from  "The  Gardner's  Monthly"  by 
W.  C.  Strong  in  his  valuable  work,  "The  Cul- 
tivation of  the  Grape  ")  is  not  merely  interest- 
ing in  itself,  but  also  illustrative  of  many  othe 
modifications  in  grafting :  (See  Fig.  60.) 

"After  the  first  four  or  five  leaves  are  formed, 
and  the  sap  is  flowing,  you  choose  the  place 
on  the  vine  where  you  intend  to  graft.  At  that 
point  wrap  a  twine  tightly  several  times 
around  the  vine.  This  will,  in  a  measure,  pre- 
vent the  return  sap. 


Grafting. 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


Planting.        39 


Below  the  ligature  make  a  slo- 
ping cut  down,  as  shown  at  a; 
also,  a  similar  reversed  one  above 
the  ligature,  as  at  6,  about  one 
inch  in  length.  In  selecting  a 
scion  prefer  one  that  has  naturally 
a  bend.  Cut  it  so  that  it  shall  be 
wedge-shape  at  both  ends,  and  a 
little  longer  than  the  distance  be- 
tween the  cuts  in  the  vine  at  a 
and  6.  Insert  the  scion,  taking 
care  to  have  the  barks  in  direct 
contact,  securing  it  with  a  string, 
c,  bound  round  both  scion  and 
vine  sufficiently  tight  to  force  the 
scion-ends  into  their  places.  If 
the  work  is  done  well,  no  tie  will 
be  required  at  a  and  6,  but  the 
joints  should  be  covered  with 
grafting  wax.  In  a  short  time,  the  bud  at  d 
will  commence  its  growth,  after  which  you  can, 
by  degrees,  remove  all  the  growing  shoots  not 
belonging  to  the  scion,  and  in  course  of  the 
summer  you  may  cut  off  the  wood  above  6,  and 
in  the  fall  remove  all  above  a  on  the  stock,  and 
above  c  on  the  scion." 

We  refrain  from  speaking  of  other  methods 
of  grafting,  as  we  believe  that  the  modes  of 
CLEFT-grafting  as  well  as  the  wmp-graft  and 
CHAMPiN-graft,  which  we  have  described 
and  illustrated  by  plain  figures,  are  those 
which  give  the  best  results,  generally.  The 
extensive  grafting  operations  of  France  are 
mostly  confined  to  these  methods,  and  practi- 
cal experience  is  the  best  teacher  in  such  mat- 
ters. 

We  also  deem  it  unnecessary  to  speak  of  the 
many  machines  and  tools  lately  invented  for 
grafting ;  as  a  good  pruning  knife,  as  de- 
scribed, is  the  tool  most  in  use,  and  quite  satis- 
factory in  skilled  hands. 

We  should  here  mention  that,  generally 
speaking,  our  American  varieties  do  not  take 
the  graft  as  readily  and  surely  as  the  Euro- 
pean species.  A  graft  of  V.  vinifera  on  an 
American  stock  will  rarely  fail  to  grow  if  the 
operation  has  been  properly  performed  ;  while 
success  is  not  quite  as  certain  when  both,  stock 
and  scion,  consist  of  American  varieties,  espe- 
cially if  of  the  hard  wooded  kinds.  Neverthe- 
less, when  well  done,  at  the  proper  season  and 
with  well  conditioned  wood,  the  operation  will 
show  a  far  greater  percentage  of  success  than 
of  failure. 

In  our  former  edition  we  promised  to  experi- 
ment more  largely  with  the  grafting  of  Euro- 
pean varieties  on  our  native  stocks  here.  We 
have  made  these  experiments,  and  in  Septem- 


ber, 1880,  we, exhibited  in  St.  Louis,  at  the 
meeting  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  Horti- 
cultural Society,  a  number  of  fine  foreign 
grapes,  raised  in  open  air,  on  grafted  vines, 
in  our  own  vineyards.  But  while  success, 
in  so  far  as  protecting  the  European  grape 
from  the  Phylloxera,  has  been  highly  satisfac- 
tory, we  have  found  our  climate,  in  this  lati- 
tude, too  unfavorable  for  the  V.  vinifera  to  en- 
courage us  for  more  extensive  operation.  Not 
only  are  our  winters  too  severe  for  the  V.  vini- 
fera, but  the  tendency  of  the  latter  to  mildew 
makes  their  success  too  doubtful  in  all  but  the 
most  favorable  seasons.  For  our  section  of  the 
United  States,  therefore,  we  would  not  recom- 
mend anything  further  than  limited  trials  in 
this  direction.  But  we  think  that  there  is  a 
valuable  field  of  operation  for  the  enterpris- 
ing grape-grower  in  some  sections  of  the 
Southern  States,  where,  under  more  favorable 
climatic  conditions,  the  V.  vinifera,  grafted 
upon  Phylloxera-proof  native  stocks,  would 
most  likely  give  excellent  results. 

PLANTING  ("Continued). 

But  now  let  us  return  to  the  modus  operandi 
of  planting.  Take  your  vines,  in  a  pail  with 
water,  or  wrapped  in  a  wet  cloth,  from  the 
place  where  they  were  heeled-in,*  to  the  holes  ; 
when  planting,  let  one  person  shorten  the 
roots,  with  a  sharp  knife,  then  spread  them 
out  evenly  to  all  sides,  and  let  another  fill  in 
with  well  pulverized  earth.  The  earth  should 
be  worked  in  among  the  roots  with  the  fingers, 
and  pressed  to  them  with  the  foot.  Lay  the 
vine  in  slanting,  and  let  its  top  come  out  at  the 
stake  previously  set.  Then,  with  your  knife, 
cut  back  the  top  to  a  bud  just  above,  or  even 
with  the  surface  of  the  ground.  Do  not  leave 
more  than  two  buds  on  any  one  of  the  young 
vines  which  you  are  planting,  however  strong 
the  tops,  or  however  stout  and  wiry  the  roots 
may  be.  One  cane  is  sufficient  to  grow,  and 
merely  to  be  prepared  for  possible  accident, 
both  buds  are  allowed  to  start.  The  weaker 
of  the  two  shoots  may  afterwards  be  removed 
or  pinched  back. 

*On  receiving  your  vines  from,  the  nursery,  they 
should  be  taken  out  of  the  box,  without  delay,  and 
heeled-in,  which  is  done  as  follows:  In  a  dry  and  well 
protected  situation,  a  trench  is  made  in  the  soil  12  to  15 
inches  deep,  wide  enough  to  receive  the  roots  of  the 
plants,  and  of  any  required  length,  the  soil  being  thrown 
out  upon,  one  side.  The  plants  are  then  set  thickly 
together  in  the  trench,  with  the  tops  in  a  sloping  direc- 
tion and  against  the  bank  of  soil  thrown  out  of  the 
trench ;  another  trench  is  made  parallel  to  the  first,  and 
the  soil  taken  from  it  is  thrown  into  the  first,  covering 
the  roots  carefully,  filling  in  all  of  the  interstices  be- 
tween them.  Press  down  the  soil,  and  smooth  off  the 
surface,  so  that'  water  shall  not  lodge  thereon.  When 
one  trench  is  finished,  set  the  plants  in  the  next,  and 
proceed  as  before.  When  all  this  is  completed,  dig  a 
shallow  trench  around  the  wliole,  so  as  to  carry  off  the 
water  and  keep  the  situation  dry. 


40        Planting. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Trellis. 


When  planted  in  the  fall,  -  raise  a  small 
mound  around  your  vine,  so  that  the  water 
will  drain  oft,  and  throw  a  handful  of  straw  or 
any  other  mulch  on  the  top  of  the  mound,  to 
protect  it ;  but  do  not,  under  any  circumstances, 
cover  the  vine  with  manure,  either  decomposed 
or  fresh. 

It  is  a  well-authenticated  fact  that,  under 
the  action  of  nitrogenous  agents,  the  grape 
grows  more  luxuriant,  its  leaves  are  larger,  its 
product  increases  in  quantity.  But  the  pro- 
ducts of  vineyards  so  manured  have  an  ac- 
knowledged defect— they  impart  to  the  wine  a 
flavor  which  recalls  the  kind  of  manure  ap- 
plied. What  is  gained  in  size  of  bunch  and 
berry  is  lost  in  quality  and  flavor.  Overfeed- 
ing produces  a  sappy  growth  of  soft  and 
spongy  wood,  with  feeble  buds  or  eyes,  which 
are  in  far  greater  danger  of  being  winter- 
killed. Moreover,  nitrogenous  substances  ex- 
clusively used  hasten  the  decay  of  vineyards 
and  the  exhaustion  of  the  soil,  and  even  those 
authorities  who  favor  manures  in  preparing 
certain  grounds,  or  long  after  planting,  mean 
a  compost  made  of  old  barn-yard  manure,  leaf 
mould,  broken  bones,  etc.,  laid  up  to  rot  and 
frequently  turned ;  but  do  not  allow  any  de- 
composing organic  matter  to  come  in  contact 
with  the  newly  planted  vine. 

During  the  first  summer  little  else  can  be 
done  than  to  keep  the  ground  mellow,  loose 
about  the  plants  and  free  from  weeds ;  stirring 
the  ground,  especially  in  dry  weather,  is  the 
best  stimulant,  and  mulching  (spreading  over 
the  ground  a  layer  of  tan-bark,  sawdust,  straw, 
salt-hay,  or  the  like,  to  maintain  a  more  uni- 
form state  of  temperature  and  moisture  for  the 
roots)  is  far  better  than  watering.  Do  not  tie 
up  your  young  vines  ;  do  not  pinch  off  the  lat- 
erals ;  by  allowing  them  to  lie  on  the  ground, 
during  the  first  season,  more  vigorous  stems 
will  be  obtained.  A  fair  growth  is  about  four 
feet  the  first  summer.  Borne  grape-growers 
prefer,  however,  to  allow  but  one  shoot,  the 
strongest,  to  grow,  and  break  the  others  off, 
then  tie  this  one  shoot  to  a  stake,  and  pinch 
back  the  laterals  to  one  or  two  leaves  each. 
In  the  fall,  after  the  foliage  is  all  off,  cut  back 


to  two  or  three  buds.  Cover  the  short  cane  left 
with  a  few  inches  of  earth  before  the  ground 
freezes.  If  any  vacancies  have  occurred,  fill 
out,  as  soon  as  possible,  with  extra  strong 
vines,  of  the  same  variety. 

During  the  following  winter,  the  TRELLIS 
should  be  built.  The  plan  adopted  by  most  of 
our  experienced  grape  growers,  as  possessing 
some  advantages  over  other  plans,  especially  if 
grapes  are  grown  in  large  quantities,  is  as  fol- 
lows: Posts  of  some  durable  timber  (red  cedar 
is  best)  are  split  3  inches  thick  and  about  7  feet 
long,  so  as  to  be  5  feet  in  height  after  being 
set ;  these  posts  are  set  in  holes  2  feet  deep,  1& 
to  18  feet  apart  in  the  rows  (so  that  either  2 
vines  8  feet  apart,  or  3  vines  6  feet  apart,  are 
between  two  stakes);  three  wires  are  then 
stretched  horizontally  along  the  posts,  being 
fastened  to  each  p*ost  with  a  staple  n,  which  is 
driven  in  so  firmly  that  the  wire  is  prevented 
from  slipping  through.  The  two  end  posts 
should  be  larger  than  the  others  and  braced 
(Fig.  61),  so  that  the  contraction  of  the  wire  (in 


Fig.  61.— (Four  wires,  15  inches  apart.) 

cold  weather)  will  not  loosen  them.  The  first 
wire  is  placed  about  18  inches  from  the  ground 
and  the  others  18  inches  apart;  this  brings  the 
upper  wire  about  4  feet  6  inches  from  the 
ground.  The  size  of  the  wire  used  is  No.  10 
annealed  iron ;  No.  12  wire  is  strong  enough. 
At  the  present  prices  of  wire  the  cost  per  acre 
will  be  from  $40  to  $60,  according  to  distance  of 
rows  and  number  of  wires  used. 

In  place  of  the  wire,  slats  or  laths  may  serve 
the  same  purpose  (as  seen  in  Fig.  62),  but  they 


Fig.  6-2. 


Trellis. 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


Training.        41 


are  not  durable,  and  the  posts  must  then  be 
put  in  much  closer.  Another  mode  of  making 
wire  trellis  (the  Fuller  plan)  is  with  horizontal 
bars  and  perpendicular  wires,  as  shown  in  a 
following  illustration  (Fig.  63).  Posts  of  good, 
hard,  durable  wood,  3  inches  in  diameter  and 


mode  is  apt  to  crowd  foliage  and  fruit  too 
much ;  others  therefore  use  two,  and,  where 
timber  is  plenty,  even  three  stakes,  placed 
around  each  vine,  about  ten  inches  from  it, 
and  wind  its  canes  around  them  spirally 
until  they  reach  the  top.  The  disadvantage 
of  training  on  s.takes  is,  that  these  soon 
rot  in  the  ground,  and  must  be  almost  annu- 
ally taken  out,  repointed  and  driven  into  the 
soil,  consequently  require  more  labor,  and  are 
not  as  durable  as  trellis,  unless  cedar  poles, 
or  other  very  durable  timber  is  used.  A  very 
simple  combination  of  the  trellis  and  stake  sys- 
tem (as  shown  in  Fig.  65)  is  also  highly  recom- 
mendable,  requiring  but  one  wire  for  the  bear- 
ing canes  and  much  lighter  stakes,  which  need 


Fig.  63. 

6J  to  7  feet  long,  are  placed  between  the  vines, 
at  equal  distance  from  each  vine,  and  in  a  line 
with  them,  2  feet  deep  in  the  ground.  When 
the  posts  are  set,  nail  on  strips  about  2J  inches 
wide  and  1  inch  thick,  one  strip  or  bar  being 
placed  one  foot  from  the  ground,  and  the  other 
at  the  top  of  the  posts.  Then  take  No.  16  gal- 
vanized iron  wire  and  put  it  on  perpendicu- 
larly, twisting  it  around  the  lower  and  upper 
bar,  at  a  distance  of  about  12  inches  apart. 
Galvanized  wire  is  preferable,  and  as  a  pound 
of  No.  16  wire  gives  102  feet,  the  additional  ex- 
pense is  but  very  small.  This  trellis  will  prob- 
ably cost  less  than  one  with  horizontal  wires, 
and  is  preferred  by  some.  Practical  experience, 
however,  speaks  in  favor  of  horizontal  wires, 
and  a  method  with  only  two  horizontal  wires, 
the  lower  about  3  feet  high  and  the  upper 
about  5£  feet  high,  is 
gaining  the  good  opinion 
of  vineyardists,  East  and 
West.  A  good  many 
grape  growers  train  their 
vines  to  stakes,  believing 
it  to  be  cheaper;  and  the 
decline  in  the  price  Of 
grapes  and  wine  induces 
many  to  adopt  the  least 
costly  plan. 

This  method  has  also 
the  great  advantage  of  al- 
lowing us  to  cultivate, 
plow  and  cross-plow  the 
ground  in  all  directions, 
leaving  but  little  to  hoe 
around  the  vines.  Some 
use  one  stake  only,  as 
shown  in  Fig.  64,  but  with 
our  strong  growers  this 

Fig.  64. 


Fig.  65. 

not  be  set  as  deeply  into  the  ground  as  where  no 
wire  is  used  to  hold  them,  and  will  consequent- 
ly last  longer  ;  but  this  method  does  not  afford 
the  advantage  of  cross-plowing. 

To  secure  this  advantage  and  at  the  same 
time  to  give  to  our  strong  growers  more  space 
and  the  benefits  of  high  training,  we  made  a 
kind  of  "  Arbor  Trellis11  in  one  of  our  vineyards 
(Fig.  66) ,  the  construction  of  which  is  more  ex- 
pensive on  account  of  the  necessary  high  posts 
(of  which  the  end-posts  only  need  be  quite 
strong)  and  of  the  wire ;  but  the  productiveness 
and  probable  exemption  from  diseases  is  also 
•greater  in  proportion.  By  this  method  the 
ground  might  also  be  used  for  grass  culture,  and 
summer-pruning  and  tying  is  almost  entirely 
dispensed  with.  The  fruit-gathering  is,  how- 
ever, less  convenient,  and  none  but  quite  hardy, 
vigorous  varieties  should  be  thus  trained. 


Fig.  66. 


42        Training. 


BU8HBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Training. 


Some  people  believe  that  we  could  even  dis- 
pense with  both  trellis  and  stakes  entirely,  and 
urge  the  adoption  of  the  "  Souche"  or  "  Buck 
Pruning"  plan,  used  in  parts  of  France  and 
Switzerland,  but  quite  impracticable  for  our 
strong  growing  species  in  this  climate. 

Another  mode  of  cultivation,  which  our  G.  E. 
Meissner  had  occasion  to  see  in  Italy,  seems 
more  applicable  to  many  of  our  hardy  Ameri- 
can varieties :  it  is  the  cultivation  of  the  vine 
on  living  trees  instead  of  trellis  or  stakes.  The 
tree  principally  employed  for  this  purpose  is 
the  Acer  campestris,  a  species  of  maple.  The 
trees  are  planted  at  the  age  of  two  to  four  years, 
when  they  are  about  four  to  five  feet  high. 
They  are  planted  in  vineyards  at  a  distance  of 
about  12  feet  each  way,  some  planting  also  with 
a  wider  space  between  the  rows,  and  cultivat- 
ing the  intervening  space  with  other  crops. 
At  the  same  time  with  the  trees  are  planted 
the  vines,  which  are  set  in  the  rows  about  mid- 
way between  the  trees.  The  vines  and  trees 
are  both  well  cultivated,  so  as  to  induce  a 
rapid  and  healthy  growth.  At  the  end  of  .the 
season  the  vines  are  cut  down  to  two  eyes  above 
the  ground,  and  the  second  season  one  or  two 
strong  canes  are  grown  from  them  and  care- 
fully tied  up  to  temporary  stakes.  At  the  end 
of  the  second  season,  or  as  soon  as  the  vine  has 
attained  a  sufficiently  strong  growth  of  cane, 
it  is  laid  down  in  a  trench,  about  eight  or  ten 
inches  deep,  to  the  tree  ;  the  trench  is  cov- 
ered in,  and  the  canes  shortened  back,  so 
that  only  two  eyes  of  the  vine  project  at  the 
immediate  base  of  the  tree.  It  is  now  ready 
for  training  up  on  the  tree,  the  roots  of  which 
do  not  interfere  with  its  growth,  as  the  main 
feeding-roots  of  the  vine  are  at  a  sufficient 
distance  therefrom.  The  layered  cane  will 
also  throw  out  new  roots  on  its  entire  length 
and  thus  induce  an  extra  strong  growth.  The 
trees  are  generally  allowed  to  branch  out  at 
a  height  of  five  to  six  feet,  and  it  is  at  this 
height,  also,  that  the  new  head  of  the  vine 
will  be  formed  on  one  or  more  permanent 
main  stems  trained  up  from  the  bottom.  The 
after-system  of  pruning  and  cultivation  differs 
but  little  from  ordinary  vineyard  culture.  The 
trees  alsoTeceive  an  annual  cutting 
back,  so  as  to  keep  the  head  open 
and  within  bounds,  and,  if  neces- 
sary, some  shoots  and  leaves  are 
removed  in  the  summer  to  admit  air 
and  light.  Once  that  the  vine  has 
reached  its  hold  among  the  forks  of 
the  tree,  but  little  tying  is  necessary 
afterwards,  the  branches  and  twigs 
affording  plenty  of  support  and 
holding  to  the  tendrils. 


Those  who  know  the  cost  of  grape-stakes  and 
trellis,  and  the  constant  expense  and  trouble  of 
repairs  and  renewals  which  their  entertainment 
requires,  will  appreciate  the  advantages  which 
such  a  plan  would  offer,  if  it  can  be  success- 
fully applied  in  this  country.  The  main  diffi- 
culty seems  to  be  in  finding  the  proper  kind  of 
tree  to  use  in  place  of  Acer  campestris,  which 
we  do  not  find  here.  The  important  points  to 
be  observed  in  the  selection  of  the  tree  seems 
to  us  to  be  a  quick  growth  in  the  first  years, 
yet  not  a  naturally  large  grower — a  tree  that 
will  shed  its  foliage  tolerably  early  in  the  fall, 
and  especially  one  that  is  not  a  gross  feeder. 

If  you  have  covered  your  young  vines  last 
fall,  remove  the  earth  from  over  them  at  the 
approach  of  spring,  as  soon  as  danger  from 
frost  is  past ;  then  cultivate  the  whole  ground, 
plowing  between  the  rows  from  four  to  six  inches 
deep,  and  carefully  hoeing  around  the  vines 
with  the  two-pronged  German  hoe  or  Karst, 
or  Hexamer's  pronged  hoe.  The  ground  should 
thus  be  broken  up,  inverted,  and  kept  in  a 
mellow  condition  continually  ;  but  do  not  work 
the  ground  when  wet ! 

During  the  second  summer  a  cane  or  shoot  is 
produced  from  each  of  the  two  or  three  buds 
which  were  left  on  the  young  vine  last  fall.  Of 
these  young  shoots,  if  there  are  three,  leave 
only  the  two  strongest,  tying  them  neatly  to 
the  trellis,  and  let  them  grow  unchecked  to 
the  uppermost  wire. 

With  the  strong-growing  varieties,  especially 
where  we  intend  to  grow  the  fruit  on  laterals 
or  spurs,  the  two  main  canes  are  pinched  off 
when  they  reach  the  second  horizontal  wire, 
whereby  the  laterals  are  forced  into  stronger 
growth,  each  forming  a  medium-sized  cane, 
which  is  shortened  in  the  fall  from  four  to  six 
buds.  One  of  the  two  main  canes  may  be  lay- 
ered in  June,  covering  it  with  mellow  soil, 
about  an  inch  deep,  leaving  the  ends  of  the 
laterals  out  of  the  ground.  These  will  gener- 
ally make  good  plants  in  the  fall  for  further 
plantations  ;  with  varieties  which  do  not  grow 
easily  from  cuttings,  this  method  is  particu- 
larly desirable.  Fig.  67  shows  the  vines 
tied  and  pruned,  accordingly,  at  the  end  of  the 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


Pruning.        43 


second  season  (the  cross  lines  through  the  canes 
showing  where  they  are  cut  off  or  pruned). 

Another  good  mode  of  training,  recommended 
by  Fuller,  is  to  bend  down  in  fall,  at  the  end 
of  the  second  season,  the  two  main  canes  of  the 
vines  (the  laterals  of  which  have  been  pinched 
back  to  concentrate  the  growth  into  these  main 
canes)  in  opposite  directions,  laying  and  tying 
them  against  the  lower  wire  or  bar  of  the  trel- 
lis, as  shown  in  Fig.  63,  and  shortening  them 
to  four  feet  each.  Then  let  five  or  six  of  the 
buds  on  the  upper  side  of  the  arms  be  grown 
into  upright  canes.  (See  Fig.  68.)  All  buds 
and  shoots  not  wanted  for  upright  canes  should 
be  rubbed  or  broken  off.  This  latter  method  is 
not  well  adapted  for  varieties  which  require 
covering  in  winter.  Where  the  canes  are 
started  lower,  near  the  ground,  and  cut  loose 
from  the  wire,  they  can  be  easily  covered  with 
earth. 


Fig.  68. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  third  season  (un- 
cover and)  tie  the  canes  to  the  trellis.  For 
tying,  any  soft  string  or  stout  woolen  yarn,  the 
shreds  of  old  gunnies,  may  be  used  ;  some  ob- 
tain their  tying  material  from  bass  wood-bark, 
soaked  for  two  weeks  or  longer  in  running 
water.  Others  plant  the  Golden  Willow,  and 
use  its  small  twigs  for  tying  purposes.  Tie 
closely,  and  as  young  canes  grow  keep  them 
tied,  but,  in  all  cases,  take  care  against  tying 
too  tightly,  as  the  free  flow  of  sap  may  be  ob- 
structed. 

The  ground  is  now  plowed  and  hoed  again, 
as  before.  One  (6'')  deep  plowing  in  spring, 
taking  care,  however,  not  to  cut  or  tear  the 
roots  of  the  vines,  and  two  more  shallow  (3''  or 
4")  plo wings  in  summer.  From  each  of  the 
buds  left  at  the  last  pruning  (as  shown  in  the 
preceding  figures),  canes  can  be  grown  during 
the  third  year,  and  each  of  these  canes  will 
probably  bear  two  or  three  bunches  of  fruit. 
There  is  danger  of  their  being  injured  by  over- 
bearing, on  which  account  the  bunches  should 
be  thinned  out  by  taking  away  all  imperfect 
bunches  and  feeble  shoots.  In  order  to  secure 
future  fruitfulness  of  the  vine,  and  at  the  same 


time  to  keep  it  in  our  convenient  control,  we 
should  allow  no  more  wood  to  grow  than  we 
need  for  next  seasons'  bearing,  and  for  this 
purpose  we  resort  to  spring  pruning,  generally, 
though  improperly,  called 

SUMMER   PRUNING. 

The  time  to  perform  the  first  summer  pruning 
is  when  the  young  shoots  are  about  six  inches 
long,  and  when  you  can  plainly  see  all  the 
small  bunches — the  embryo  fruit.  We  com- 
mence at  the  two  lower  spurs,  having  two  buds 
each,  and  both  started.  One  of  them  we  intend 
for  a  bearing  cane  next  summer,  therefore 
allow  it  for  the  present  to  grow  unchecked, 
tying  it,  if  long  enough,  to  the  lowest  wire. 
The  other,  which  we  intend  for  a  spur  again 
next  fall,  we  pinch  with  the  thumb  and  finger 
to  just  beyond  the  last  bunch  or  button,  taking 
out  the  leader  between  the  last  bunch  and  the 
next  leaf,  as  shown  in  Fig.  69, 
the  cross  line  indicating 
where  the  leader  is  to  be 
pinched  ofF  We  now  come 
to  the  next  spur,  on  the  op- 
posite side,  where  we  also 
leave  one  cane  to  grow  un- 
checked, and  pinch  off  the 
other. 

We  now  go  over  all  the 
shoots  coming  from  the  arms 
or  laterals  tied  to  the  trellis, 
and  also  pinch  them  beyond 


Fig.  69. 

the  last  bunch.  Should  any  of  the  buds  have 
pushed  out  two  shoots,  we  rub  off  the  weakest ; 
we  also  take  off  all  barren  or  weak  shoots 
which  may  have  started  from  the  foot  of  the 
vine. 

The  bearing  branches  having  all  been 
pinched  back,  we  can  leave  our  vines  alone 
until  after  the  bloom,  only  tying  up  the  young 
canes  from  the  spurs,  should  it  become  neces- 
sary. Do  not,  however,  tie  them  over  the  bear- 
ing canes,  but  lead  them  to  the  empty  space  on 


44        Pruning. 


BUSH BERG  CATALOGUE. 


Pruning. 


both  sides  of  the  vine,  as  our  object  must  be  to 
give  the  fruit  all  the  air  and  light  we  can 
without  depriving  it  of  the  necessary  foliage, 
which  is  of  greatest  importance  for  the  forma- 
tion of  sugar  in  the  berries.  To  do  so  the 
leaves  must  be  well  developed  and  healthy. 
Diseased,  mildewed  foliage,  however,  will  not 
promote  the  sugar  formation,  but  rather  im- 
pede the  same. 

By  the  time  the  grapes  have  bloomed,  the 
laterals  will  have  pushed  from  the  axils  of  the 
leaves  on  the  bearing  shoots.  Now  go  over 
these  again,  and  pinch  each  lateral  back  to  one 
leaf,  as  shown  in  Fig.  70.  In  a  short  time  the 
laterals  on  the  fruit-bearing  branches  which 
have  been  pinched,  will  throw  out  suckers 
again.  These  are  again  stopped,  leaving  one 
leaf  of  the  young  growth.  Leave  the  laterals 
on  the  canes  intended  for  next  years'  fruiting 
to  grow  unchecked,  tying  them  neatly  to 
the  wires  with  bass  or  pawpaw  bark,  or  with 
rye  straw. 

If  you  prefer  training  your  vines  on  the  hori- 
zontal arm  system  (Fig.  68)  the  mode  of  sum- 
mer pruning  will  in  the  main  be  the  same. 
Pinch  off  the  end  of  each  upright  shoot  as  soon 
as  it  has  made  two  leaves  Jbeyond  the  last 
bunch  of  fruit ;  the  shoots  after  being  stopped 
will  soon  start,  and  after  growing  a  few  inches 
should  be  stopped  agaiu,  as  we  wish  to  keep 
them  within  the  limits  of  the  trellis,  and  the 
laterals  should  be  stopped  beyond  its  first  leaf 
Thus  we  try  to  keep  the  vine  equally  balanced 
in  fruit,  foliage  and  wood.  It  will  be  perceived 
that  fall  pruning,  or  shortening-in  the  ripened 
wood  of  the  vine,  and  summer  pruning,  short- 
ening-in and  thinning  out  of  the  young  growth, 
have  one  and  the  same  object  in  view,  namely, 
to  keep  the  vine  in  proper  bounds,  and  concen- 
trate all  its  energies  for  a  two-fold  object, 
namely,  the  production  and  ripening  of  the 
most  perfect  fruit,  and  the  production  of 
strong,  healthy  wood  for  the  coming  season's 
crop.  Both  operations,  in  fact,  are  only  differ- 
ent parts  of  one  and  the  same  system,  of  which 
summer  pruning  is  the  preparatory,  and  fall 
pruning  the  finishing  part ;  but  while  the  vine 
will  bear,  without  apparent  injury,  any  rea- 
sonable amount  of  pruning  during  its  dor- 
mant state,  in  the  fall  or  winter,  any  severe 
cutting  during  the  summer,  is  an  unmitigated 
evil.  G.  W.  Campbell,  the  well-known  horti- 
culturist says:  "All  the  summer  pruning  I 
would  recommend,  would  be  the  early  rub- 
bing out  of  superfluous  shoots,  upon  their  first 
appearance ;  leaving  only  what  is  required  for 
next  year's  bearing  wood.  This  with  the  pinch- 
ing or  stopping  the  ends  of  such  shoots  or  canes 
as  were  disposed  to  be  too  rampant  in  growth, 


would  be  all  I  would  ever  consider  necessary. 
Some  of  the  most  successful  grape  growers 
within  my  knowledge  carefully  prune  their 
vines  in  fall  or  early  spring,  and  then  leave 
them  entirely  without  summer  pruning."  The 
importance  of  this  matter  is  so  great  that  we 
subjoin — 

HUSMANN'S  METHOD  OF   SUMMER    PRUNING. 

[Extract  from  the  "  Grape  Culturist,"  Xov.,  1870.] 

Without  proper  and  judicious  summer  prun- 
ing, it  is  impossible  to  prune  judiciously  in  the 
fall.  If  you  have  allowed  six  to  eight  canes  to 
grow  in  summer  where  you  need  but  two  or 
three,  none  of  them  will  be  fit  to  bear  a  full 
crop,  nor  be  properly  developed.  We  prune 
longer  in  fall  than  the  majority  of  our  vintners, 
which  gives  a  double  advantage ;  should  the 
frost  of  winter  have  injured  or  killed  any  of 
the  first  buds,  we  still  have  enough  left ;  and 
should  this  not  be  the  case,  we  still  have  our 
choice  to  rub  off  all  imperfect  shoots,  to  re- 
duce the  number  of  bunches  at  the  first  pinch- 
ing, and  thus  retain  only  strong  canes  for  the 
next  years'  fruiting,  and  have  only  large,  well 
developed  bunches. 

But  to  secure  these  advantages  we  have  cer- 
tain rules,  which  we  follow  strictly.  We  are 
glad  to  see  that  the  attention  of  the  grape 
growers  of  the  country  is  thoroughly  aroused 
to  the  importance  of  this  subject,  and  that  the 
old  practice  of  cutting  and  slashing  the  young 
growth  in  July  and  August  is  generally  dis- 
countenanced. It  has  murdered  more  prom- 
ising vineyards  than  any  other  practice.  But 
people  are  apt  to  run  into  extremes,  and  many 
are  now  advocating  the  "  let-alone  "  doctrine. 
We  think  both  are  wrong,  and  that  the  true 
course  to  steer  is  in  the  middle. 

1.  Perform  the  operation  EARLY.    Do  it  as 
soon  as  the  shoots  are  six  inches  long.    At  this 
time  you  can  oversee  your  vine  much  easier. 
Every  young  shoot  is  soft  and  pliable.     You  do 
not  rob  the  vine  of  a  quantity  of  foliage  it  can 
not  spare  (as  the  leaves  are  the  lungs  of  the 
plant  and  the  elevators  of  the  sap).    You  can 
do  three  times  the  work  that  you  can  perform 
a  week  later,  when  the  shoots  have  become 
hardened,  and  intertwined   by  their  tendrils. 
Remember  that  the  knife  should  have  nothing 
to  do  with  summer  pruning.     Your  thumb  and 
finger  should  perform  all  the  work,  and  they 
can  do  it  easily  if  it  is  done  early. 

2,  Perform  it  thoroughly  and  systematically. 
Select  the  shoots  you  intend  for  bearing  wood 
for  next  year.     These  are  left  unchecked  ;  but 
do  not  leave  more  than  you  really  need.    Re- 
member that  each  part  of  the  vine  should  be 
thoroughly  ventilated,  and  if  you  crowd  it  too 


Pruning. 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


Pruning.        45 


much  none  of  the  canes  will  ripen  their  wood 
as  thoroughly  nor  be  as  vigorous  as  when  each 
has  room,  air  and  light.  Having  selected  these, 
commence  at  the  bottom  of  the  vine,  rubbing 
off  all  superfluous  shoots,  and  all  which  appear 
weak  and  imperfect.  Then  go  over  each  arm 
or  part  of  the  vine,  pinching  every  fruit-bearing 
branch  above  the  last  bunch  of  grapes,  or,  if 
this  should  look  weak  or  imperfect,  remove  it 
and  pinch  back  to  the  first  perfectly  developed 
bunch.  Should  the  bud  have  pushed  out  two 
or  three  shoots,  it  will  generally  be  advisable 
to  leave  only  the  strongest,  and  remove  the 
balance.  Do  not  think  that  you  can  depart 
of  it  a  little  later,  but  be  unsparing  in  taking 
away  all  you  intend  to  take  this  time.  Destroy 
all  the  caterpillars  and  all.  the  insects  you  find 
feeding  on  the  vines,  and  the  steel-blue  beetle, 
as  it  will  eat  into  tbe  buds.  But  protect  the 
lady-bug,  manti?,  and  all  the  friends  of  the 
vine. 

After  the  first  pinching,  the  dormant  buds 
in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  on  fruit-bearing 
shoots,  will  each  push  out  a  lateral  shoot  oppo- 
site the  young  bunches.  Our  second  operation 
consists  in  pinching  each  of  these  laterals  r.ack 
to  one  leaf  as  soon  as  we  can  got  hold  of  the 
shoot  above  the  first  leaf,  so  that. we  get  a  young 
vigorous  leaf  additional  opposite  to  each  bunch 
of  grapes.  These  serve  as  elevators  of  the  sap, 
and  also  as  an  excellent  protection  and  shade 
to  the  fruit.  Remember,  our  aim  is  riot  to  rob 
the  plant  of  its  foliage,  but  to  make  two  leaves 
grow  where  there  was  but  one  before,  and  at 
a  place  where  they  are  of  more  benefit  to  the 
fruit.  By  our  method,  our  rows  of  vines  have 
the  appearance  of  leafy  walls,  each  bunch  of 
the  fruit  properly  shaded,  and  yet  each  part  of 
the  vine  is  properly  ventilated. 

After  the  second  pinching  of  the  fruit-bearing 
branches,  as  described  above,  the  laterals  will 
generally  start  once  more,  and  we  pinch  the 
young  gi-owth  again  to  one  leaf,  thus  giving 
«ach  lateral  two  well-developed  leaves.  The 
whole  course  should  be  completed  about  the 
middle  of  June  here  and  whatever  grows 
afterwards  should  be  left.  In  closing,  let  us 
glance  at  the  objects  we  have  in  view  : 

1.  To  keep  the  vine  within  proper  bounds, 
so  that  it  is  at  all  times  under  the  control  of  the 
vintner,  without  weakening  ifs  constitution  by 
robbing  it  of  a  great  amount  of  foliage. 

2.  Judicious  thinning  of  the  fruit  at  a  time 
when  no  vigor  has  been  expended  in  its  devel- 
opment. 

3.  Developing  strong,  healthy  foliage  by  forc- 
ing the  growth  of  the  laterals,  and  having  two 
young,  healthy  leaves  opposite  each  bunch, 


which  will  shade  the  fruit  and  serve  as  conduc- 
tors of  the  sap  to  the  fruit. 

4.  Growing  vigorous  canes  for  next  year's 
fruiting  and  no  more,  thereby  making  them 
stronger  ;  as  every  part  of  the  vine  is  thus  ac- 
cessible to  light  and  air,  the  wood  will  ripen 
better  and  more  xmiformly. 

5.  Destruction  of  noxious  insects.     As  the 
vintner  has  to  look  over  each  shoot  of  the  vine, 
this  is  done  more  thoroughly  and  systematic- 
ally than  by  any  other  process. 

FALL,   OB   WINTER  PRUNING. 

This  may  be  performed  at  any  time,  during 
mild  days,  while  the  vine  is  in  a  dormant  state, 
generally  from  November  to  March,  but  should 
be  done  at  least  a  week  before  vegetation  is 
likely  to  commence.  Tender  varieties  should 
not  be  allowed  to  pass  through  our  sometimes 
severe  winters  without  the  protection  afforded 
by  a  mulch  of  litter,  leaves,  earth,  or  other  cov- 
ering, to  prevent  injury  from  alternate  freezing 
and  thawing;  the  vines  which  are  not  hardy 
must  therefore  be  pruned  in  November,  when 
they  are  simply  laid  down  on  the  ground  and 
mulched  lightly,  to  be  uncovered  again  in 
spring,  just  before  they  are  ready  to  put  forth 
new  growth  from  their  swelling  b'.:ds.  Far- 
ther north,  the  practice  of  covering  up  the  vines, 
both  tops  and  roots,  is  recommendable  also 
with  the  hardy  varieties. 

Different  varieties  will  require  somewhat  dif- 
ferent treatment;  some  varieties  (strong  grow- 
ers 1  will  fruit  better  if  pruned  to  spurs  on  old 
wood  than  on  the  young  canes,  retaining  the 
old  canes  and  pruning  the  healthy,  strong 
shoots  or  laterals  they  have  to  two  buds, 
whereas  others  (only  moderate  growers)  will 
flourish  and  bear  best  when  pruned  short  and 
to  a  cane  of  last  year's  growth. 

The  observing  vintner  will  find  some  hints  in 
our  descriptive  catalogue,  but  only  by  practice 
and  experience  can  he  learn  the  best  method 
for  each  variety. 

The  following  correct  views  on  this  subject 
are  from  the  "Grape  Culturist,"  Nov.,  1870  : 

"  Some  varieties  will  bear  more  readily  and 
larger  bunches  upon  the  laterals  of  the  young 
canes,  some  upon  the  spurs  of  a  few  eyes  on  old 
bearing  branches,  and  some  will  fruit  readily 
upon  the  principal  canes.  This  should  govern 
you  in  pruning. 

"  Most  of  the  strong  groirers  of  the  Labrusca 
species  (Concord,  Hartford,  Ives,  Martha,  Per- 
kins, etc.),  as  well  as  some  of  its  more  vigorous 
hybrids  (Goethe^  Wilder,  etc.),  and  especially 
some  JEstivalis  (Herbemont,  Cunningham, 
Louisiana,  Rulander),  will  fruit  best  on  the  late- 


46         Pruning. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Pruning. 


rals  of  the  young  canes  of  last  summer's  growth 
provided  they  are  strong  enough,  which  they 
will  be  if  they  have  been  pinched  according  to 
our  directions  ;  the  fruit-buds  at  the  base  of  the 
principal  canes  are  seldom  well-developed,  and 
will  not  bring  much  fruit.  We  therefore  grow 
the  fruit  on  the  laterals,  which  can  be  shortened 
in  to  from  two  to  six  eyes  each,  according  to 
their  strength.  All  these  rank  growers  should 
have  plenty  to  do — that  is,  they  should  be 
pruned  long,  much  longer  than  is  generally 
done.  Should  too  many  bunches  appear,  y.ou 
can  easily  reduce  the  number  at  the  first  pinch- 
ing. All  the  Cordifolia*,  and  some  of  the  JEsti- 
valis  class  (Cynthiana  and  Norton's  Virginia), 
produce  best  on  spurs  on  two  or  three  year  old 
canes  ;  they  will  also  bear  better  on  spurs  on 
laterals  than  on  main  canes,  but  do  not  pro- 
duce their  best  fruit  until  they  can  be  "spurred 
in"  on  old  arms.  For  this  purpose,  select  for 
your  spurs  strong,  well-ripened  shoots ;  cut 
them  back  two  to  three  eyes  each,  and  cut  out 
all  the  small  and  imperfect  ones.  You  may 
leave  from  thirty  to  fifty  buds,  according  to 
the  strength  of  your  vine,  aud  always  bear 
in  mind  that  you  can  reduce  the  number  of 
bunches  when  summer-pruning. 

"A  third  class  produces  readily  and  abund- 
antly from  the  main  canes.  This  comprises 
the  varieties  which  do  not  grow  very  strong,  the 
more  tender  Labrusca,  and  all  of  more  or  less 
Vinifera  characteristics,  viz. :  the  Alvey,  Cas- 
sady,  Creveling,  Catawba,  Delaware,  lona,  Ee- 
becca.  These  will  produce  best  on  short  canes 
of  say  six  eyes  ;  short  pruning  and  the  old  re- 
newal plan  may  be  as  good  as  any  for  them. 
There  is  also  much  more  danger  of  overtasking 
this  class  than  both  of  the  others,  and  they 
should  never  be  allowed  to  bear  too  much." 

From  the  above  it  will  be  seen  that  different 
methods  apply  to  different  varieties,  and  we 
may  add  that  they  ought  also  to  be  modified 
according  to  other  circumstances.  Those,  there- 
fore, who  have  recommended  various  and  con- 
tradictory systems  of  training  and  pruning  may 
each  have  been  right ;  but  were  wrong  in  be- 
lieving their  preferred  method  the  only  correct 
method  in  all  cases,  or  equally  well  adapted  for 
all  species  and  varieties  of  grapes.  Bearing  this 
in  mind,  the  intelligent  vintner  will  soon  learn 
how  far  one  or  the  other  system  is  best  appli- 
cable in  his  case. 

SUBSEQUENT  MANAGEMENT. 

We  may  now  consider  the  vine  as  fully  estab- 
lished, able  to  bear  a  full  crop,  and,  when  tied 

*  Xow  classified  as  Riparia,  or  its  crosses,  as  Taylor,  &c. 


to  the  trellis  in  spring,  to  present  the  appear- 
ance as  shown  in  Fig.  71. 


(Fig.  71.) 

The  operations  are  precisely  the  same  as  in 
the  third  year,  with  this  important  difference, 
however,  that  the  plowing  should  be  shallow  ; 
as  soon  as  vines  have  become  established,  the 
cultivator  should  be  used  for  the  destruction 
of  weeds  and  keeping  the  surface-soil  mellow. 
The  hoe  will  be  needed  to  kill  the  weeds  imme- 
diately around  the  plants,  as  before.  At  the 
last  plowing  in  the  preceding  fall  the  furrow- 
slice  should  have  been  thrown  TOWARDS  the 
vines,  thus  affording  additional  protection  to 
the  roots — also  facilitating  the  laying  down  and 
covering  of  the  canes,  if  necessary  Top  dress- 
ings of  lime,  ashes,  bonedust,  &c.,  may,  if 
needed,  be  best  applied  at  the  same  time.  In 
the  following  spring,  therefore,  the  first  plow- 
ing should  be  reversed,  and  the  ground  will  be 
level. 

Plowing  in  the  vineyard  should  never  be  so 
deep  as  to  injure  the  roots  of  the  vines. 

If  you  train  your  vines  on  the  horizontal  sys- 
tem, the  upright  canes,  which  were  pruned 
back  to  two  buds  each,  will  now  produce  two 
shoots  each.  If  more  than  one  shoot  should 
proceed  from  each  of  these  two  buds,  or  if  other 
shoots  should  start  from  small  buds  near  the 
arms,  only  the  strongest  one  should  be  allowed 
to  grow,  and  all  others  rubbed  off.  Instead  of 
ten  to  twelve  upright  canes,  you  will  have 
twenty  to  twenty-four,  and,  allowing  three 
bunches  to  each,  you  may  get  seventy  bunches 
to  every  vine  the  fourth  year  after  planting. 
These  canes  are  now  to  be  treated  the  same,  as 
regards  stopping,  pinching  laterals,  etc.,  dur- 
ing each  subsequent  year  of  their  growth. 

There  are  many  other  modes  and  systems  of 
training,  but  the  same  general  rules  and  prin- 
ciples prevail  in  nearly  all. 

There  is  one  well  authenticated  fact  in  the 
fruiting  of  the  grape,  viz  :  that  the  finest  fruit, 
the  best,  earliest  and  largest  crops  are  pro- 
duced upon  the  strongest  shoots  of  the  pre- 
vious years'  growth.  The  only  proper  system 
of  pruning  will  therefore  be  that  which  encour- 


ing. 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


Diseases.        47" 


ages  and  secures  an  abundance  of  such  shoots. 
By  this  general  principle  all  new  systems,  so 
called,  should  be  proved,  and  beginners  in 
grape  culture  may  be  able  to  guard  against 
receiving  false  impressions  with  reference  to 
any  mode  which  may  fall  under  their  observa- 
tion ;  and  this  caution  is  the  more  necessary  as 
young  vines  will  bear  good  crops  for  a  few 
years,  even  under  very  indifferent  treatment. 
In  all  sytems  of  training  which  involve  the 
retention  of  wood  beyond  five  or  six  years,  as 
in  the  case  of  spur  pruning,  and  the  methods 
with  permanent  horizontal  branches,  it  is  ab- 
solutely essential  to  remove  the  older  wood  at 
certain  periods,  and  replace  it  With  younger 
wood  from  near  the  base  of  the  plant.  Fixed 
rules  can  hardly  be  given  for  an  operation 
which  requires  so  much  thought  and  such 
close  acquaintance  with  the  growth  and  bear- 
ing habits  of  the  different  varieties. 

If  you  desire  to  train  your  vines  for  arbors  or 
on  walls,  set  an  extra  strong  young  plant,  in 
rich,  well-prepared  soil ;  leave  but  one  shoot  to 
grow  during  the  first  summer,  arid  if  necessary 
even  during  the  second,  so  that  it  may  get  very 
strong.  Cut  back  to  three  eyes  in  fall,  these  will 
each  throw  out  a  strong  shoot,  which  should  L/e 
tied  to  the  arbor  they  are  designed  to  cover, 
and  allowed  to  grow  unchecked.  These  three 
canes  wilJ  be  cut  back  in  the  fall  following,  to 
three  buds  each,  which  will  give  us  three  prin- 
cipal branches,  each  producing  canes  the  third 
or  fourth  season  ;  of  each  of  these  branches,  cut 
next  fall  one  cane  to  two  eyes,  and  the  others 
to  six  or  more  buds,  according  to  the  strength 
of  the  vine,  then  gradually  increase  the  num- 
ber of  branches  and  cut  back  more  severely 
those  which  fruited.  In  this  manner  a  vine 
can  be  made  in  the  course  of  time  to  coyer  a 
large  space,  produce  a  large  quantity  of  fruit, 
and  get  very  old. 

Those  who  desire  further  information  and 
directions  on  various  modes  of  pruning  and 
training,  or  on  the  culture  of  grape  vines  in 
glass  houses,  we  refer  to  Ohorlton's  Grape 
Growers'  Guide;  Fuller's  Grape  Culturist; 
Hoare's  Cultivation  of  the  Grape-vine  on  open 
Walls,  and  other  books  o,n  Grape  Culture, 
especially  to  an  article  on  Pruning  and  Train- 
ing the  Grape-vine,  by  Wm.  Saunders,  U.  8. 
Department  of  Agriculture.  .Report,  1806. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   GRAPE-VINE. 

The  vine,  with  all  its  vigor  and  longevity,  is  no  less 
subject  to  diseases  than  all  other  organic  bodies,  and 
as  we  cannot  remove  most  of  their  causes,  and  can 
even  with  the  best  care  prevent  and  cure  but  few,  our 
first  attention  must  be  given  to  the  selection  of  healthy 
plants  and  hardy  varieties.  You  have  already  been 
warned  against  planting  the  Grape-vine  in  heavy,  wet 
soil,  where  water  stagnates,  or  in  places  exposed  to 
early  and  late  frosts.  You  have  been  impressed  with 
the  necessity  of  clean  cultivation,  stirring  the  soil,*  of 
proper  training,  and  "of  thinning  the  fruit.  If  you  dis- 
regard these  points,  even  the  healthiest  and  most  vig- 
orous varieties  of  vines  will  become  diseased. 

But  some  of  the  diseases  infesting  our  American 
grapes  do  not  result  from  defects  in  the  soil  or  want  of 
cultivation  ;  their  causes  are  in  fact  unknown,  except 
that  they  are  produced  by  fungi — microscopic  para- 
sitical plants,  producing  mildew,  etc.,  of  which  there 
exist  a  great  many  different  kinds,  and  about 
which  our  knowledge  is  as  yet  very  deficient.  We  do 
know,  however, — alas,  too  well, — that  these  diseases 
exist,  are  promoted  by  atmospheric  influences — un- 
favorable state  of  the  weather — and  seem  as  much 
beyond  our  control  as  the  weather  itself.  The  most 
formidable  of  these  diseases,  most  prevailing  in  this 
country,  and  most  disastrous  to  American  grape  cul- 
ture, are,  THE  MILDEW  (Peronospora  viticola)  and  THE. 
ROT  or  BLACK  ROT  (Phoma  uvicola). 

[The  first  scientific  description  and  proper  distinc- 
tion of  the  two  kinds  we  find  in  the  Transactions  of  the 
Academy  of  Science  of  St.  Louis,  1861,  by  Dr.  Geo. 
Engelmann  (Vol.  2,  p.  165).  See  also  Am.  Pomological 
Society,  Session  1879.  p.  41-48.] 

Just  before  going  to  press  we  are  favored  by  DR. 
GEO.  ENGELMANN,  with  the  following  article  on  this 
most  important  subject : 

THE  DISEASES  OF  GRAPE-VINES 

are  principally  occasioned  by  animal  or  vegetable 
parasites.  I  leave  others,  who  are  more  conversant 
with  the  subject,  to  treat  of  the  former,  and  will  mere- 
ly state  here  that  our  species  have  all  grown  up  with 
the  Phylloxera,  and  would  long  ago  have  been  extin- 
guished, or  rather  never  could  have  lived,  if  that  insect 
had  siicli  power  over  them  ;  but  they  as  well  as  the 
insect  live  on,  the  latter  having  no  other  nourishment 
than  the  grape-vines  and  their  roots :  you  may  call  it 
an  accommodation  between  them. 

More  important  for  us  in  America  are  the  fungus- 
diseases,  which  do  our  grape  crops  more  harm  than  the 
Phylloxera.  It  is  said  that  in  Europe  they  have  dis- 


*  We  are  awarn  of  the  fact  that  in  certain  seasons  and 
peculiar  soils  neglected  vineyards,  tilled  with  grass  and 
weeds,  have  escaped  diseases  and  borne  full  crops,  while 
•well  hoed  and  cultivated  vineyards  suffered  severely, 
especially  from  rot;  but  the  rule,  nevertheless,  holds 
good  in  general.  After  a  season  of  severe  drouth,  for 
instance,  fall  plowing  may  cause  the  evaporation  ot  the 
scanty  remaining  moisture  in  the  loosened  soil  and  ren- 
der the  exhausted  roots  a  prey  to  severe  frosts,  while 
the  unplo  wed,  baked  surl'uce  would  serve  .is  a  protection 
against  both.  Such  exceptions  have  misled  some  grape- 
growers  to  advocate  non-cultivation,  or  even  grass- 
sowing,  i:\  their  vineyards;  but  after  a  few  years  a 
stunted  growth  and  unproductiveness  of  their  vines  was- 
the  result. 


48        Mildew. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Eot. 


•covered  over  200  kinds  of  fungi  which  live  on  the  differ- 
ent parts  of  vines,  but  fortunately  only  a  few  of  them 
are  really  injurious.  These  are,  above  all,  the  mildew  of 
the  leaves  and  the  black  rot  of  the  berries.  In  Europe 
besides  our  mildew,  which  has  lately  been  introduced, 
they  have  the  Oidium  and  the  Anthracnose. 

The  Mildew,  Peronospora  viticola,  appears  in  frost- 
'like  white  spots  on  the  under  side  of  leaves,  hairy  as 
well  as  glabrous  ones,  and  may  generally  be  observed 
here  in  Missouri  from  the  beginning  of  June,  fostered 
by  the  sultry  and  damp  or  wet  weather,  usual  at  that 
season ;  in  the  Eastern  States  it  seems  to  come  on  later 
in  summer  and  in  the  fall.  Though  most  common  on 
the  leaves,  it  sometimes  also  infests  the  petioles  of  the 
leaves,  the  stems  of  the  bunches,  and  the  very  young 
berries.  But,  even  if  it  does  not  attack  the  latter,  the 
effect  on  the  leaves  alone,  which  turn  brown  in  spots 
and  are  eventually  partially  or  completely  killed,  de- 
stroys the  fruit,  the  berries  shrivelling  from  the  base, 
turning  light  brown  without  falling  off.  This  is  here 
sometimes  termed  "  brown  rot." 

The  fungus  at  first  pervades  the  cellular  tissue  of  the 
leaf  |  then,  a  few  days  later,  the  minute  fungus  stems 
protrude  through  the  stomats  (breathing  pores)  of  the 
lower  surface,  forming  little  upright  branching  plant- 
lets,  which  might  be  compared  to  a  miniature  spruce 
tree,  singly  not  visible  to  the  naked  eye  ;  at  the  end  of 
the  branch-lets  they  bear  the  summer  spores  (conidia), 
wrhich  mature,  are  discharged,  spread  by  wind  or  other- 
wise, and,  when  moistened,  germinate  with  astonishing 
rapidity.  Late  in  the  season  the  fungus  produces  what 
are  called  the  resting  spores  (oospores)  in  the  interior 
of  the  leaf-tissues,  and,  while  the  others  propagate  the 
parasite  in  summer,  these  larger  and  more  enduring 
ones  keep  alive  through  winter  and  insure  its  growth  * 
in  the  following  summer.  Thus  it  is  seen  that  the  dead 
mildewed  leaves,  containing  the  resting  spores,  really 
do  preserve  the.germs  for  the  next  season's  mildew. 
These  leaves  ought  to  be  destroyed  by  carefully  ga- 
thering and  burning  them ,  or  by  burying  them  deeply 
in  the  ground.  The  direct  destruction  of  the  fungus 
has  been  often  attempted,  and  by  different  means, 
-especially  by  sulphur -sprinkling,  but  without  any 
marked  effect ;  a  dry  spell  of  weather,  however,  arrests 
it  most  effectually  for  the  time  being. 

The  Peronospora  has  since  1878  made  its  appearance 
in  Europe  —  like  the  Phylloxera,  accidentally  intro- 
duced from  this  country — and  has  added  another  terri- 
ble infliction  on  the  wine-growers  there,  threatening 
to  be  worse  than  the  Oidium,  which  years  ago  \ised  to 
decimate  the  grape  crops  of  Europe. 

A  few  words  about  this  O'idium  may  be  in  place 
here.  This  is  a  mildew-like  fungus  which  appears  on 
the  outside  of  the  upper  surface  of  the  vine-leaves,  and 
bears  its  fewer  spores  on  smaller,  not  much  branched, 
stemlets ;  it  destroys  the  vitality  of  the  leaves,  and 
with  it  the  crop,  just  as  our  mildew  does.  Its  resting 
spores  are  unknown  and  with  its  life-history  we  are 
not  so  well  acquainted,  but  we  know  that  sulphur 
sprinkled  over  the  leaves  will  destroy  it.  It  made  its 
first  appearance,  as  far  as  it  is  known,  about  1845,  in 
graperies  at  Margate,  near  London,  and  spread  rapidly 
and  destructively  over  a  great  part  of  Europe  and 
the  islands,  especially  Madeira,  where  grape  culture 
was  almost  annihilated  by  it ;  but  it  seems  now  to  be 
less  common  or  less  injurious  than  it  was  years  ago, 


and  may  possibly  have  run  its  course,  just  as  other  epi- 
demics are  apt  to  do.  It  is  unknown  where  it  origi- 
nally came  from  ;  some  suppose  that  it  originated  in 
America,  but  it  has  never  appeared  here  in  the  form 
under  which  it  is  known  in  Europe ;  whether  in 
another  form,  is  still  questionable  among  our  best 
mycologists ;  at  all  events  we  have  thus  far  only  one 
destructive  form  of  mildew  here,  the  Peronospora. 

The  second  great  fungus  pest  of  our  vineyards  is  the 
Black  Rot,  Phoma  uvicola.  On  the  berries,  but  never 
on  the  leaves  or  stems,  generally  about  the  time  that 
they  are  full  grown,  in  July  or  August,  very  rarely  on 
half-grown  berries  in  June,  a  light  brown  spot  with  a 
darker  central  point  is  observed  on  the  side  and  not 
near  the  stem  ;  this  spot  spreads,  and  darker,  shining 
nodules  or  pustules,  plainly  visible  with  the  naked 
eye,  begin  to  protrude  above  the  epidermis ;  at  last  the 
whole  berry  shrivels  up,  turns  bluish-black,  the  pus- 
tules roughen  the  surface,  and  each  one  opening  at 
its  top  emits  a  whitish  worm-like  thread,  which  con- 
sists of  innumerable  spores  glued  together  with  a  mu- 
cilaginous coating.  In  this  condition  the  spores  are 
inert,  but  rain  will  dissolve  the  mucilage  and  liberate 
and  wash  down  the  spores,  or  they  will  fall  to  the 
ground  with  the  dead  berries.  What  then  becomes  of 
them,  whether  they  enter  the  soil,  or  how  they  propa- 
gate the  fungus,  is  as  yet  unknown.  At  all  events  it 
seems  advisable  to  gather  all  the  affected  berries,  if 
such  a  thing  can  be  done,  and  destroy  them. 

In  Europe  they  have  another  fungus  disease  of  the 
grape,  called  in  Germany  Brenner,  in  France  Anthrac- 
nose, and  described  under  the  name  of  Sphaceloma  am- 
pelinum,  which  by  some  authorities  has  been  supposed 
to  be  another  form  of  development  of  our  Black  Rot, 
above  described ;  this,  however,  seems  very  doubtful. 
We  have,  as  it  seems,  never  had  the  Sphaceloma,*  nor 
they  the  Phoma.  The  former  attacks  all  the  green 
parts,  leaves,  young  stems,  or  green  berries,  and  forms 
open  wounds  which  might  be  compared  to  ulcers ; 
while  our  Phoma  is  restricted,  as  far  as  known,  only  to 
green  berries,  without  breaking  up  the  tissues  or  form- 
ing ulcers.  The  Sphaceloma  seems  to  be  an  old  disease 
in  Europe,  already  known  in  the  last  century.  Mycol- 
ogists are  now  carefully  studying  these  questions. 


Had  we  known  that  we  would  be  favored  with  the 
above  article  on  the  Diseases  of  the  Grape-vine  by  so 
great  an  authority  as  Dr.  Engelmann,  we  would  have 
omitted  some  of  the  following  lines,  previously  written 
by  ourselves,  in  preparing  this  new  edition  of  our  Cata- 
logue. This  circumstance  and  the  importance  of  the 
subject  will  excuse  what  may  seem  a  repetition  ;  and 
while  the  preceding  will  stand  as  the  description  of 
the  fungus  diseases  by  the  scholar,  the  following  may 
not  be  unwelcome  as  the  practical  grape-growers' 


*  Unfortunately  we  have  of  late,  also,  the  Sphaceloma 
in  our  vineyards.  How  or  whence  it  c.ime,  we  do  not 
know;  but,  having  observed  the  Anthracnoxe  iti  Prance, 
we  could  not  help  recognizing  the  same  here;— for- 
tunately, so  far,  to  no  serious  extent. 


Mildew. 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


Peronospora. 


VITICULTURAL   REMARKS. 

The  American*  MILDEW  (Peronospora  viticola)  first 
presents  itself  in  the  form  of  spots  resembling  a  small 
accumulation  of  powdered  sugar,  not  larger  than  a 
lentil,  on  the  underside  of  the  leaf;  but  imperceptibly 
these  spots  extend  and  join  until  they  cover  a  larger 
portion  of  the  entire  lower  face  of  the  foliage.  Later 
still,  the  centers  of  attack  dry  up  and  take  the  color  of 
brown  or  dead  leaves,  so  that  these  mildewed,  shriv- 
elled, dried-up  leaves  are  often  confounded  with  or 
taken  for  "sun-scald";  but  on  closer  observation  mil- 
dew can  easily  be  distinguished  from  sun-scald.  If 
the  effect  of  the  latter,  there  is  no  white  powdery 
mushroom  vegetation  visible  on  the  lower  face  of  the 
leaf.  Mildew  mostly  attacks  the  foliage,  sometimes 
also  the  young  green  stems ;  rarely  the  small,  young, 
never  the  full-grown,  ripening  berries. 

The  important  difference  between  Perenospora  (the 
Am.  mildew)  and  Oidium  (the  European  mildew)  is 
not  only  that  Perenospora  appears  on  the  lower,  while 
Oidium  appears  on  the  upper  surface,  but  that  the 
former  penetrates  the  entire  tissue  of  the  leaf,  while 
Oidium  grows  on  its  upper  surface  only.  Humidity 
and  dryness  exert  a  preponderating  influence  on  the 
development  of  the  disease;  rain,  dew,  even  fog,  favor 
the  spread  and  germination  of  the  spores,  while  a  pro- 
longed drouth  restricts  and  kills  them. 

As  a  Remedy  sulphurizing  was  long  and  strenuously 
recommended.  In  France  and  Germany  mildew  is 
successfully  combatted  with  sulphur,  early  and  often 
applied;  why  should  it  not  be  the  remedy  here?(!) 
Many  articles  were  published  in  all  our  horticultural 
magazines  representing  flour  of  sulphur  as  an  infalli- 
ble cure  of  mildew,  prescribing  quantity,  time,  and 
mode  of  using  it.  Bellows  were  specially  manufactured 
for  this  purpose.  Wine-growers  were  found  to  testify 
to  the  efficacy  of  this  panacea ;  none  contradicted  ;f 
so  that  we  ourselves,  failing  to  see  its  good  effect  after 
repeated  trials,  merely  ventured  to  say  in  the  former 

*  To  distinguish  this  from  the  O'idium  (the  European 
mildew)  we  call  the  Peronospora  -'American  mildew"; 
but  this  dangerous  fungus  is  by  no  means  unknown  in 
Europe;  and  we  doubt  that  it  has  come  there  from 
this  country,  though  it  showed  itself  here  much  soon- 
er. In  Italy  and  also  in  Africa  it  has  appeared  in 
many  places  where  no  American  vine  had  ever 
been  grown,  and  it  has  been  discovered  even  on  wild 
European  vines.  Rudolph  Goethe,  Director  of  the 
Royal  Horticult.  Inst.  at  Geisenheim,  on  the  Rhine,  calls 
it  "false  mildew.'"  Victor  Palliat,  editor  "  Vigne  Amer.", 
has  shown  that  it  was  known  in  France,  long  ago,  under 
the  name  of  "  melin." 

t  The  first  honest  testimony  about  the  results  of  sul- 
phurizing, in  this  country,  we  found  in  the  "  Vineland 
Weekly  "  of  Nov.  24, 1877,  in  an  excellent  study  of  THE 
GKAPE  ROT,  by  col.  A.  W.  Pearson,  from  which  we  clip 
the  following : 

"  Many,  if  not  all,  of  those  here  who  have  used  sulphur 
this  year  for  the  first  time  are  much  disappointed  in  the 
result.  They  either  report  no  benefit  whatever,  or  else 
positive  injury.  Those  who  were  more  zealous  than 
prudent,  and  used  sulphur  liberally  undiluted,  of  course 
burned  up  their  foliage,  doing  harm  instead  of  good;— 
those,  on  the  other  hand,  who  used  the  preventive  mo- 
derately, and,  asjthey  considered,  thoroughly,  will  un- 
derstand, if  this  description  of  the  disease  has  enabled 
them  to  appreciate  it,  that  "thoroughly,"  under  the 
atmospheric  conditions  of  this  summer,  would  almost 
require  that  a  sentry  should  be  posted  by  each  vine, 
ready  to  scatter  another  sprinkling  of  the  mixture  be- 
tween showers. 

"  As  already  stated,  I  sulphured  mine  thirteen  times, 
and  saved  about  one-third  of  the  crop.  Possibly  by  going 
over  them  twenty-six  times  I  might  have  saved  another 
third." 


edition  of  this  Catalogue,  that  "with  our  prices  of  labor 
it  would  scarcely  be  practicable — and  it  is  best  not  to 
plant  largely  of  those  varieties  which  are  very  liable  to 
this  disease." 

Not  until  this  mildew  (Peronospora)  had  also  been 
observed  and  studied  in  France,  where  it  was.  first 
noticed  in  1878,  and  only  within  these  last  four  years, 
during  which  it  has  spread  all  over  Europe  and  parts- 
of  Africa,  has  it  been  recognized  and  fully  established 
that  sulphurizing  is  quite  ineffective  against  Perono- 
spora, owing  to  the  fact  that  this  parasite,  unlike  the 
Oidium,  lives  not  merely  on  the  surface  of  the  leaf,  but 
permeates  its  tissue. 

Nevertheless  we  are  not  without  hope  that  some 
remedy  will  be  found.  Eminent  scientists  will  now 
occupy  themselves  with  this  serious  question,  which 
concerns  European  grape  culture  the  more  as  their 
varieties  (Vinifera)  are  all  more  subject  to  this  disease 
than  our  Americans.  We  have  now  before  us  an  "Es- 

SAI  SUB  LE  MlLDIOU,  PAR  A.  MlLLAKDET,    ProfeSSCUr  il 

la  Faculte  des  Sciences  a  Bordeaux,"  Paris,  1882  ;  he 
suggests,  as  a  remedy,  a  mixture  of  powdered  sulphate 
of  iron,  copperas  (4  Ibs.),  with  plaster  of  Paris,  gyp- 
sum (20  Ibs.),  which,  according  to  reports,  was  applied 
(compte-rendu  du  congrfes  international  phylloxerique 
de  Bordeaux),  with  marked  success.  Remedies  of  this 
kind  must  be  used  very  cautiously ;  and  until  their 
efficiency  and  proper  mode  of  appliance  are  estab- 
lished, our  grape-growers  will  do  best  to  select  those 
varieties  which  are  generally  less  liable  to  this  disease. 
To  aid  in  doing  so,  the  following  table,*  based  on  many 
years'  experience,  may  be  of  service  : 

TABLE  OF  AMERICAN  VINES    (PRINCIPAL  VARIETIES)  WITH 
REGARD  TO  THEIR    RESISTANCE    TO  MILDEW  (PeronOS- 

pora) . 

I.  CATEGORY  :  almost  entirely  exempt,  even  in  unfa- 
vorable seasons  and  localities. 

jEstivalis,  Northern  Division ;  Cynthiana,  Nor- 
ton's Virginia. 

Labrusca,  Northern  Division :  Concord,  Hartford, 
Ives,  Perkins ;  also,  Champion,  Cottage,  North 
Carolina,  Rentz,  Venango. 

Riparia  and  its  crosses  with  Labr. :   Elvira,  Mis- 
souri Riesling,  Montefiore,  Noah,  Taylor. 
II.  CATEGORY  :  suffering  somewhat,  but  not  seriously, 
in  exceptionally  unfavorable  seasons  and  local- 
ities. 

JEstivalis,  Southern  Division:  Cunningham;. 
Northern  Division  :  Hermann,  Neosho. 

Labrusca,  Northern  Division:  Dracut  Amber, 
Lady,  Martha,  N.  Muscadine,  Telegraph,  Ma- 
son's Seedling. 

Riparia  and  in  its  crosses  with  Labr, :  Black 
Pearl,  Blue  Dyer  (Franklin),  Clinton. 

Sybr.,  Labr.  and  Vinifera.    Goethe. 
III.  CATEGORY  :    suffering   seriously  in   unfavorable 
seasons,   and  not  recommendable  for    localities 
usually  exposed  to>  mildew. 

Mstivalis,  Southern  Division ;  Devereux,  Herbe- 
mont,  Lenoir,  Louisana,  Rulander. 

JEstivalis  crossed  with  Vinifera  (?)  Alvey. 

Labrusca,  Southern  Division:  Catawba,  Diana, 
Isabella. 

»  "  Quelques  Observations  sur  le  Mildew,  par  G.  & 
Meissner,"  at  the  (Jongres  international  de  Bordeaux. 


50 


Mildew. 


BUSHBERG    CATALOGUE. 


Rot. 


Riparia  crosses  with  Labr. :  Amber  (Rommel's), 
Marion,  Uhland. 

Hybr.,  Labr.  and  Vinifera,  Labr.  and  Hybr.,  and 
Vinif.  with  Rip.:  Black  Eagle,  Brighton, 
Brandt,  Herbert,  Lindley,  Triumph,  Wilder. 
IV.  CATEGORY:  suffering  seriously  even  in  normal 
seasons ;  entirely  unreliable,  except  in  some  few 
favored  localities,  which  are  free  from  mildew. 

JEstivalis,  Elsinburg,  Eumelan. 

Labrusca,  South.  Division :  Adirondac,  Cassady, 
Creveling,  Isabella,  lona,  Mottled,  Maxataw- 
ney,  Union  Village,  Rebecca,  Walter. 

Undetermined  Class:  DELAWARE. 

Hybr.  of  Vinif.  and  Labr,:  Agawam,  Allen's 
hybr.  Amenia,  Barry,  Black  Defiance,  Croton, 
Irving,  Massasoit,  Merrimack,  Salem,  Sen- 
asqua. 

Hybr.  of  Vinf.  and  Rip.  Autuchon,  Canada. 
Cornucopia,  Othello. 

Varieties  not  sufficiently  tried,  and  especially  new 
varieties,  we  would  not  presume  to  classify  ;  but  one 
may  safely  judge  of  their  resistance  to  mildew  by  their 
parentage.  The  seedlings  of  the  Concord,  such  as 
Moore's  Early,  Pocklington,  Worden's  Seedling;  or  of 
the  Taylor  and  Clinton,  such  as  Bacchus,  Montefiore, 
Pearl,  will  most  probably  suffer  very  little,  if  at  all, 
.from  mildew,  while  the  seedlings  of  the  Catawba,  the 
Delaware,  the  Eumelan,  or  the  Isabella,  and  all  hy- 
brids (of  Vin.)  give  but  faint  hopes  for  their  success  in 
localities  usually  infested  by  mildew.  It  is  further 
noteworthy  that  all  Grape-vines,  planted  in  city-gar- 
dens, especially  if  trained  to  buildings,  under  the 
shelter  of  their  projecting  roofs,  are  generally  exempt 
from  mildew,  even  in  unfavorable  seasons. 

It  is  supposed  that  this  immunity  from  the  disease 
is  due  to  the  sulphuric  coal-smoke-laden  atmosphere 
in  our  cities,  which  may  prevent  fungoid  growth,  and  to 
the  shelter  which  protects  the  vines  from  heavy  dews, 
consequently  from  the  development  of  the  parasite. 
Wm.  Saunders,  the  eminent  Superintendent  of  the 
Experimental  Gardens  of  the  United  States  Depart, 
ment  of  Agriculture  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  long  ago 
demonstrated  and  reported  that  varieties  inclined  to 
mildew  can  be  grown  to  perfection,  when  they  are 
protected  from  heavy  dews,  either  by  artificial  or  nat- 
ural expedients,  such  as  those  of  covering  the  trellis 
upon  which  they  are  tied  by  a  canopy  of  boards,  can- 
vas or  glass .  But  grape  growers  will  rarely  resort  to 
such  expedients,  and  generally  prefer  to  select  varie- 
ties which  are  less  subject  to  mildew. 

The  black  ROT  (Phoma  uvicola)  makes  its  appearance 
on  the  nearly  full  grown  berries,  exhibiting,  in  the  first 
stage,  a  small  discolored  (whitish)  round  spot,  which 
soon  expands  in  circumference,  surrounded  by  a  dis- 
tinct aureole  of  darker  hue  and  shading  off  to  a  light 
Thrown ;  the  surrounding  berry  turns  darker  brown,  and 
exhibits  (under  a  magnifier)  a  pustulous  surface  ;  then, 
gradually,  the  berry  shrivels,  dries  up  and  turns  black. 
In  midsummer,  when  the  weather  is  sultry  and  oppres- 
sive, thunder  storms  and  rain  showers  frequent,  the 
horizon  at  evenings  illumed  by  continuous  flashes  of 
lightning,  and  when  th8  vines  are  dew-drenched  in  the 
morning,  then  rot  appears,  and  often  disappears  (or  is 


rather  interrupted  in  its  progress)  and  re-appears  with 
these  phenomena.  We  imay  look  and  wonder,  power- 
less, yet  knowing 

"  That  the  bright  hopes  of  to-day 
May  be  dispelled  by  next  morn !" 

The  disease  is  generally  preceded  by  the  appear- 
ance of  numerous  ^pots  of  brown  color  on  the  surface 
of  the  grape  leaves ;  later  these  spots  turn  to  a  deeper 
brown,  and  finally  holes  appear  in  then-  places.  In 
this  respect-it  is  quite  similar  to  the  disease  known  as 
Anthracnose  or  Charbon  in  France,  as  the  Schivarze 
Brenner  (black  burner)  in  Germany,  Switzerland,  etc. 
But  while,  there,  this  disease  attacks  the  young  shoots 
and  stems,  leaving  wounds  as  if  eaten  out  by  insects, 
causing  the  drying  up  of  the  epidermis,  producing  a 
deep  slit  on  one  side  of  the  berry  and  leaving  the  other 
half  of  the  same  apparently  healthy,  fully  coloring 
and  ripening ;  the  brown  spots  preceding  our  Rot  rarely 
attack  the  shoots  or  stems  of  our  grape-vines,  and  the 
black  Rot  of  this  country  never  produces  mere  slits, 
bnt  always  completely  destroys  those  berries  which 
are  once  touched  by  it.  While  the  Anthracnose  weak- 
ens the  vine  and  causes  the  foliage  to  turn  yellow 
and  dry  up,  the  black  Rot  seems  not  to  affect  the 
vigor  of  the  vine  nor  its  foliage  in  the  least.  Of  late, 
however,  it  attacks  not  rarely  from  one  to  three- 
fourths  of  all  the  grapes  in  the  vineyards  of  the 
Ohio,  Mississippi  and  lower  Missouri  valleys,  and 
is .  there  the  great  obstacle  to  successful  grape- 
culture.  Thirty  years  ago  it  was  supposed  that  the 
Catawba,  more  than  any  other  grape,  was  subject  to 
rot,  but  now  nearly  ALL  varieties  (except  Delaware, 
Cynthiana,  Nortons)  are  often  more  or  less  attacked  by 
this  baneful  parasite.  It  infests  the  most  vigorous 
vines  as  much,  if  not  more  than  weak  growers.  The 
Concord  has  of  late  proved  as  unresisting  to  the  black 
Rot  as  the  Catawba.  The  theory  that  a  plant  can  be 
attacked  by  fungoid  diseases  only  when  in  a  debilitated 
condition,  does  not  hold  good  as  to  Rot ;  nor  has  the 
exhaustion  of  the  soil  any  influence  upon  this  scourge. 
Rot  is  found  as  much  in  vineyards  planted  on  rich  soil 
as  in  those  growing  on  poor  land.  The  theory  that 
Rot  is  induced  by  Phylloxera  (root  lice)  is  entirely  un- 
founded. 

Atmospheric  electricity,  humidity  and  dryness,  may 
materially  influence  the  spreading  or  stopping  of  the 
disease.  The  nature  of  the  soil  and  the  exposure  of 
the  vineyard  may  have  something  to  do  with  the  ap- 
pearance of  this  malady,  which  especially  rages  on 
low,  damp  places,  with  a  cold,  compact  soil ;  but  rot 
sometimes  also  commence'd  during  very  dry  weather, 
and  stopped,  strangely  enough,  after  the  first  rains  of 
the  same  season,  and  it  was  also  sometimes  found  in 
elevated  positions,  with  a  warm,  dry  soil.  As  a  rule, 
however,  dry  seasons  and  localities,  blessed  with  a 
purer  atmosphere  and  superior  drainage,  are  more 
exempt  from  rot. 

The  late  M.  B.  BATEHAM  (died  August  5,  1880), 
wrote  in  his  last  report  to  the  Ohio  Hort.  Society,  re- 
ferring to  an  essay  read  at  the  Am.  Pomol.  Society 
meeting,  1879,  as  follows  :  "  As  to  Grape  Rot,  my  ob- 
servations of  more  than  twenty  years  have  led  me  to 
the  same  conclusions,  in  the  main,  as  those  of  my 
friend,  Mr.  Bush.  The  difficulty  is  certainly  not  in 
soil  or  cultivation,  or  in  the  vine,  or  in  the  effect  of 


Hot. 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


Rot. 


insect  ravages.  *  *  *  This  disease  commenced 
in  Southern  Ohio  more  than  twenty  years  ago,*  and 
in  a  short  time  ruined  the  noted  Catawba  vineyards 
of  Nicholas  Longworth  and  those  of  a  score  of  other 
planters.  Then,  for  a  time,  it  was  thought  that  the 
Ives  grape,  and  especially  the  Concord,  would  prove 
exempt  from  the  destroyer;  hence  these  were  exten- 
sively planted.  But  now  scarcely  any  variety  is  found 
able  to  resist  attacks  of  the  rot,  or  if  any  chance  to  do 
so,  like  the  Delaware,  they  suffer  badly  from  mildew. 
Many  different  theories  have  been  held  respecting  the 
nature  and  causes  of  rot,  each  pointing  to  different 
measures  for  its  prevention,  but  with  little  benefit 
as  to  results.  Not  deeming  other  theories  worthy  of 
space,  I  will  say  that,  after  twenty  years  of  careful 
observation  and  experiments,  the  following  facts  and 
deductions  are  the  result :  1.  The  disease  is  not  pe- 
culiar to  any  variety  or  class  of  vines,  though  some 
are  more  liable  to  it  than  others,  and  such  as  have 
been  some  years  in  bearing  are  more  liable  than 
younger  ones.  2.  The  kinds  of  soil  and  culture  have  no 
effect  in  causing  the  rot ;  but  a  rich  soil,  or  too  much 
fertilizing,  by  producing  luxuriant  growth  of  the  vines, 
increases  their  liability  to  the  disease,  and  wet  soil  or 
lack  of  drainage  has  a  similar  effect.  3.  Methods  of 
pruning  and  training,  whether  long  or  short,  do  not 
cause  the  rot ;  but  it  is  mostly  prevented  by  training 
against  buildings  where  the  vine  is  largely  sheltered 
from  rain  and  dew.  4.  The  disease  is  of  a  fungus  na- 
ture, generating  from  minute  spores  which  float  in  the 
atmosphere,  where  they  are  quickened  into  life  and 
growth  by  heat  and  moisture,  combined  with  a  plethora 
of  sap,  which  is  at  the  time  in  a  morbid  condition, 
owing  to  the  stoppage  of  evaporation  and  assimilation 
by  the  leaves.  *  *  *  *  *  Such  being  the  nature 
and  causes  of  the  disease,  it  is  easy  to  see  that  the 
means  of  its  prevention  are  not  largely  within  human 
control.  It  is  found,  however,  that  something  can  be 
done  in  the  way  of  avoiding  the  malady." 

Bateham's  suggestions  to  avoid  the  rot,  however,  are 
partly  not  very  practicable,  except  on  a  very  small 
scale,  such  as  training  vines  against  buildings,  on  poles 
twenty  feet  high ;  and  partly,  they  need  further  experi- 
ments before  they  can  be  recommended  as  remedies. 
To  plant  vineyards  on  as  high  and  open  a  position  as 
possible,  with  perfect  drainage ;  to  allow  plenty  of 
room  on  the  trellis  by  planting  the  vines  apart,  or 
cutting  out  every  alternate  one  when  they  begin  to 
crowd,  are,  of  course,  necessary,  in  order  to  keep  the 
-soil  and  roots  as  dry  as  possible  in  summer,  and  to 
secure  the  free  access  of  sun  and  air,  so  as  to  dimin- 
ish, at  least,  if  not  to  prevent  the  disease. 

Mulching  the  soil,  preventing  an  excess  of  heat,  is 
recommended  by  some,  to  lessen  the  liability  to  rot. 
Mulching  the  ground  beneath  the  vines  with  bitumin- 
ous coal-slack  is  said  to  have  been  tried  with  much 
advantage.  We  have  tried  other  materials  as  mulch 
with  no  particular  results.  Some  recommend  sul- 
phuring, others  a  board  nailed  over  the  trellis,  as 
protectons  from  rot ;  but  both  are  of  no  avail  against 
this  cryptogam.  SAUNDEKS  himself  said  that  he  had 
recommended  a  coping  as  a  protection  against  mildew 
only— not  against  rot. 

*  Should  read,  "more  than  thirty  years  ago."  Evi- 
dently a  typographical  error,  as  Bateham  certainly 
.  knew  that  Longworth  wrote  about  it  in  1848. 


We  are  still  hoping  that  some  more  practical  mode 
to  prevent  rot,  or  to  hinder  the  development  of  the 
disease,  may  be  discovered  ;  but  until  that  is  found  we 
should  plant  only  varieties  which  are  less  subject  to 
rot,  unless  we  are  fortunate  enough  to  be  in  localities 
which  are  exempt  from  the  disease.  Vineyards  which 
are  yet  free  from  rot  this  year,  may  become  infested 
the  next.  Who  can  tell  ? 

We  trust,  however,  that  this  disease,  like  other  epi- 
demics, may  cease,  or  at  least  temporarily  disappear, 
as  it  has  already  done  in  some  localities.  There  are, 
no  doubt,  several  kinds  of  grape-rot,  variously  desig- 
nated by  botanists.  For  the  practical  grape  grower, 
the  one  kind  here  described  is  the  only  one  of  great, 
sad  importance,  whether  they  call  it  black  rot  or 
brown  rot. 

[Those  who  desire  to  read  more  exhaustive  descrip- 
tions and  observations  on  this  subject,  we  refer  to  Dr. 
E.  C.  Bidwell's  and  Col.  Pearson's  articles  in  the  Vine- 
land  Weekly,  and  lately,  also,  in  the  New  York  Sun, 
copied  by  various  horticultural  journals,  and  deserving 
to  be  published  in  pamphlet  form.  But  after  study- 
ing them  all,  we  arrive  at  the  conclusion  that  we  know 
very  little,  practically,  to  our  advantage  about  the 
subject.] 

For  those  who  desire  to  grow  fine  grapes,  on  a  small 
scale,  for  table  use,  for  the  market,  or  for  exhibition, 

THE  BAG  METHOD  OF  PROTECTING   GKAPES 

should  be  mentioned.  Common  manilla  paper  bags, 
as  used  by  grocers,  about  six  inches  wide  and  nine 
inches  deep,  are  put  over  the  bunches  before  they  are 
half  grown,  and  are  fastened  by  two  pins.  They  should 
also  have  a  small  slit  in  the  bottom,  to  let  water  run 
through  it.  The  cost  of  bags,  pins  and  labor  is  about 
half  a  cent  per  bag,  and  is  well  repaid  by  the  result. 
Others  found  a  better  protection  from  insects,  birds 
and  diseases,  in  covering  each  bunch  of  grapes  with  a 
bag  made  of  cheap  crossbar  mosquito  netting.  This 
kind  of  bag  is  slipped  over  the  bunch  and  tied  around 
the  stem  with  a  string  ;  it  interferes  less  with  the  nat- 
ural coloring  and  perfect  ripening  of  the  fruit.  In 
France  a  specially  prepared  net  bag  is  made  for  this 
purpose,  which  is  stronger  than  mosquito  net.  keeps 
its  shape  better,  and  is  far  more  durable— sufficiently 
open  to  admit  air  and  partial  sunlight,  affording 
perfect  protection  against  birds,  and  with  all  other  ad- 
vantages, which  paper  bags  could  have,  without  their 
objections.  We  used  the  latter  and  found  them  excel- 
lent, but  not  a  perfect  protection  against  rot. 


52        Insects. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Insects. 


INSECTS. 

[Our  limited  space  only  permits  us  to  briefly  refer  to 
a  few  of  those  insects  which  we  have  found  most  inju- 
rious in  our  own  vineyards.  These  are,  however,  for 
the  most  part  unnoticed  in  any  of  our  standard  treati- 
ses on  the  Grape-vine,  and  for  the  facts  regarding  them 
we  are  indebted  to  Prof.  C.  V.  Eiley's  valuable  "  Ento- 
mological Reports  of  the  State  of  Missouri.]" 

THE  GRAPH  PHYLLOXERA. 

(Phylloxera  vastatrix.) 

Among  the  insects  injurious  to  the  Grape-vine  none 
have  ever  attracted  as  much  attention  as  the  PHYL- 
LOXERA, which,  in  its  essential  characteristics,  was 
unknown  when  the  first  edition  of  this  little  work  on 
American  Grape-vines  was  written.  The  gall-inhabit- 
ing type  of  this  insect,  it  is  true,  was  noticed  by  our 
grape-growers  many  years  ago  (especially  on  the  Clin- 
ton) ,  but  they  knew  nothing  of  its  root-inhabiting  type. 
Even  Fuller — who  informs  us  that  in  Mr.  Grant's  cele- 
brated grape  nurseries  (as  far  back  as  1858)  the  men 
were  in  the  habit  of  combing  out,  with  their  fingers, 
the  roots  of  young  vines  to  be  sent  off,  in  order  to  get 
rid  of  the  knots — never  mentions  anything  of  this,  nor 
of  any  root-infesting  insect,  in  his  excellent  Treatise  on 
the  Cultivation  of  the  Native  Grape,  though  16  pages 
are  devoted  to  its  Insects.  In  the  spring  of  1869  M.  J. 
Lichtenstein,  of  Montpellier,  first  hazarded  the  opinion 
that  the  Phylloxera,  which  was  attracting  so  much 
attention  in  Europe,  was  identical  with  the  American 
Leaf-gall  Louse  (first  described  by  Dr.  Asa  Fitch,  State 
Entomologist  of  New  York,  by  the  name  of  Pemphigus 
vitifolias) ;  and  in  1870  Prof.  C.  V.  Riley  succeeded  in 
establishing  the  identity  of  their  gall  insect  with  ours, 
and  also  the  identity  of  the  gall  and  root-inhabiting 
types.  The  correctness  of  his  views  is  confirmed  by 
the  subsequent  researches  of  Professor  Planchon,  Dr. 
Signoret,  Balbiani,  Cornu,  and  other  scientists  in 
France ;  lately  also  of  Prof.  Roessler,  in  Klosterneu- 
burg  in  Austria. 

After  visiting  France  in  1871,  and  then  extending  his 
observations  here,  some  of  which  were  made  in  our 
Bushberg  vineyards,  Prof.  Riley  first  gave  us  every 
reason  to  believe  "that  the  failure  of  the  European 
vine  ( V.  vinifero)  when  planted  here,  and  the  partial 
failure  of  many  hybrids  with  the  European  Vinifera 
are  mainly  owing  to  the  injurious  work  of  this  insidi- 
ous little  root-louse ;  also,  that  some  of  our  native 
varieties  enjoy  relative  immunity  from  the  insect's 
attacks" — M.  Laliman,  of  Bordeaux,  having  previously 
noticed  the  remarkable  resistance  of  certain  American 
vines  in  the  midst  of  European  vines  dying  from  the 
effects  of  Phylloxera.  The  importance  of  these  dis- 
coveries to  grape  culture  cannot  be  too  highly  appre- 
ciated. The  French  Minister  of  Agriculture  commis- 
sioned Professor  Planchon  to  visit  this  country  in 
order  to  study  the  insect  here — the  harm  it  does  to 
our  vines,  or  the  power  of  resistance  which  these  pos- 
sess. His  investigations  not  only  corroborated  Prof. 
Riley's  conclusions  regarding  the  Phylloxera,  but 
gave  him,  and  through  him  the  people  of  Europe, 
a  knowledge  of  the  quality  of  our  native  grapes  and 
wines,  which  dispels  much  of  the  prejudice  against 
them  that  has  so  universally  prevailed  heretofore. 

Prof,  Riley's  recommendations  to  use  certain  Amer- 
ican vines,  which  he  found  to  resist  Phylloxera,  as 
stocks  on  which  to  grow  the  more  susceptible  Euro- 


pean vine,  has  induced  us  to  send  a  few  thousand 
plants  and  cuttings,  gratis,  for  testing,  to  Montpellier, 
France,  and  the  success  of  these  has  resulted  in  an  im- 
mense demand  for  the  resistant  varieties. 

To  discuss  this  subject  as  it  deserves  ;  to  give  a  his- 
tory of  the  Grape  Phylloxera — the  progress  and  extent 
of  its  ravages — the  experiments  made  to  prevent  these ; 
to  review  the  influence  which  it  had  and  probably  will 
have  on  American  grape  culture,  would  far  exceed  the 
scope  of  this  brief  manual.  The  literature  of  this  sub- 
ject would  fill  a  respectable  library.  We  can  here 
merely  mention  a  few  facts,  and  give  some  figures,  which 
may  enable  the  grape-grower  to  recognize  and  observe 
this  minute,  yet  so  important  insect;  and  we  refer 
those  who  desire  full  and  reliable  information  to  Prof. 
Riley's  Entomological  Reports,  from  which  we  cull 
largely.  It  will  be  understood  that  the  figures,  which 
are  from  the  same  Reports  and  which  were  made  by 
Prof.  Riley  from  nature,  are  generally  very  highly 
magnified,  and  that  the  natural  sizes  are  indicated  by 
dots  within  circles,  or  by  lines. 

The  following  figure  of  a  grape-leaf  shows  the  galls 
or  excrescences  produced  by  the  gall-inhabiting  type 
of  the  insect.  On  carefully  opening  one  of  the  galls,  we 
find  the  mother  louse  diligently  at  work  surrounding 
herself  with  pale  yellow  eggs,  scarcely  (.01)  the  one- 
hundredth  part  of  an  inch  long,  and  not  quite  half  as 


Under  side  of  Leaf  covered  with  Galls,  nat.  size. 

thick.  She  is  about  .04  inch  long,  of  a  dull  orange  color, 
and  does  not  look  unlike  an  immature  seed  of  the  com- 
mon purslane.    The  eggs  begin  to  hatch,  when  6  or  8 
days  old,  into  active  little  beings,  which  differ  from 
their  mother  in  their  brighter  yel- 
low color,  more  perfect  legs,  etc. 
Issuing  from  the  mouth  of  the 
gall,  these  young  lice  scatter  over 
the  vine,  most  of  them  finding 
their  way  to  the  tender  terminal 
leaves,  and  commence  pumping 
up   and  appropriating  the  sap, 
forming  galls  and  depositing  eggs 
TYPE  GALLIC  OLA  :  c,  as  their  immediate  parent  had 
%enU»ed;?,   done  before.    This  process  con- 
swelHng  of  tendril)   tinues  during  the  summer,  until 
the   fifth   or    sixth    generation. 
Every  egg  brings  forth  a  fertile  female,  which  soon  be- 
comes wonderfully  prolific. 


Insects. 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


Phylloxera.        53 


Fig.  75.    MOTHER  GALL-LOUSE  : 
ventral  and  dorsal  views. 


By  the  end  of  Sep- 
tember the  galls  are 
mostly  deserted  and 
those  which  are  left  ap- 
pear as  if  infected  with 
mildew,  and  eventu- 
ally turn  brown  and 
decay.  The  young  lice 
attach  themselves  to  Fig.  74 

the  roots,  and  thus  hi-  NEWLY  HATCHKD  GALL-LOUSE: 
bernate.  It  is  an  im-  a>  ventral ;  -6,  dorsal  view, 
portant  fact  that  the  gall-inhabiting  insect  occurs  only 
as  an  agamic  and  apterous  female  form.  It  is  but  a 
transient  summer  state, 
not  at  all  essential  to 
the  perpetuation  of  the 
species,  and  does,  com- 
pared with  the  other  or 
root  -  inhabiting  type, 
but  trifling  damage.  It 
flourishes  mostly  on  the 
Riparia,  more  especial- 
ly on  the  Clinton  and 
Taylor;  its  galls  have  also  been  noticed  on  many 
other  varieties.  In  some  seasons  it  is  even  difficult  to 
find  a  few  galls  on  the  very  vines  on  which  they  were 
very  abundant  the  year  before. 

The  root-inhabiting  type  of  the  Grape  Phylloxera 
hibernates  mostly  as  a  young  larva,  attached  to  the 
roots,  and  so  deepened  in  color  generally  as  to  be  of  a 
dull  brassy  brown,  and  therefore  perceived  with  diffi- 
culty, as  the  roots  are  often  of  the  same  color.  With 
the  renewal  of  vine-growth  in  the  spring,  this  larva 
moults,  rapidly  increases  in  size,  and  soon  commences 
laying  eggs.  These  eggs,  in  due  time,  give  birth  to 
young,  which  soon  become  virginal,  egg-laying  moth- 
ers like  the  first,  and,  like  them,  always  remain  wing- 
less. Five  or  six  generations  of  these  egg-bearing 
mothers  follow  each  other,  when,  about  the  middle  of 
July,  in  the  latitude  of  St.  Louis,  some  of  the  individu- 
als begin  to  acquire  wings,  and  continue  to  issue  from 
the  ground  until  vine-growth  ceases  in  the  fall.  Hav- 
ing issued  from  the  ground  while  in  the  pupa  state, 
they  rise  in  the  air  and  spread 
to  new  vineyards,  where  they 
lay  from  three  to  five  eggs,  and 
then  perish.  In  the  course  of  a 
fortnight  these  eggs,  which  are 
deposited  in  the  crevices  on  the 
surface  of  the  ground,  near  the 
base  of  the  vine,  and  upon  the 
•*— X  *H^*  OVl  leaves,  especially  on  the  under 
\~Jz  •  ^•'&\<$K~\  side,  produce  the  sexual  indivi- 
*  duals,  which  are  born  for  no 
other  purpose  than  the  repro- 
duction of  their  kind,  and  are 
without  means  of  flight  or  of 
taking  food.  They  are,  however,  quite  active  and 
couple  readily. 

The  female  lays  a  single  egg,  which  has  been  called 
the  ''winter  egg,"  from  the  fact  that  it  generally 
passes  the  winter  unhatched.  It  may,  however,  hatch 
the  same  season  that  it  is  laid.  It  is  generally  hidden 
in  the  crevices  and  under  the  loose  bark  of  the  older 
wood,  but  may  also  be  laid  in  other  situations,  and 
even  on  old  leaves  on  the  ground.  There  hatches  from 


Fig.  76. 


MALE  PHYLLOXERA  ; 
ventral  view. 


it  the  "stem-mother,"  which  either  goes  directly  on 
to  the  roots  to  found  a  root-feeding  colony,  or,  under 
favorable  circumstances,  founds  a  gall-inhabiting 
colony  on  the  leaf. 

Every  piece  of  root  having  rootlets  taken  from  an 
infected  vine  during  August  or  September  will  pre- 
sent a  goodly  proportion  of  pupse,  and  a  glass  jar  filled 
with  such  roots  and  tightly  closed  will  daily  furnish, 
for  some  time,  a  dozen  or  more  winged  females,  which 
gather  on  the  side  of  the  jar  toward  the  light.  We 
may  gather  some  idea  from  this  fact,  of  the  immense 
number  that  disperse  through  the  air  to  new  fields 
from  a  single  acre  of  infected  vines,  in  the  course  of  the 


Fig.  77. 


TYPB  RADICOI.A:   showing  the  tubercles  by 
which  it  is  distinguished  from  Sallicola. 

late  summer  and  fall  months.  We  have,  therefore,  the 
spectacle  of  an  underground  insect  possessing  the 
power  of  continued  existence  even  when  confined  to 
its  subterranean  retreats.  It  spreads  in  the  wingless 
state  from  vine  to  vine  and  from  vineyard  to  vineyard, 
when  these  are  adjacent,  either  through  passages  in  the 
ground  itself,  or  over  the  surface  ;  at  the  same  time  it 
is  able,  in  the  winged  condition,  to  migrate  to  much 
more  distant  points. 

If  to  the  above  account  we  add  that  occasionally  in- 
dividuals, under  certain  conditions,  abandon  their  nor- 
mal underground  habit,  and  form  galls  upon  the  leaves 
of  certain  varieties  of  grape-vines,  we  have  in  a  general 
way  the  natural  history  of  the  species. 

The  annexed  figure  (78)  shows  the  abnormal  swelling 
of  the  rootlets  which  follows  the  puncture  of  the  root- 
louse  ;  they  eventually  rot,  and  the  lice  forsake  them 
and  betake  themselves  to  fresh  ones.  As  these  decom- 
pose, the  lice  congregate  on  the  larger  parts  beyond, 
until  at  last  the  root-system  literally  wastes  away. 

During  the  first  year  of  attack  there  are  scarcely  any 
outward  manifestations  of  disease;  only  the  second 
and  third  year — when  the  fibrous  roots  have  vanished, 
and  the  lice  not  only  prevent  the  formation  of  new 
ones,  but  settle  on  the  larger  roots,  which  also  eventu- 
ally become  disorganized  and  rot — do  the  outward 
symptoms  of  the  disease  become  manifest  in  a  sickly, 
yellowish  appearance  of  the  leaf,  and  a  reduced  growth 
of  cane ;  and  the  vine  dies.  When  the  vine  is  about 
dying,  it  is  generally  impossible  to  discover  the  cause 
of  the  death,  the  lice  having  previously  left  for  fresh 
pasturage. 

As  is  frequently  the  case  with  inj  urious  insects,  the 
Phylloxera  shows  a  preference  for  and  thrives  best  on 
certain  species,  and  even  discriminates  between  varie- 
ties, or  what  amounts  to  the  same  thing,  practically, 
some  species,  or  varieties,  resist  its  attacks,  and  enjoy 
relative  immunity  f.om  its  injuries.  A  knowledge  of 
the  relative  susceptibility  of  different  varieties  to  the 
attacks  and  injuries  of  the  insect  is  therefore  of  para- 
mount importance. 


54 


Insects. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Phylloxera. 


TYPE  RADICICOLA  :  a,  shows  a  healthy  root ;  b,  one  on 
which  the  lice  are  working,  representing  the  knots 
and  swellings  caused  by  their  punctures ;  c,  aroot  that 
has  been  deserted  by  them,  and  where  the  rootlets 
have  commenced  to  decay ;  d,  d,  d,  show  how  the  lice 
are  found  on  the  larger  roots ;  e,  female  pupa,  dorsal 
view;  g,  winged  female,  dorsal  view. 

The  editors  of  this  Catalogue  could  not  help,  how- 
ever, to  doubt  the  theory  of  a  relative  susceptibility, 
or  a  greater  or  less  power  of  resistance,  in  various  va- 
rieties of  our  American  vines.  The  Catawba,  the  Dela- 
ware, were  among  those  considered  most  sensitive  to 
the  attacks  of  the  insect.  But  their  very  existence 
after  so  many  years  of  their  cultivation  in  the  home  of 
the  Phylloxera,  and  their  vigorous  and  healthy  growth 
in  some  Phylloxera-infested  localities  in  France,  con- 
tradict this  assumption.  And  now  most  of  those  who 
gave  special  attention  to  this  question,  and  have  had 
the  opportunity  to  test  it  both  here  and  in  Europe, 
are  firmly  of  the  opinion  that  all  purely  American  varie- 
ties completely  resist  the  Phylloxera,  and  can  succeed 
in  spite  of  the  insect,  provided  they  are  placed  in  loca- 
tions suitable  as  to  soil  and  climate. 

We  see  in  the  general  resistibility  of  our  purely  na- 
tive American  vines  against  the  Phylloxera,  a  remark- 
able verification  of  that  law  which  Darwin  has  so  ably 
established  and  aphoi  istically  expressed,  as  "THE  SUR- 
VIVAL OF  THE  FITTEST." 

Prof.  Riley,  in  explaining  "why  the  insect  is  more 
injurious  in  Europe  than  here,"  says:  "  There  exists 
a  certain  harmony  between  the  indigenous  fauna  and 
flora  of  a  country ;  and  our  native  vines  are  such  as, 
from  their  inherent  peculiarities,  have  best  withstood 
the  attacks  of  the  insect.  The  European  vine,  on  the 
contrary,  succumbs  more  readily,  not  only  because  of 
its  more  tender  and  delicate  nature,  but  because  it 


has  not  been  accustomed  to  the  disease — there  being, 
doubtless,  a  parallel  between  this  case  and  the  well- 
known  fact  that  diseases  and  parasites  which  are  com- 
paratively harmless  among  peoples  long  accustomed 
to  them,  become  virulent  and  often  fatal  when  first 
introduced  among  hitherto  uncontaminated  peoples. 
Then  the  particular  natural  enemies  of  the  insect  which 
belong  to  its  own  class,  and  which  in  this  country 
help  to  keep  it  within  bounds,  are  lacking  in  Europe  ; 
and  it  will  require  some  time  before  the  closely  allied 
European  predaceous  species  will  prey  upon  and  check 
it  there  to  the  same  extent.  The  Phylloxera  will,  also, 
all  other  things  being  equal,  have  an  advantage  in  those 
countries  where  the  mildness  and  shortness  of  the  win- 
ter allow  an  increase  in  the  annual  number  of  its  gen- 
erations. Finally,  the  differences  in  soil  and  in  modes 
of  culture  have  no  insignificant  bearing  on  the  ques- 
tion in  hand.  Though  Phylloxera,  in  both  types,  is 
found  on  our  wild  vines,  it  is  very  doubtful  if  such 
wild  vines  in  a  state  of  nature  are  ever  killed  by  it. 
With  their  far-reaching  arms  embracing  shrub  and 
tree,  their  climbing  habit  unchecked  by  the  pruner's 
knife,  these  vines  have  a  corresponding  length  and 
depth  of  root,  which  render  them  less  susceptible  to 
injury  from  an  under-ground  enemy.  Our  own  method 
of  growing  them  on  trellis  approaches  more  nearly 
these  natural  conditions  than  that  employed  in  the 
ravaged  French  districts,  where  the  vines  are  grown 
in  greater  proximity  and  allowed  to  trail  upon  the 
ground,  or  are  supported  to  a  single  stake." 

Again,  after  speaking  of  the  large  numbers  of  winged 
females  rising  from  the  ground  during  late  summer 
and  fall,  he  adds :  "  The  winged  female  Phylloxera  is 
wafted  about,  and  will  lay  her  eggs,  or,  in  other  words, 
deliver  herself  of  her  progeny,  wherever  she  happens 
to  settle.  If  this  be  upon  the  grape-vine,  well  and 
good — the  young  live  and  propagate;  if  upon  other 
plants,  they  perish.  We  thus  have  the  spectacle  of  a 
species  annually  wasting  itself  away  to  a  greater  or 
less  extent,  just  as  in  the  vegetable  kingdom  most 
species  produce  a  superabundance  of  seed,  the  larger 
portion  of  which  is  destined  to  perish.  Thus  in  the 
thickly  planted  wine  districts  of  France  few  winged 
insects  would  fail  to  settle  where  their  issue  could  sur- 
vive, while  in  America  an  immense  number  annually 
perish  in  the  large  tracts  of  other  vegetation  interven- 
ing between  our  vineyards." 

Under  the  stimulus  of  a  large  reward  (300,000  francs) 
appropriated  for  the  purpose  by  the  French  Govern- 
ment, innumerable  plans  have  been  proposed  and 
experiments  made,  but  no  remedy  has  yet  been  discov- 
ered which  gives  entire  satisfaction,  or  is  applicable  to 
all  conditions  of  soil.*  Submersion  is  an  efficacious 
remedy,  but  to  be  effective  the  field  must  be  covered 
with  water  one  foot  deep  during  eight  weeks,  Novem- 
ber and  December  being  considered  the  proper  period ; 
a  less  complete  submersion  is  useless,  and  on  most 
and  especially  on  the  best  hilly  vinelands  such  sub- 
mersion is  impracticable.  A  large  admixture  of  sand 
in  the  soil  is  also  of  service,  as  the  root-louse  does  not 
thrive  on  sandy  soils.  This  was  first  discovered  by 


*  La  lutte  centre  le  phylloxera.  (The  straggle  against 
the  Phylloxera)  by  J.  A.  Barral,  1  vol.,  Paris,  1883,  is  the 
latest  and  most  complete  work  on  this  subject. 


Insects. 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


Phylloxera.        55 


LICHTENSTEIN  ;  and  as  a  result  of  this  discovery  the 
sandy  borders  of  the  Mediterranean  coast  (Aigues- 
mortes),  where  formerly  scarcely  poor  grass  grew,  are 
now,  in  many  places,  changed  into  beautiful  vineyards, 
of  great  value.  Sulpho-carbonate  of  potassa  and  coal- 
tar  are  mentioned  as  capable  of  destroying  the  Phyl- 
loxera, and  Mr.  Mares  as  President  of  the  Ministerial 
Commission,  in  his  report  on  the  various  (140)  modes 
of  treatment  tried  in  1872  to  1874,  stated  that  manures 
rich  in  potash  and  nitrogen,  mixed  with  alkaline  or 
earthy  sulphates,  refuse  of  salt-works,  soot,  wood 
ashes,  ammonia,  or  fat-lime,  have  given  the  best  re- 
sult. Prof.  Roessler  also  believed  in  fighting  the  insect 
with  manure  and  phosphates,  ammonia  and  potash, 
which  treatment  succeeds  in  porous  soils  ;  and  to  ob- 
tain this  porosity  he  made  use  of  dynamite,  raising 
the  soil  from  a  great  depth  without  injuring  the  vines. 
But  the  grape-growers  seem  not  to  believe  in  these 
medicinal  insecticides,  or  considered  them  impractical, 
too  costly,  and  their  application  too  laborious.  Many 
preferred  to  resort  to  planting  American  vines,  mostly 
with  a  view  to  graft  thereon  their  own  varieties.  And 
now  the  American  vine  has  penetrated  into  all  the 
vineyards  of  France — notwithstanding  its  many  oppo- 
nents, both  honestly  and  otherwise;  nothwithstanding 
the  ill-favor  of  the  Government,  where  subventions 
had  been  reserved  for  the  insecticides  and  the  submer- 
sion. And  this  result  is  not  a  passing  one,  but  has 
gained  a  stronghold  by  the  exceptional  and  growing 
vigorof  the  American  vines  themselves,  undervarious 
conditions  of  soil  and  in  the  midst  of  the  most  intense 
ravages  of  the  Phylloxera.  The  Medoc  even  opens 
now  its  doors  to  the  most  meritorious  grafting  stocks, 
the  Riparia,  Solonis,  York  Madeira,  being  now  con- 
vinced that  their  celebrated  Medoc  wines  will  not  be 
in  the  least  changed  by  grafting  their  varieties  on 
American  roots.  It  is  the  same  in  other  famous  wine 
districts,  and  even  in  the  regions  of  the  great  white 
wines  (Sauterne,  Bommes,  Barsac,  &c.)  which  are  as 
yet  but  little  attacked  by  the  Phylloxera.  It  will  be 
the  same  in  other  countries,  wherever  the  insect  shall 
make  its  appearance,  in  spite  of  all  precautionary  mea- 
sures to  protect  them  from  infection.  Already  it  has 
been  disc  overed  in  Italy  (first  in  1879  in  the  Lombardy 
and  Porto  Mauritzio,  then  in  Sicily) ,  and  is  spreading 
rapidly  over  all  the  Mediterranean  countries,  and  over 
Hungary. 

Riley  and  Planchon  have  established  the  fact  that 
the  insect  is  indigenous  to  the  North  American  conti- 
nent east  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  and  there  is  little 
doubt  but  that  it  was  first  imported  into  Europe  on 
American  vines.  Yet  it  must  not  be  supposed  that 
our  American  vines  are  all  necessarily  infested  with 
Phylloxera,  or  that  the  insect  has  been  introduced  in 
every  locality  where  our  vines  have  been  planted.  On 
the  contrary,  there  are  localities  where,  from  the  iso- 
lated position  of  the  vineyards,  or  the  nature  of  the 
soil,  it  is  difficult  to  find  the  insect,  and,  like  many 
other  indigenous  species,  it  is  in  some  years  very  nu- 
merous and  injurious,  in  others,  scarcely  to  be  seen. 
There  is  comparatively  little  danger  of  its  being  im- 
ported from  one  country  to  another  on  cuttings.  It 
should  be  recollected  also  that  vines  imported  in  late 
winter,  or  early  spring,  cannot  possibly  carry  the  in- 
sect, even  if  infected,  in  any  other  than  the  egg  or  larva 


form,  as  no  winged  insects  are  then  in  existence,  to 
escape  on  the  way,  or  upon  opening  the  cases ;  and  all 
danger  of  importing  the  insect  would  be  avoided  if  the 
plants  or  cuttings,  upon  being  unpacked,  were  placed 
in  a  bath  of  strong  soapsuds. 

Prof.  V.  MAYET,  of  the  National  Agricultural  School 
at  Montpellier,  advises  the  following  precaution:  — 
(Vignes  Am.,  Dec.,  1882.)  "  1.  Never  to  keep  the  cut- 
tings in  the  soil,  in  whatever  else  we  may  preserve 
them  for  exportation  ;  clear  fine  sand  would  be  prefer- 
able. 2.  To  fumigate  the  cuttings  on  arrival  with  sul- 
phur smoke,  as  the  sulphuric  acid  infallibly  kills  all 
insects,  without  injuring  the  buds  or  vegetation  ;  ten 
minutes  are  fully  sufficient  for  that.  An  old  large  box 
may  serve  as  a  receptacle  for  the  fumigation."  In  an- 
swer to  inquiries  whether  this  would  be  sufficient  also 
to  destroy  the  eggs  of  the  Phylloxera,  the  Professor 
emphatically  declares  (Vignes  Am.,  May,  1883),  that 
"  we  need  not  trouble  ourselves  about  the  eggs — none 
of  these  have  ever  been  found  on  canes  of  one  year's 
wood.  And  if  ever  any  live  insects  were  transported 
with  cuttings,  less  than  a  quarter  of  an  hour's  fumiga- 
tion with  sulphur  would  kill  them  on  arrival." 

The  greatness  of  the  evil,  however,  seemed  to  justify 
the  adoption  of  extreme  measures,  and  the  importation 
of  both  American  vines  and  cuttings  was  strictly  pro- 
hibited by  the  governments  of  Europe  (except  as  to  cer- 
tain already  invaded  districts  of  France).  Thus  they 
excluded — not  the  insect,  but  the  best  remedy.  And 
whilst  it  is  now  recognized  and  fully  established  that 
Phylloxera-destroyed  vineyards  can  be  reconstituted 
only  by  replanting  with  resisting  American  vines,  be 
it  for  direct  production  or  for  grafting  on  them  other 
preferred  varieties,  it  is  yet  very  difficult  to  get  the 
prohibitions  and  restrictions  repealed.  V.  Babo,  the 
celebrated  Director  of  the  Oenol.  Institute  of  Austria, 
Klosternenburg,  near  Vienna,  writes  us  (April,  1883) 
that  "  notwithstanding  the  unanimous  declaration  of 
the  Commission  in  favor  of  American  Grape-vines,  the 
Government  refuses  to  listen  ;  we  shall  tarry  until  the 
Louse  will  have  spread  as  a  great  calamity.  Sulpho- 
carbonates  are  contiually  used — at  Government's  ex- 
pense. The  moment  it  shall  have  to  be  done  at  private 
expense  nobody  will  use  it,  as  the  annual  cost  is  out 
of  proportion  to  the  effect.  In  spite  of  my  own  most 
careful  and  thorough  treatment  with  sulpho-carbon- 
ates  my  success  is  incomplete.  Much  as  I  was  at  first 
in  favor  of  sulpho-carbonates,  I  am  now  fully  convin- 
ced that  our  grape-culture  cannot  be  carried  on  except 
by  using  proper  Phylloxera-resisting  stocks." 

The  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes  of  June  1,  1883,  contains 
a  very  interesting  article  on  the  Phylloxera  question 
by  the  Duchess  of  Fitz- James,  in  which  she  says :  — 
"While  the  Philloxera  continues  to  extend  her  sinister 
veil  over  beautiful  France,  the  American  Vine  throws 
over  it  here  and  there  a  ray  of  hope.  Happy  the  soil 
which,  in  receiving  it,  lays  hold  of  its  good  fortune.  It 
is  this  ray  before  which  the  desert  will  vanish.  Those 
who  are  unconscious  of  it,  try  in  vain  to  defend  a  past 
which  has  escaped  ;  for  the  chemical  remedies,  even  if 
they  were  useful,  are  only  exceptionally  practical ;  and 
while  thus  many  persevere  in  their  ruin,  pursuing  a 
chimera,  the  American  Vine  covers  with  her  verdant 
waves  the  last  trace  of  our  misfortunes." 


56        Insects. 


BUSHBEKG  CATALOGUE. 


Insects. 


Fig.  79. 

THE  GBAPE  LEAF-HOPPER. 

(Erythroneura  vitis.) 


Fig.  80. 

GKAPK  LEAF-FOLDER  :    1,  larva;  2,  head  and  thoracic  joints, 
enlarged;  3,  chrysalis;  4,5,  male  and  female  moths. 


V  ery  generally  but  erroneously  called  Thrips.  This  is 
one  of  the  most  troublesome  insects  the  grape-grower 
has  to  deal  with.  It  is  a  very  active  little  thing,  run- 
ning sideways  like  a  crab,  and  dodging  round  quickly 
to  the  other  side  when  approached.  It  jumps  with 
great  vigor,  and  congregates  in  great  crowds  upon  the 
under  side  of  the  leaf,  pumping  up  the  sap,  and  thus 
causing  numerous  brown  dead  spots,  and  often  killing 
the  leaf  entirely.  A  vine  badly  infested  with  these 
leaf-hoppers  wears  a  speckled,  rusty  and  sickly  appear- 
ance, while  the  leaves  often  drop  prematurely  and  the 
fruit  in  consequence  fails  to  ripen.  There  are  several 
species  which  attack  the  vine  —  all  belonging  to  the 
same  genus,  however,  and  only  differing  in  color.  The 
natural  history  of  this  insect  is  not  recorded  by  ento- 
mologists, but  Prof.  Riley  informs  us  that  the  eggs  are 
thrust  into  the  leaf-stems,  and  particularly  along  the 
larger  veins  of  the  under  side  of  the  leaves.  Tobacco- 
water  and  soapsuds,  to  be  syringed  on  the  vines,  are  re- 
commended in  the  books  as  a  remedy.  Syringing  the 
vines  with  the  following  mixture  —  one  gill  kerosene, 
two  pounds  whale-oil  soap,  one  pound  tobacco  soap, 
and  eighty  gallons  water — is  said  to  destroy  the  green 
fly  and  thrip,  and  to  be  also  a  good  remedy  against  the 
red  spider  and  the  mealy  bug.  Fumigations  of  tobacco 
stems  will  also  be  found  effectual  for  destroying  aphis 
and  thrip.  But  we  would  recommend  passing  between 
the  rows  with  a  torch  in  the  evening,  smearing  the 
stakes  in  the  spring  with  soft  soap  or  other  sticky  sub- 
stance, and  burning,  the  leaves  in  the  fall.  The  hop- 
pers fly  to  the  light  of  the  torch ;  and  as  they  pass  the 
winter  under  leaves,  loose  bark  of  the  stakes,  &c., 
cleanliness  in  and  about  the  vineyard  is  of  the  first 
importance  in  checking  their  ravages.  The  torch  re- 
medy is  most  effectual  when  three  persons  work  in 
company,  one  between  two  rows  with  the  torch,  and 
one  on  the  further  side  of  each  of  the  rows  to  give  the 
trellis  a  slight  shake  and  disturb  the  hoppers.  Tobacco 
stalks  or  waste  thrown  on  the  ground 
in  a  grapery  effectually  protect  the  vines. 

THE  GRAPE  LKAF-FOLDER. 

(Desmia  maculatis.) 

This  is  a  worm  of  grass-green   color, 
very    active ;    wriggling,   jumping   and 
jerking  either  way  at  every  touch.    It 
folds  rather  than  rolls  the  leaf,  by  fasten- 
ing two  portions  together  by  its  silken  threads.   The 
chrysalis  is  formed  within  the  fold  of  the  leaf.  The  moth 
is  conspicuously  marked  with  black  and  white,  all  the 
wings  being  bordered  and  spotted  as  in  the  annexed 


figures.  The  male  is  distinguished  from  the  female  by 
his  elbowed  antennae,  thickened  near  the  middle,  while 
those  of  the  female  are  simple  and  thread-like,  The 
moths  appear  in  early  spring,  but  the  worms  are  not 
numerous  till  mid-summer.  A  good  method  to  destroy 
the  worm  is  by  crushing  them  suddenly  with  both 
hands,  within  the  leaf.  The  last  brood  hybernates  in 
the  chrysalis  state  within  the  fallen  leaves,  and  much 
may  be  done  towards  checking  the  ravages  of  this  worm, 
which  during  some  years  are  very  severe,  by  raking  up 
and  burning  the  dead  leaves  in  the  fall. 

THE  GRAPE-VINE  FIDIA. 

(Fidia  viticida.) 

This  beetle,  often  miscalled  the 
Rose-bug,  is  one  of  the  worst  foes  of 
the  grape-vine  in  Missouri.  It  makes 
its  appearance  during  the  month  of 
June,  and  by  the  end  of  July  has. 
generally  disappeared.  When  nu- 
merous, it  so  riddles  the  leaves  as  to 
Fig.  81.  reduce  them  to  mere  shreds.  Luck- 

ily this  beetle  drops  to  the  ground  upon  the  slightest 
disturbance,  and  thus  enables  us  to  keep  it  in  check, 
by  taking  a  large  basin  with  a  little  water  in  it,  and 
holding  it  under  the  insect.  At  the  least  jar  the  bugs 
will  fall  into  the  dish.  When  a  quantity  have  thus 
been  caught,  throw  them  into  the  fire  or  pour  hot  water 
upon  them.  M.  Poeschel  of  Hermann,  raised  a  large 
brood  of  chickens,  and  had  them  so  well  trained  that  all 
he  had  to  do  was  to  start  them  in  the  vineyard,  with  a 
boy  in  front  to  shake  the  infested  vines,  and  he  himself 
behind  the  chicks.  They  picked  up  every  beetle  that 
fell  to  the  ground  ;  and  next  season  he  could  scarcely 
find  a  single  Fidia. 

THE  GIGANTIC  ROOT-BORER. 

(Prionus  laticollis.) 


Fig.  82. 

This  large  borer  is  often  met  with  in  and  about  the 
roots  of  several  kinds  of  plants,  such  as  the  Apple,  the 
Pear,  and  the  Grape,  to  which  it  is  very  destructive. 
It  follows  the  roots,  entirely  severing  them  in  many 


Insects. 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


Insects.        57 


instances,  so  that  the  vines  soon  die.  When  fully 
grown  it  leaves  the  roots  it  was  inhabiting,  and  forms 
a  smooth,  oval  chamber  in  the  earth,  wherein  it 
assumes  the  pupa  form.  If  the  roots  are  larger,  it 
remains  within  them  to  undergo  its  changes.  The 
perfect  insect  is  a  large,  dark  brown  beetle,  which 
first  appears  towards  the  end  of  June,  and  is  very 
•  commonly  found  during  the  summer  and  fall  months, 
rushing  (often  with  a  heavy,  noisy  flight)  into  lighted 
rooms.  Prof.  Riley  has  shown  that  this  borer  not  only 
attacks  living  trees  and  vines,  but  that  it  also  breeds  in 
dead  oak  stumps,  and  can  travel  through  the  ground 
from  one  place  to  another ;  from  which  fact  he  draws 
the  important  corollary  that  it  will  not  do  to  leave  oak 
stumps  to  rot  on  ground  which  is  intended  for  a  vine- 
yard—  a  fact  which  our  experience  corroborates.  Lit- 
tle can  be  done  in  the  way  of  extirpating  these  under- 
ground borers,  their  presence  being  only  indicated  by 
the  death  of  the  vine.  Wherever  you  find  vines  sud- 
denly dying  from  any  unknown  cause,  search  for  this 
borer,  and  upon  finding  one  (in  each  case  we  have 
found  but  one  at  each  tree  or  vine),  put  an  end  to  its 
existence. 

THE  GRAPE-VINE  FLEA-BEETLE. 

(Haltica  chalybea.) 


Fig.  83. 

a,  larva,  natural  size;  6,  do.  magnified:  c,  cocoon;   d,  beetle, 
enlarged. 

Like  all  Flea-beetles,  this  insect  has  very  stout 
swollen  high  thighs,  by  means  of  which  it  is  enabled  to 
jump  about  very  energetically,  and  is  consequently 
very  difficult  to  capture.  The  color  of  the  beetle 
varies  from  steel-blue  to  metalic  green  and  purple. 
The  beetles  hibernate  in  a  torpid  state  under  any 
shelter,  such  as  loose  bark,  crevices  of  stakes,  etc.,  and 
they  are  roused  to  activite  quite  early  in  the  spring, 
doing  the  greatest  damage  at  this  early  season  by 
boring  into  and  scooping  out  the  unopened  buds. 
As  the  leaves  expand,  they  feed  on  these,  and  soon 
pair  and  deposit  their  small  orange  eggs  in  clusters 
on  the  under-side  of  the  leaf.  These  eggs  soon  hatch 
into  dark  colored  larvae,  which  may  be  found  of  all 


sizes  during  the  latter  part  of  May  and  early  part  of 
June,  generally  on  the  upper-side  of  the  leaf,  which 
they  riddle,  devouring  all  but  the  largest  ribs.  A 
dusting  of  dry  lime  kills  the  larvne,  but  the  beetle 
has  to  be  caught  and  killed. 

THE  GRAPE-BERRY  MOTH. 

(Lobesia  botrana.) 


Fig.  84. 

«,  moth;  fc,  worm;  c,  hole  made  In  berry;  d,  rotting  berry, 
caused  by  worm. 

This  insect  first  attracted  attention  about  fifteen  years 
ago.  About  the  first  of  July,  the  grapes  that  are  at- 
tacked by  the  worm  begin  to  show  a  discolored  spot 
at  the  point  where  the  worm  entered.  Upon  opening 
such  a  grape,  the  inmate  will  be  found  at  the  end  of  a 
winding  channel.  It  continues  to  feed  on  the  pulp  of 
the  fruit,  and  upon  reaching  the  seeds  generally  eats 
out  their  interior.  As  soon  as  the  grape  is  touched 
the  worm  will  wriggle  out  of  it,  and  rapidly  let  itself  to 
the  ground  by  means  of  its  ever-ready  silken  thread, 
unless  care  be  taken  to  prevent  it  from  so  doing.  The 
cocoon  is  often  formed  on  the  leaves  of  the  vine,  in  a 
manner  essentially  characteristic :  the  worm  cuts  out 
a  clean  oval  flap,  leaving  it  hinged  on  one  side,  and, 
rolling  the  flap  over,  fastens,  it  to  the  leaf,  and  thus 
forms  for  itself  a  cozy  little  house,  in  which  it  changes 
to  a  chrysalis.  In  about  ten  days  after  this  last  change 
takes  place,  the  chrysalis  works  itself  out  of  the  cocoon 
and  the  little  moth  represented  in  the  figure  (hair-lines 
showing  natural  size)  makes  its  escape.  As  a  remedy 
we  recommend  picking  up  all  fallen  berries  and  con- 
verting them  into  vinegar,  as,  upon  racking  off  the 
juice  and  water,  countless  numbers  of  these  worms  are 
found  in  the  sediment.  This  insect  was  named  Penth- 
nia  vitivorana,  by  Dr.  Packard,  in  this  country  ;  but 
Prof.  Riley  informs  us  that  it  is  an  importation  from 
Europe,  where  it  is  known  as  Lobesia  botrana. 

THE  ROSE-CHAFER. 

(Macrodactylus  subspinosus .) 

This  is  the  true  "Rose-bug,"  injurious  to 
many  plants,  but  especially  hard  on  grape- 
vines during  some  years.  In  Prof.  Riley's 
words :  "  It  is  one  of  those  species  whose 
larva  develops  under  ground,  and  cannot  be 
very  well  dealt  with  in  this  stage  of  its  life. 
We  must  contend  with  it  in  the  beetle  form,  and  there 
is  no  other  effectual  means  than  by  hand-picking,  or 
by  shaking  into  vessels  and  on  to  sheets.  This  work 
can  be  greatly  facilitated  by  taking  advantage  of  the 
insect's  tastes  and  preferences.  It  shows  a  great  predi- 
lection for  the  Clinton,  and  its  close  allies,  of  all  other 


58        Insects. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Insects. 


varieties  of  the  grape-vine,  and  will  gather  upon  that 
variety  and  leave  others  unmolested,  where  it  has  a 
chance.  Those  who  are  troubled  with  this  beetle  will 
no  doubt  take  the  hint." 

THE  GRAPE-CURCULIO. 

(Cxliodes  insequalis.) 


Fig.  86.    a,  berry,  infested;   6,  larva;   c,  beetle— the  hair-line 
showing  natural  length. 

The  larva  of  this  curculio  infests  the  grapes  in  June 
and  July,  causing  a  little  black  hole  in  the  skin,  and  a 
discoloration  of  the  berry  immediately  around  it,  as 
seen  in  the  above  figure.  From  the  middle  to  the  last 
of  July  this  larva  leaves  the  berry  and  buries  itself  a 
few  inches  in  the  ground,  and  by  the  beginning  of  Sep- 
tember the  perfect  insect  issues  from  the  ground  and 
doubtless  passes  the  winter  in  the  beetle  state,  ready 
to  puncture  the  grapes  again  the  following  May  or 
June.  This  curculio  is  small  and  inconspicuous,  being 
of  a  black  color  with  a  grayish  tint.  It  is  represented 
above,  the  hair-line  underneath  showing  the  natural 
size.  This  insect  is  very  bad  some  years,  at  others 
scarcely  noticed,  being  doubtless  killed  by  parasites. 
It  is  thus  that  nature  works :  "  Eat  and  be  eaten,  kill 
and  be  killed,"  is  one  of  her  universal  laws;  and  we 
never  can  say  with  surety,  because  a  particular  insect 
is  numerous  one  year,  therefore  it  will  be  so  the  next. 

All  infested  berries  should  from  time  to  time,  as 
they  are  noticed,  be  collected  and  destroyed,  and  the 
beetle  may  be  jarred  down  on  sheets  as  with  the  Plum 
Curculio. 

There  are  several  CUT-WORMS  which  eat  the  young, 
tender  shoots  of  the  vine,  and  draw  them  into  the 
ground  below  ;  they  have  destroyed,  or  kept  back  at 
least,  many  a  young  vine.  The  little  rascals  can  be 
easily  found  and  destroyed  by  digging  for  them  under 
the  loose  clods  of  ground  beneath  the  young  vine. 

There  are  many  other  insects  injurious  to  the  Grape- 
vine— large  solitary  worms — insects  which  lay  eggs  in 
the  canes — others  which  make  curious  galls,  etc.,  but 
the  reader  who  desires  an  acquaintance  with  these, 
must  refer  to  Prof.  Riley's  reports. 

It  will  be  more  useful  to  the  grape-grower  to  close 
this  chapter  on  insects  with  a  brief  account  of  some  of 

THE   BENEFICIAL  SPECIES 

which  he  will  meet  with,  and  which  he  should  cherish 
as  his  friends. 

Insects  which  are  beneficial  to  man  by  feeding  upon 
other  insects  that  are  injurious,  may  be  divided  into 
those  which  simply  prey  upon  such  injurious  insects, 
without  however  being  otherwise  connected  with  them 
— the  predaceous  insects  ;  secondly,  into  those  which  in 
their  earlier  stages  live  in  or  on  their  prey — the  true 
parasites.  This  last  class  is  represented  only  by  two 
Orders,  viz.,  the  Diptera,  or  Two-winged  flies,  and  the 
Hymenoptera  (especially  the  families  Ichneumonidse 


and  Chalcididse).  The  egg  is  deposited  by  the  mother 
parasite  on  or  into  the  body  of  its  victim,  which  is 
usually  in  the  larva  state,  the  parasitic  larva  feeding 
upon  the  fatty  parts  of  its  victim,  and  causing  its  death 
only  after  it  has  itself  reached  fall  growth. 

The  most  important 
parasites  among  the 
Diptera  are  the  Tachi- 
na-flies,  which  in  gen- 
leral  appearance  are 
not  unlike  our  com- 
mon House-fly.  Those 
among  the  Hymenop- 
tera are  by  far  more 
Fig.  87,— TACHINA-FLY.  numerous  in  species 

and  more  varied  as  to  general  appearance  and  mode 
of  development.  We  select  for  illustration  one  of  the 
most  common  forms,  viz.,  a  MICEOGASTER  of  the  family 
Ichneumonidse,  a  small  inconspicu- 
ous insect  which  is  known  to  prey 
upon  a  large  number  of  worms,  and 
among  others,  also  on  the  Hog-cater- 
pillar of  the  vine.  By  means  of  her 
ovipositor  the  female  Microgaster  in- 
serts a  number  of  eggs  in  the  body  of 
the  caterpillar  while  this  is  still  young. 


Fig.i 

MlCROGAS'TEIl. 


The  Microgaster  larvse  develop  within  the  caterpillar, 
and  when  full  grown  they  pierce  the  skin  of  the  latter, 
and  work  themselves  so- 
far  out  that  they  are  held 
on  only  by  the  last  joint 
of  the    body.      They 
Fig.  89.  then  commence  spinning 

Shrunken  larva  of  CHCEROCAMPA,  small    white    c  o  c  o  o  n  s 

With  MICKOGASTEK  COCOOnS.        st&nding  Qn  ^    ag    rep. 

resented  in  Fig.  89,  the  caterpillar  having  by  this  time 
died  and  greatly  shrunk.  A  week  or  thereabout  later 
the  Ichneumon  flies  begin  to  hatch  from  the  cocoons. 

The  Predaceous  Insects  include  numerous  species 
of  all  Orders,  and  we  can  here  only  select  a  few  of  the 
more  important  ones  which  have  been  observed  in 
connection  with  the  insects  injurious  to  the  grape- 
vine, 

LADYBIRDS.— The  Coleopterous  family  Coccinellidse, 
or  Ladybirds,  comprises  in  the  United  States  more 
than  a  hundred  species,  the  larger  of  which  may  be 
readily  distinguished  by  their  round,  convex  form, 
the  upper  side  being  usually  red  or  pink,  handsomely 
variegated  by  black  spots, 
which  greatly  vary  in  number 
and  position ;  also  a  few  spe- 
cies that  are  black  with  red 
spots,  while  the  numerous 
smaller  species  are  mostly  of 
a  more  uniform  dark  color. 
With  the  exception  of  a  few  species  which  constitute 
the  genus  Epilachna,  and  a  few  allied  genera,  all  Lady- 
birds are  insectivorous,  and,  considering  that  many 
species  occur  in  a  large  number  of  specimens  and  that 
the  larvae  are  very  voracious,  an  idea  may  be  formed 
of  the  great  service  performed  by  the  Ladybirds  in 
lessening  the  number  of  injurious  insects.*  The  Lady- 
bird larvse  are  especially  fond  of  preying  on  the  plant- 
lice,  but  they  also  feed  extensively  on  the  eggs  and 


Fig.  90.— LADYBIRD. 


Insects. 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


Insects. 


59 


young  larva;  of  all  insects.  Whenever  other  food  fails, 
they  will  even  devour  the  helpless  pupae  of  their  own 
kind. 

We  select  for  illustration  one  of  our  commonest 
species  of  Ladybirds,  viz.,  the  Convergent  Ladybird 
(Hippodamia  convergens),  Fig.  90,  a  representing  the 
larva,  b  the  pupa,  and  c  the  beetle  itself.  The  eggs  of 
Ladybirds  greatly  resemble  in  appearance  those  of  the 
Colorado  Potato-beetle :  they  are  orange-yellow,  and 
laid  in  small  groups  on  the  under  side  of  leaves.  The 
larvae  are  very  active  and  most  of  them  very  hand- 
somely colored,  those  of  the  Convergent  Ladybird  be- 
ing blue,  orange,  and  black.  When  full  grown,  they 
hang  by  the  tail  to  the  under  side  of  a  stalk  or  leaf  and 
change  to  chrysalids.  The  perfect  beetle  is  orange-red 
marked  with  black  and  white,  as  represented  in  the 
figiire.  It  derives  its  name  from  the  two  convergent 
lines  on  the  disc  of  the  thorax.  The  larvae  of  some  of 
the  smaller  Ladybirds  excrete  a  cottony  matter,  and 
one  of  them  (belonging  to  the  genus  Scymnus)  has 
been  found  to  live  underground,  preying  upon  the 
root-inhabiting  form  of  the  Grape-phylloxera. 

THRIPS.  —  These  are  yellow  or  black  insects,  hardly 
visible  to  the  unpracticed  eye,  but  with  the  aid  of  a 
small  magnifying  glass  at  once  recognizable  by  their 
narrow  wings,  beautifully  fringed  with  long,  delicate 
hair.  The  larvae  resemble  in  general  form  their  pa- 
rents, but  differ  not  only  in  lacking  wings,  but  in  being 
of  blood-red  color.  We  refer  to  the  Thrips  and  figure 
herewith  given  (Fig.  91),  a  black  species  with  white 
wings  (Thrips  phylloxeras,  Riley),  because  it  is  one  of 


the  most  efficient  enemies  of  the  Grape-phylloxera, 
living  within  the  leaf-galls  caused  by  that  pest,  and 
doing  more  than  any  other  species  to  keep  the  gall- 
inhabiting  form  of  the  Phylloxera  within  bounds. 
According  to  the  recent  classification  the  Thrips  form 
a  separate  family,  Thysanoptera,  of  the  Order  Pseudo- 
neuroptera. 

LACE-WING  FLIES.  —  These  play  a  very  important 
rdle  in  the  destruction  of  injurious  insects,  but  here 
it  is  only  the  larva  which  does  the  beneficial  work, 
the  imago  not  being  predaceous.  These  flies  may  be 
easily  known  by  their  delicate,  greenish  or  yellowish 
wings,  their  brilliantly  colored  eyes;  as  well  as  by 
the  peculiar,  offensive  odor  emitted  by  them.  The 
species  represented  herewith  (Fig.  92)  is  the  Weeping 
Lace-wing  (Chrysopa pluribunda,  Fitch),  but  there  are 
many  other  species  of  this  and  allied  genera  which  form 
the  family  Hemerobiidse  of  the  Order  Neuroptera. 


Fig.  92. 
LACE  wise  FLY:  a,  eggs;  4,  larva;  c,  cocoon. 

The  eggs  (Fig.  92,  a)  are  adroitly  deposited  at  the  tip 
of  long,  silk-like  stalks  fastened  to  leaves  and  twigs. 
Sometimes  these  eggs  are  deposited  singly,  sometimes 
as  shown  in  the  figure,  in  little  groups.  The  larvae 
(Fig.  92,  b)  are  very  rapacious  and  move  actively  about 
in  search  of  prey,  which  consists  of  soft-bodied  insects 
and  eggs  of  insects.  When  ready  to  transform,  the 
larva  winds  itself  up  into  a  wonderfully 'small  cocoon 
(considering  the  size  of  the  insect  which  makes  it  and 
issues  from  it),  as  shown  in  Fig.  92,  c.  The  imago 
issues  through  a  neatly  cut  circular  opening  of  this 
cocoon,  also  represented  in  the  figure. 

SYRPHUS- FLIES.  —  Associated  with  the  Lace-wing 
larvae  wefrequently  find  another  class  of  larvae  or  mag- 
gots of  quite  different  appearance.  They  are  blind  and 
without  legs,  slowly  moving  about  by  means  of  stiff 
hairs  with  which  they  are  covered,  while  others  adhere 
to  the  leaves  by  means  of  a  slimy  secretion  and  move 
by  alternately  contracting  and  stretching  out  their 
bodies.  In  coloration  these  larvae  vary  greatly,  some 
being  dirty- white  or  brown,  while  others  are  green  or 
striped  like  caterpillars.  Their  prey  is  the  same  as 
that  of  the  Lace-wing  larvae  and  their  work  is  just  as 
thorough.  These  are  the  larvae  of  a  large  family  of 
Two-winged  flies,  called  Syrphidas,  very  numerous  in 


Fig.  93. 
Root-louse  SYRPHUS-FLY:  a,  larva;  6,  pupa;  c,  fly. 

species  as  well  as  in  individuals.  When  ready  to 
transform  the  larva  becomes  rigid,  with  the  outer  skin 
hardening  and  forming  what  is  called  a  puparium, 
while  the  real  pupa  lies  within  this  outer  covering.  In 
due  time  the  fly  issues  from  this  puparium.  The  spe- 
cies figured  in  the  accompanying  cut  (Fig.  93)  is  Pipizct 
radicum,  Walsh  &  Riley),  a  representing  the  larva,  b 
the  puparium  from  which  the  imago  has  escaped,  c  the 
fly  itself.  This  species  lives,  in  the  larva  state,  under- 
ground feeding  both  on  the  Apple-tree  Root-louse  and 
on  the  Grape-root-louse. 

THE  INSIDIOUS  FLOWER-BUG. — This  insect,  of  which 
we  represent  herewith  a  highly  magnified  figure  (Fig. 
94),  is  quite  commonly  met  with  on  all  sorts  of  plants 
infested  by  injurious  insects ;  and  anyone  who  cares  to 


60        Fruit  Gathering. 


BUSHBERG   CATALOGUE. 


Preserving  Grapes. 


observe  this  tiny,  handsomely 
colored  liug,  or  its  larva,  will 
have  no  trouble  in  convincing 
himself  of  its  usefulness.  It  is 
really  amusing  to  see  how  this 
small  bug,  and  its  still  smaller 
larva,  not  only  assiduously 
suck  plant-] ice  and  insect  eggs 
of  all  sorts,  but  also  pounce 
upon  worms  much  larger  than 
themselves  and  pierce  them 
with  their  short,  three-jointed 
beak.  They  roam  about  every- 
INSIDIOUS  FLOWEB-BUG.  where  on  the  plants  in  search  of 
prey,  and  are  frequently  found  within  the  Phylloxera- 
galls  playing  havoc  with  the  lice.  The  Insidious 
Flower-bug  (Authocoris  insiduosus,  Say)  belongs  to  the 
Order  Heteroptera,  or  True  Bugs,  and  may  be  known 
by  its  handsome  coloration,  being  black,  reddish-brown 
and  white  above.  Its  larva  is  orange-colored,  and 
closely  resembles  in  general  appearance  that  of  the  no- 
torious Chinch-bug. 

Besides  the  insects,  you  will  still  have  other  enemies 
to  combat ;  foxes  and  birds,  and,  worst  of  all,  some 
two-legged  beings  in  human  shape — thieves,  who  will 
steal  your  grapes  if  you  do  not  watch  and  threaten  to 
keep  them  off  with  powder  and  shot.  We  do. 

GATHERING   THE   FRUIT. 

Whether  it  be  for  the  table  or  for  wine,  do  not  pick 
the  grape  before  it  is  fully  ripe.  livery  grape  will  color 
before  ripe ;  some  do  so  several  weeks  before,  but  when 
thoroughly  ripe  the  stem  turns  brown  and  shrivels 
somewhat.  The  finest  qualities,  the  sweetness  and 
aroma  of  the  grape  juice  are  fully  developed  only  in 
the  perfectly  matured  grape  ;  and  we  consider  the  late 
ripening  varieties  as  far  superior,  especially  for  wine, 
to  the  early  kinds,  but,  of  course,  only  in  such  locali- 
ties where  late  grapes  will  mature.  This  noble  fruit 
does  not  ripen,  like  some  other  fruit,  after  being  ga- 
thered. Always  gather  the  grapes  in  fair  weather,  and 
wait  till  the  dew  has  dried  off  before  commencing  in 
the  morning.  Cut  off  the  clusters  with  a  knife  or  grape- 
scissors,  and  clip  out  the  unripe  or  diseased  berries,  if 
any,  taking  care,  however,  that  the  bloom  be  not  rnb- 
bed  off,  nor  any  of  the  berries  broken,  if  they  are  to  be 
-sent  to  market,  or  to  be  kept  into  winter.  The  bunches 
should  be  placed  in  shallow  drawers  or  baskets,  in 
which  they  are  to  be  taken  to  the  packing-shed,  or 
some  place  under  cover,  and  there  assorted  and  packed. 

For  packing  grapes  for  market,  shallow  baskets  or 
boxes,  holding  from  three  to  ten  pounds,  and  especially 
manufactured  for  the  purpose  in  all  the  principal  grape  , 
regions,  costing  about  one  cent  per  pound,  are  used. 
In  packing  in  boxes,  the  top  is  first  nailed  on  and  a 
sheet  of  thin  white  paper  put  in ;  whole  bunches  of 
grapes  are  first  put  in ;  the  vacant  places  left  are  filled 
with  parts  of  bunches,  of  same  kind  and  quality,  so 
that  all  the  space  is  occupied  and  the  whole  box  pack- 
ed, as  closely  and  full  as  possible,  without  jamming. 
Another  sheet  of  paper  is  now  laid  on  and  the  bottom 
nailed  down.  By  this  means,  when  the  boxes  are 
opened,  only  entire  bunches  are  found  at  the  top.  The 
boxes  are  put  in  crates,  or  light  large  boxes,  for  ship- 
ment. Do  not  ship  mixed  inferior  fruit— it  will  never 


pay  ?  while  uniform,  good  grapes  will  establish  a  repu- 
tation and  command  the  best  prices.  Skill  in  hand- 
ling and  packing  is  only  acquired  by  practice. 

Grapes  could  easily  be  preserved  for  months  by 
means  of  a  cool  room  or  cellar,  where  the  temperature 
could  be  kept  between  35°  and  40°  F.  In  a  warm,  damp 
atmosphere  grapes  will  soon  rot.  Fuller  recom- 
mends, for  preserving  grapes,  to  bring  them  first  into 
a  cool  room,  spread  them  out  and  let  them  remain 
there  for  a  few  days  until  all  surplus  moisture  has 
passed  off;  then  pack  them  away  in  boxes,  placing  the 
bunches  close  together,  and  thick  sheets  of  paper  be- 
tween each  layer.  When  the  boxes  are  filled,  put  them 
away  in  a  cool  place ;  examine  them  occasionally  and 
take  out  the  decayed  berries,  from  time  to  time,  as 
they  appear.  If  the  place  is  cool  and  the  fruit  ripe  and 
sound,  they  will  keep  from  three  to  four  months. 

Another  method  by  which  grapes  are  sometimes 
successfully  preserved  till  late  in  March,  especially  in 
France,  is  this  :  Cut  a  branch  having  two  bunches  of 
fruit  attached  and  place  the  lower  end,  threugh  a  per- 
forated cork,  in  a  small  bottle  of  water  ;  seal  the  upper 
cut  end  of  the  branch  and  also  the  cork  with  sealing- 
wax.  A  little  charcoal  in  the  water  preserves  its  pu- 
rity. The  bottles  are  then  placed  in  a  dry,  cool  room 
where  the  temperature  is  pretty  even  and  never  falls 
below  freezing  point,  and  are  kept  in  an  erect  position 
(usually  by  a  rack  made  for  the  purpose),  care  being 
taken  that  the  clusters  do  not  touch  each  other,  and 
that  every  imperfect  grape  be  removed  as  soon  as  it 
shows  signs  of  failing.  But  very  few  persons,  however, 
can  bestow  this  care,  and  still  less  have  a  fruit  room 
or  cellar  that  can  be  kept  so  cool  (40°). 

A  simpler  method  to  preserve  grapes  is  the  follow- 
ing, lately  recommended  by  a  practical  grape-grower, 
which  seems  to  us  well  worth  trying : — About  a  week 
before  the  grape  is  fully  ripe,  the  bearing  cane  with 
its  clusters  is  bent  down  to  the  ground  and  laid  into  a 
ditch,  about  one  foot  (30  cm.)  deep,  made  for  this  pur- 
pose, without  separating  the  cane  from  the  vine.  The 
bunches  are  dusted  with  flour  of  sulphur,  then  covered 
with  soil  to  protect  them  from  frost,  and  so  made  that 
the  rain  will  run  off.  Grapes  thus  preserved  were 
shown  in  March,  which  had  retained  their  natural 
color  and  freshness,  and  tasted  better  than  grapes  of 
the  same  kind  preserved  in  any  other  manner. 

We  have  seen  and  tasted  Concord  grapes  kept  fresh 
and  beautiful  in  a  porous,  unglazed  earthen  jar,  manu- 
factured for  this  purpose  by  T.  J.  Price,  Macomb,  111., 
who  says :  The  clusters  are  to  be  laid  carefully  in  them 
as  soon  as.picked,  and  then  taken  to  the  cellar  or  base- 
ment, or  some  cool  place  where  they  can  have  both 
ventilation  and  moisture.  The  pores  of  these  jars  are 
filled  with  a  salt  solution  as  they  corne  from  the  kiln, 
then  the  inside  coated  with  a  common  thick  limewash. 
The  salt  solution  in  the  pores  is  intended  to  absorb  the 
moisture  and  thus  to  produce  a  cool  and  even  tem- 
perature inside  the  jar,  and  the  lime  is  to  prevent 
mould.  These  jars  can  be  used  again  from  year  to 
year,  only  they  should  be  first  soaked  in  strong  brine, 
and  then  whitewashed  inside,  before  they  are  filled 
again  with  grapes." 

Various  other  methods  of  preserving  grapes  fresh 
until  late  in  winter  have  been  recommended,  but  ex- 
periments have  generally  not  been  as  satisfactory  as 


Wine-making. 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


Wine-making.        61 


•could  be  wished.  Some  varieties  are  found  to  keep 
better  and  longer  than  others,  and  in  our  Descriptive 
Catalogue  the  superior  keeping  qualities  of  our  best 
kinds  are  always  mentioned.  In  ice-houses,  specially 
•constructed  for  preserving  fruit,  grapes  will  keep  in 
apparent  good  condition  nearly  all  winter;  but  the 
appearance  is  deceptive — they  are  almost  always  unfit 
to  be  eaten. 

The  best  mode  of  preserving  the  delicious  juice  of 
the  grape,  with  its  delightfully  nutritious  constituents, 
in  a  concentrated  and  almost  imperishable  form,  is  by 

WINE-MAKING. 

We  have  been  urged  to  embody  in  this  manual  a 
chapter  upon  this  subject,  and,  notwithstanding  the 
assurance  that,  within  the  limited  scope  of  this  Cata- 
logue, we  think  it  impossible  to  furnish  anything 
that  would  be  valuable,  either  as  a  guide  to  the  inex- 
perienced or  as  a  vade  mecum  to  the  wine-maker,  we 
have  been  called  upon,  again  and  again,  by  many  of 
our  customers  for  some  concise  information  which 
might  aid  the  intelligent  farmer  and  the  amateur 
grape-grower  to  transform  their  surplus  fruit  into  that 
health-giving  beverage,  "  wine."  The  books  on  wine- 
making  to  which  we  have  referred  were  either  not 
accessible,  or  too  costly,  and  contained  so  much  that 
was  unnecessary,  to  say  the  least,  that  'we  finally 
•concluded  to  write  this  brief  treatise,  which,  however, 
should  be  regarded  as  a  collection  of  mere  hints,  being 
only  intended  to  give  the  inexperienced  a  correct  idea 
of  the  general  principles  of  wine-making,  and  to  con- 
tain some  plain  directions  that  may  guard  against 
false  theories  and  wrong  practice. 

Those  who  intend  to  make  wine,  as  a  business,  on  a 
large  scale,  and  who  desire  full  information  on  all  its 
branches,  cannot  expect  to  find  it  in  this  brief  manual. 
Moreover,  wine-making  is  an  art  which,  however  sim- 
ple, cannot  be  acquired  from  books  only,  but  must  be 
learned  PRACTICALLY  ;  and  we  can  only  repeat  our  ad- 
vice, given  in  the  former  editions  of  this  Catalogue, 
viz.,  to  engage  some  experienced  "wine-cooper"  who 
knows  how  to  make  and  treat  wines,  who  has  learned 
and  has  been  accustomed  to  attend  to  wines  from  his 
youth,  and  who  will  watch  over  and  nurse  them  with 
the  care  and  cheerfulness  of  a  mother  to  her  infant, 
until  you  or  your  son  may  have  practically  learned 
from  him.  Such  a  man  you  may  have  to  pay  well, 
and  you  may  think  you  'cannot  afford  it ;  but  to  learn 
from  sad  experience,  unless  on  a  very  small  scale, 
would  prove,  by  far,  more  costly  and  unprofitable. 

Thus,  without  presuming  to  present  anything  new 
in  this  chapter,  we  hope  that  the  grape-growers  of  this 
country  may  find  therein  as  much  information  of 
practical  value  on  so  vast  a  subject  as  could  be  con- 
densed in  so  limited  a  space.* 

I.    Wine,  its  nature  and  substances,  its  formation  and 

classification. 

Wine  is  the  properly  fermented  juice  of  the  grape ; 
its  unfermented  juice  is  called  must.  The  product  of 

*  There  are  but  few  books  on  wine-making  written  in 
the  English  language.  HARASZTHY'S  "  Grape  Culture 
and  Wine-making"  was  published  (by  Harper  &  Bros., 
New  York,  1862)  more  than  twenty  years  ago.  Among 
the  many  scientific  German  works  on  this  subject,  the 
new  "Handbuch  des  Weinbaues  und  der  Kellerwirth- 
schaft,  von  Frhr.  A.  v.  Babo,  &c.,  Berlin,  1883,"  is  proba- 
bly the  best  and  most  complete. 


vinous  fermentation  of  other  saccharine  juices  of  plants 
and  fruits  is  also  often  called  wine,  but  none  contain 
the  life-giving,  restorative  qualities,  the  exquisite  taste, 
the  delicate  bouquet,  that  harmonious  combination  of 
substances  that  we  enjoy  in  the  properly  fermented 
juice  of  the  grape.  At  all  events  we,  as  grape-growers, 
have  to  deal  with  the  product  of  grape-juice  only,  and 
it  is  of  this  alone  that  we  intend  to  speak. 

However  important  it  is  to  fully  know  the  nature 
and  chemical  substances  of  wine  and  the  law  of  fer- 
mentation, we  must  restrict  ourselves  to  the  absolutely 
necessary ;  it  may  alsb  suffice,  for  most  practical  pur- 
poses, to  know  that  the  juice  of  the  grape  contains, 
chemically  speaking : 

1.  Sugar,  which  afterwards,  by  fermentation,  is  trans- 

formed into  alcohol.  Most  of  the  cellular  sub- 
stances in  the  unripe  grape  have  transformed 
themselves,  during  the  process  of  ripening,  into 
sugar ;  the  residue  of  these  are  thrown  out  during 
fermentation  and  sink  to  the  bottom.  The  less 
ripe  the  grapes,  the  more  of  these  substances  and 
the  less  sugar  will  be  contained  in  the  must. 

2.  Acids,  —  tartaric,  tannic,  and  other  acids,  more  or 

less,  according  to  the  degree  of  ripeness  and  the 
character  of  the  grapes. 

3.  Albumen— a  nitrogenous  substance,  plainly  visible 

in  the  white  scum  of  the  must.  Also :  some  resin- 
ous substances,  gum,  affecting  the  body  and  taste 
of  the  wine;  .coloring  matter,  adhering  to  the 
skin,  giving  the  color  especially  to  red  wines ; 
and  so-called  extractive  matter.  All  the«e  sub- 
stances, and  many  more,  which  have  been  chem- 
ically analyzed,  are  combined  and  dissolved  in 
about  three  to  four  times  their  quantity  of  WATER 
in  the  juice  of  the  grape. 

As  long  as  this  juice  is  inclosed  in  the  skin,  which 
protects  it  from  contact  with  the  oxygen  of  atmospheric 
air,  so  long  no  fermentation  can  take  place.  As  soon  as 
the  grapes  are  mashed,  the  influence  of  the  air  begins 
to  act  thereon.  Spores  of  ferment  are  contained  every- 
where in  our  atmosphere  and  develop  themselves 
under  certain  conditions ;  they  grow  and  augment  in 
the  must  (as  can  be  seen  by  the  aid  of  a  microscope), 
decomposing  the  sugar,  setting  the  fluid  in  motion, 
and  forming  alcohol ;  at  the  same  time  the  other  sub- 
stances combine,  transform,  and  form  new  substances. 
Thus,  however  clear  the  unfermented  juice  may  be,  it 
becomes  turbid  by  fermentation ;  the  albumen  com- 
mences to  oxydize  ;  the  alcohol,  while  forming,  sepa- 
rates the  coloring  matter  from  the  skin  ;  carbonic  acid 
gas  is  formed  in  the  mass,  pushing  up  the  firm  parts 
and  forming  a  dense  cover  over  the  liquid  :  the  gas  is 
developed  in  increasing  quantities  and  escapes  with  a 
bubbling  noise,  and  the  heat  of  the  fermenting  mass 
is  augmented.  Gradually  all  these  phenomena  dis- 
appear, fermentation  becomes  less  stormy,  and  the 
undissolved  substances  and  new-formed  matter  fall 
to  the  bottom.  The  new  wine  is  formed  ;  by  degrees 
it  becomes  almost  clear,  but  fermentation  still  con- 
tinues, slowly,  almost  imperceptibly ;  there  are  still 
substances  of  the  must,  finely  distributed,  floating 
in  the  young  wine,  and  these  substances,  under  an 
increased  temperature,  create  anew  a  stronger  fer- 
mentive  motion,  until  the  wine  is  clear  and  fully  de- 
veloped. 


62         Wine-making. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Wine-making. 


The  more  sugar  grapes  contain,  the  more  alcohol 
will  be  developed  in  the  wine  under  proper  fermenta- 
tion, and  the  more  durable  will  it  be,  from  the  fact 
that  the  floating  yeast  more  effectually  settles.  The 
durability  of  a  wine  depends  largely  on  the  quantity 
of  the  remaining  undissolved  substances  in  the  same  ; 
it  is  therefore  necessary  to  free  it  from  those  substances 
as  soon  as  possible.  The  more  regular,  uninterrupted 
and  complete  the  first  fermentation,  the  more  of  the 
dregs  or  lees  will  have  settled  and  the  better  the  wine 
will  become  ;  particles  of  the  sugar,  however,  remain 
floating  undecomposed  until  after  the  second  fermen- 
tation, usually  during  the  time  of  the  next  blooming 
of  the  vines.  Some  of  the  acids,  tannin,  and  albumen, 
are  also  generally  precipitated  and  settle  only  during 
the  second  summer ;  and  not  till  then  can  most  wines 
be  considered  completely  developed.  Even  after  that 
period  there  is  a  further  change  perceptible  in  most 
wines ;  they  become  milder,  and  not  only  their  taste 
but  also  their  effects  change.  Old  wines  are  considered 
less  intoxicating  and  more  beneficial ;  but  there  is  a 
limit  to  this  improvement  by  age,  and  very  old  wines 
become  rougher,  and  less  palatable,  unless  younger 
wine  is  added  from  time  to  time. 

It  is  self-evident  that  the  qualities  of  wine  depend 
on  the  combination  and  proportion  of  the  above 
mentioned  substances  in  the  must,  and  their  proper 
development  during  fermentation.  From  analysis  of 
the  best  wines  we  find  that  a  good  wine  should  contain 
from  10  to  12  per  cent,  of  alcohol,  from  1  to  3  per  cent, 
extractive  substances,  and  >£  per  cent.  (5  to  6  pr.  mille) 
acids,  bouquet  and  aroma  in  proper  proportions  (which 
cannot  be  expressed  or  measured  by  any  scale) . 

The  alcoholic  strength  of  wines  can  NOT  be  measured 
by  any  of  the  so-called  wine-scales ;  these  show  the  spe- 
cific gravity,  but  never  the  alcoholic  strength.  A  small 
distilling  apparatus,  Alambic  Salleron,  would  be  re- 
quired for  this  purpose.  (Instructions  in  its  use 
accompany  this  instrument.)  The  wine-maker  may, 
however,  know  in  advance,  from  the  sugar  percentage 
of  his  must,  how  many  per  cent,  of  alcohol  his  wine 
will  have,  after  complete  fermentation,  calculating  1 
percent,  of  alcohol  for  every  2  per  cent,  of  sugar,  mea- 
sured by  Oechsle's  well  known  must-scale.  For  a  cor- 
rect examination,  of  the  must,  it  should  be  clear 
(filtered),  not  yet  fermenting,  and  its  temperature 
about  65°  F.  (14°  R.  or  17°  0.)  Tables  showing  the 
percentage  of  sugar  for  the  various  degrees  of 
Oechsle's  scale  may  be  obtained  with  the  instrument. 
To  determine  the  acidity  of  wines,  as  well  as  of  must, 
we  have  now  in  Twichell's  acidometer  a  safe  and 
practical  instrument. 

Wines  are  generally  classified  (according  to  their  sac- 
charine substances)  as  follows : 

(1)  DRY  WINES,  in  which  all  the  grape  sugar  has 
been  absorbed  or  transmuted  by  fermentation. 

(2)  SWEET  WINES,  which  still  contain  a  considera- 
ble quantity  of  sugar. 

The  former  might  be  called  the  Wines  of  the  North  ; 
the  latter,  the  Wines  of  the  South.  The  northern  wines 
contain  more  acidity,  and  are  consequently  of  a  richer 
perfume,  bouquet ;  the  southern  wines  lack  acidity ; 
the  spirituous  element,  sweetness,  is  predominating ; 
they  generally  have  no  bouquet,  and  even  the  strong 


muscadine  flavor  of  some  southern  grapes  disappears- 
in  a  few  years. 

With  regard  to  color,  wines  are  classified  as  WHITE 
and  RED  wines,  though  there  are  many  shades  between- 
the  two  extremes,  from  the  pale  greenish-yellow  of  the 
Kelly  Island  Catawba  to  the  deep  dark  red  of  our  Nor- 
ton's Virginia.  The  intermediate  shades  are  generally 
not  as  well  liked.  Sometimes  wines  are  also  classified 
as  STILL  and  SPARKLING  wines,  a  merely  artificial 
classification,  as  the  sparkling  is  simply  the  result  of  a 
peculiar  mode  of  manipulation  (by  fermentation  in 
closed  bottles,  so  as  to  retain  and  hold  the  carbonic 
acid  gas) — a  manipulation  too  complicated  to  be  here 
described,  or  to  be  of  any  practical  use  to  most  wine- 
growers. 

We  shall  now  endeavor  to  proceed  to  the  modus  oper- 
andi  of  the  grape-grower  as  a  producer  of  still  wines. 

II. — Gathering  the  Grapes — Mashing  and  Pressing. 

Some  are  impatient  to  gather  their  grapes  for  wine- 
making  as  soon  as  they  color,  others  delay  until  they 
are  over-ripe.  Both  are  wrong.  Not  until  the  grapes 
have  reached  their  full  sweetness,  the  berries  separate 
easily  from  the  stem,  the  stems  have  lost  their  freshness 
and  have  become  harder,  dryer,  brown  or  woody,  are 
they  ripe  ;  but  when  they  have  reached  that  state  of  ma- 
turity gathering  should  not  be  delayed.  It  is  impossi- 
ble to  describe  or  determine  with  exactness  the  point  of 
full  maturity  ;  some  varieties,  especially  those  deficient 
in  acidity,  will  reach  it  sooner  than  others,  and  in  bad 
seasons  grapes  will  not  reach  a  perfect  degree  of  ma- 
turity. In  such  seasons  it  would  be  even  more  useless 
than  in  favorable  years  to  wait  for  an  improvement  by 
"after-ripening,"  as,  aside  from  the  danger  of  their  en- 
tirely spoiling  by  late  rains  and  frost,  the  loss  in  quan- 
tity would  be  far  greater  than  the  gain  in  quality. 
Grape-growers  cannot  afford  to  risk  a  large  portion  of 
their  crop  for  a  little  better  quality,  especially  as  long 
as  the  latter  is  not  sufficiently  appreciated  and  paid  for 
in  this  country.  The  dangers  of  loss  are,  of  course, 
greater  in  the  northern  than  in  the  more  southern 
States,  and  in  some  localities  the  fall  season  is  so  con- 
stantly dry  and  warm  that  the  above  rule  is  thereby 
modified ;  moreover,  some  varieties  improve  more  than 
others  by  getting  over-ripe,  and  are  far  better  adapted 
for  late  gathering.  As  such,  we  would  especially  name 
the  Norton's  Virginia. 

To  obtain  a  wine  of  superior  quality  it  is  necessary 
to  SELECT  the  best  and  most  perfectly  ripened  grapesr 
of  varieties  best  adapted  for  wine,  and  to  press  them 
separate  from  those  which  are  poor  in  quality  or  im- 
perfectly ripe.  But,  instead  of  sorting  the  gathered 
grapes,  it  is  generally  considered  more  advisable— * 
especially  in  seasons  when  the  grapes  do  not  ripen 
evenly — to  sort  them  while  gathering ;  that  is  to  say, 
to  pick  first  the  best  and  ripest  grapes,  and  let  the 
others  hang  on  the  vines  several  days  to  ripen  more 
fully ;  thus  making  two  gatherings  from  the  same 
vines.  We  here  desire  also  to  caution  wine-growers 
not  to  plant  too  many  varieties.  A  few  kinds,  suited 
to  their  locality,  will  pay  best  and  make  better 
wine.  By  this  we  do  not  wish  to  discourage  the  test- 
ing of  different  and  new  varieties,  in  small  quantities, 
with  a  view  to  progress  and  improvement;  but  the 
planting  of  a  great  many  varieties,  each  insufficient  in 


Wine-making. 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


Wine-making.        63- 


itself,  would  necessitate  the  gathering  of  their  grapes 
while  some  are  not  sufficiently  ripened,  others  over- 
ripe, and  these  mixed  together,  cannot  produce  good 
wine.  It  almost  seems  unnecessary  to  say,  that  white- 
wine  grapes  and  red-wine  grapes  should  each  be  gather- 
ed and  pressed  separately.  Grapes  should  be  gathered 
with  knives  or  scissors  adapted  to  the  purpose,  and  not 
torn  from  the  vines  merely  by  the  hand.  Some  gather 
in  baskets,  others  in  hods,  made  for  the  purpose  ;  but, 
whatever  kind  of  vessels  may  be  used,  it  is  important 
that  these  as  well  as  all  vessels  used  in  wine-making 
should  be  PERFECTLY  CLEAN.  Plenty  of  fresh  water  for 
washing  them  is,  therefore,  an  essential  requirement. 
Some  first  use  hot  water,  to  which  some  lime  and  salt 
have  been  added,  in  order  to  remove  every  trace  of 
fungus  which  may  have  formed,  and,  after  leaving 
such  water  in  the  vessels  about  24  hours,  rinse  the 
same  with  plenty  of  pure  cold  water. 

The  grapes  being  gathered,  we  now  come  to — 

THE  MASHING  or  CRUSHING,  which  is  generally  done 
in  a  press-house.  For  this  purpose  we  use  a  WINE-MILL, 
consisting  of  two  roughly  notched  rollers,  so  arranged 
as  to  be  moved  by  a  crank  and  cog-wheels  in  opposite 
directions,  and  having  a  hopper  over  them.  Its  con- 
struction is  so  simple  that  no  explanation  is  required. 
The  mashers  should  be  so  adjusted  as  to  avoid  the 
laceration  of  the  stems  and  combs  of  the  grapes,  yet 
close  enough  to  break  each  berry  without  crushing  the 
kernels.  Some  wine-makers  believe  that  the  stems 
should  be  removed  from  the  berries  before  mashing, 
which  is  done  by  the  aid  of  sieves  or  rasps ;  others  con- 
tend that  the  wines  are  not  materially  improved  there- 
by, and  that  for  red  wines  especially  it  is  better  not  to 
remove  the  stems;  owing,  probably,  to  the  tannin 
which  these  contain.  But  when  the  grapes  have 
ripened  poorly,  and  had  to  be  gathered  in  that  con- 
dition, it  is  necessary  to  remove  the  comb,  which, 
being  green,  would  still  more  increase  the  acidity  and 
roughness. 

The  press-house  or  press-room  need  not  be  in  or 
near  the  vineyard,  but  should  always  be  close  to,  and, 
best,  immediately  above  the  wine-cellar.  It  might  be 
divided  into  two  parts — one  for  mashing  and  pressing, 
the  other  for  the  fermenting-room.  The  press  and 
mill  should  be  placed  in  the  centre  of  the  press-room, 
leaving  space  enough  to  go  all  around  the  press  in 
turning  the  screw  with  the  press-beam. 

THE  PRESSING,  whereby  the  must  is  separated  from 
the  mashed  grapes,  called  the  marc  or  pommace,  can 
be  done  with  any  kind  of  a  cider-press  ;  for  large  quan- 
tities, however,  good  screw-presses,  specially  made  for 
wine,  are  generally  used  ;  and  the  principal  qualities 
of  a  good  press  are — to  require  but  little  force,  and  to 
afford  abundant  means  of  outflow  to  the  juice. 

The  mode  and  method  of  using  the  press,  before 
and  after  iernlentation,  differs  widely,  according  to  the 
kinds  of  wine  we  intend  to  make.  Before  speaking  of 
these,  it  is  necessary  to  remark  that  the  temperature 
of  the  room,  while  fermentation  is  going  on,  should  be 
kept  uniform  without  interruption  :  here  in  Southern 
Missouri  at  about  70°  Fahrenheit  (about  17°  Reaum.);* 
in  the  South,  where  wine-making  commences  in  Au- 
gust, it  should  be  so  arranged  that  it  can  be  kept  as 

*  In  Noi-thern  wine  regions  a  lower  temperature 
(about  6u°  F.  =1-2°  R.)  will  favor  a  slower  fermentation. 


cool  as  possible,  and  farther  North  so  as  to  KEEP  IT 
WARM — by  the  aid  of  fire,  if  necessary.  A  fireplace  and 
kettle  may  also  otherwise  prove  very  useful  in  the 
Press-house. 

To  the  necessary  furniture  of  the  press-house  fer- 
menting-vats  also  belong,  and  may  be  ordered  of  any 
suitable  size  (not  less  than  100  gallons)  from  any  expe- 
rienced cooper ;  these  are  best  made  of  poplar-wood ; 
then  good  pine  or  cedar  tubs  and  pails,  not  forgetting- 
the  must-scale,  heretofore  mentioned ;  and,  finally, 
sufficient  hose  to  run  the  fermented  wine  down  the 
cellar.  A  good  comm'on  house-cellar,  cool  in  summer 
and  safe  against  frost  in  winter,  will  fully  answer  the 
purpose. 

For  those,  however,  who  intend  to  make  wine  on  a 
large  scale,  a  separate  WINE-CELLAR  will,  of  course,  be- 
come a  necessity.  A  good  wine-cellar  should  be  dry  ; 
in  damp  cellars  the  casks  become  mouldy,  the  wine 
gets  a  bad  taste  and  spoils.  The  cellar  should  be  well 
drained,  that  it  may  be  daily  washed,  for  which  pur- 
pose it  must  be  amply  supplied  with  water ;  it  should 
have  a  sufficient  number  of  air-holes  to  regulate  venti- 
lation and  temperature.  The  temperature  of  a  wine- 
cellar  should  not  rise  above  60^  F.  (12°  R.)  in  summer, 
nor  fall  below  50°  F.  (8°  R.)  in  winter.  Such  a  cellar, 
with  press-house  and  fermenting-room,  store-room  for 
casks,  pumps  and  other  tools,  costs  thousands  of  dol- 
lars, and  the  additional  expense  of  having  plans  and 
specifications  made  by  an  able  architect  or  builder, 
well  informed  as  to  the  requirements  of  a  good  wine- 
cellar,  will  be  money  well  spent;  it  will  protect  you  from 
great  losses ,  which  are  the  inevitable  result  of  poorly 
and  incorrectly  constructed  wine-cellars.  In  places 
where  deep  cellars  are  impracticable  or  too  costly, 
good  wine-cellars  can  also  be  built  above  ground,  on 
the  system  of  the  American  ice-houses,  whose  double 
frame  walls  are  tightly  stuffed  with  straw,  sawdust,., 
ashes,  or  other  substances  which  are  non-conductors 
of  heat;  the  roof  should  be  well  projecting  and  heavily 
covered  with  straw. 

As  necessary  fur  niture  andtools  of  a  producer's  wine- 
cellar  must  be  mentioned:  supports  and  layers  of 
sound  timber  on  which  the  casks  rest,  about  18  inches 
above  the  floor  and  at  least  15  inches  from  the  wall,  so 
as  to  enable  you  to  examine  and  to  clean  the  casks  at 
all  times.  The  CASKS  should  vary  in  size  from  160  to* 
500  gallons  (the  capacity  to  be  distinctly  marked  on 
each).  Very  large  establishments  will,  of  course,  also 
use  larger  casks.  They  should  be  made  of  good,  well 
seasoned  white  oak  wood.  The  larger  sized  casks 
should  have  so-called  ''  man-holes,"  through  which  a 
man  can  slip  in  and  clean  them  thoroughly;  also, 
wooden  funnels,  pails  and  tubs,  which  can  be  obtained- 
from  any  cooper ;  faucets,  funnels ;  thieves  for  draw- 
ing samples  out  through  the  bunghole  ;  rotary  pumps 
with  rubber  hose,  to  facilitate  the  drawing  off  from, 
one  cask  into  another ;  bunghole-borers,  wooden  ham- 
mers, and  various  kinds  of  other  tools ;  sulphur-strips 
and  hooks .  candles  and  candlesticks,  gauge  sticks  and 
measures,  wine-glasses  for  tasting  ;  small  step-ladders,, 
and  other  utensils  which  are  demanded  in  the  course 
of  operations,  and  may  be  seen  in  any  properly  fur- 
nished wine-cellar. 

New  casks,  however,  are  not  ready  and  fit  to  receive 
wine  ;  they  must  first  be  rinsed  with  boiling  hot  water 


64         Wine-making. 


BUSHBERG   CATALOGUE. 


Wine  -making. 


— the  casks  must,  however,  be  emptied  again  before 
the  water  gets  cold — they  are  then  filled  with  fresh 
water  daily  during  several  days,  then  again  a  few  gal- 
lons of  hot  water,  in  which  common  salt  (two  ounces 
to  each  gallon)  has  been  dissolved,  are  to  ba  poured 
into  the  empty  cask,  the  bung  firmly  put  in,  and  the 
cask  rolled  or  turned  until  every  part  has  been  in 
contact  with  the  hot  salt  water.  After  this  operation 
(considered  unnecessary  by  some)  the  cask  is  treated  in 
like  manner  with  two  to  four  gallons  of  fermenting  or 
boiling  hot  young  wine.  This  is  called  making  new 
casks  wine-green.  Another  process  much  in  use,  is  to 
put  in  the  cask  a  hot  lime- wash .  made  of  unslaked 
lime  and  hot  water,  forming  a  kind  of  milk  ;  the  cask 
is  turned  about,  so  that  its  entire  inside  becomes 
coated  with  the  mixture ;  after  which  the  cask  is 
washed  with  clean  water,  and  finally  rinsed  with  hot 
wine,  as  before.  If  this  last  operation  is  not  conven- 
ient, pour  in  a  pint  of  pure  alcohol,  or  brandy,  and 
ignite  it,  leaving  the  bung  slightly  open.  The  fumes 
of  the  burning  brandy  will  free  the  wood  from  its  un- 
pleasant taste,  which  would  otherwise  taint  the  wine. 
In  large  modern  wine-houses  steam  is  used  to  great 
advantage  in  this  important  operation. 

When  a  wine-cask  is  emptied,  and  not  at  once  refilled 
with  other  wine,  it  should  be  cleaned,  and  when  dry 
a  small  piece  of  sulphur  (about  1  inch  square)  should 
be  burnt  in  the  cask,  which  is  then  to  be  closed  tightly 
by  the  bung ;  when  it  is  again  to  be  used,  it  must  be 
examined  as  to  tightness,  by  pouring  water  into  it, 
and,  if  leaking,  is  to  be  made  tight  by  filling  it  with 
water  and  driving  the  hoops  until  it  ceases  to  leak. 
It  must  also  be  examined  as  to  the  purity  of  its  air, 
which  can  be  tested  by  a  small  piece  of  burning  sul- 
phur strip  or  paper.  If  extinguished  when  brought 
into  the  cask,  this  indicates  the  impurity  of  its  air, 
from  which  it  may  be  freed  by  the  common  small  bel- 
lows, and  by  then  washing  it  thoroughly,  as  above  in- 
dicated. Old  casks  and  barrels  which  are  to  be  used  for 
wine  must  be  watered  and  treated  in  like  manner  as 
new  casks  to  be  made  wine-green ;  but  never  use  a 
mouldy  or  sour  cask;  better  burn  it  up  than  to  at- 
tempt its  cure. 

WHITE    WINES. 

The  white  wine  grapes — and  as  a  rule,  no  black  or 
blue  grapes  should  be  used  for  white  wine — are  to  be 
mashed,  as  soon  as  they  are  hauled  to  the  press-house. 
This  is  best  done  in  a  grape-mill,  placed  above  the  fer- 
menting vat.  The  vat  is  covered  with  a  board  or  cloth, 
as  soon  as  filled,  and  the  mashed  grapes  are  there 
allowed  to  ferment  from  24  to  48  hours.  The  juice  which 
may  then  run  off  through  the  faucet  inserted  in  the 
spigot  hole  near  the  lower  end  of  the  vat,  is  put  into 
a  well  prepared,  clean  cask ;  then  the  entire  balance 
of  the  mashed  grapes  is  pressed,  and  the  juice  which 
comes  off  from  the  press  is  added  to  that  obtained 
without  pressing. 

The  cask  into  which  the  juice  has  thus  been  put 
should  not  be  completely  filled,  nor  the  bung  hole 
closed,  as  long  as  violent  fermentation  lasts.  Dur- 
ing that  time  the  (carbonic  acid)  gas  which  rises  and 
fills  that  space,  prevents  any  access  of  air,  and  the  old 
method  of  closing  the  bung-hole  by  a  grape  leaf,  over 
•which  a  small  sand-bag  is  placed,  is  still  preferable  to 
any  complicated  syphon.  Care  must  be  taken  that  the 


sand-bags  remain  clean,  for  if  soaked  by  the  must  or 
by  wine,  vinegar  would  form  in  them ;  some,  there* 
fore,  use  a  cork  stopper,  holding  a  doubly  bent  glass- 
or  rubber-pipe  leading  into  a  small  glass  jar,  half- 
filled  with  water,  through  which  the  gas  escapes  with- 
out admiting  the  outer  atmosphere.  A  funnel-shaped 
bowl  with  an  air  tube  or  chimney  in  the  centre,  cover- 
ed by  an  inverted  cup  or  tumbler,  which  forces  the 
escaping  gas  to  pass  through  the  water  in  the  bowl, 
combines  the  same  advantages  and  is  less  apt  to  break 
or  get  out  of  order.  When  the  principal  fermentation 
has  ceased,  or  is  no  more  perceptible,  the  cask  should 
be  filled  up  with  similar  young  white  wine,  and  then 
closed  with  a  tight  fitting  wooden  bung.  Mohr  re- 
commends a  cork  bung  perforated  by  a  glass  tube 
filled  with  cotton,  whereby  the  atmospheric  air  would 
be  admitted  without  any  germs  of  fungi.  Babo  re- 
commends an  ordinary  wooden  bung,  perforated  by  a 
few  small  air  holes,  so  arranged  that  an  india-rubber 
ring  will  close  it  against  the  air,  yet  permit  the  escape 
of  any  carbonic-gas  by  the  elasticity  of  the  ring. 

White  wine  can  also  be  made  from  black  or  blue 
grapes,  as  the  coloring  matter  is  merely  in  the  skin 
and  is  dissolved  only  during  fermentation ;  conse- 
quently, by  pressing  the  grapes  at  once,  as  soon  as 
mashed  (or  even  without  first  mashing),  and  before 
fermentation  commences,  thus  separating  part  of  the 
juice  of  the  husks,  a  white  or  light-colored  wine  is  ob- 
tained. The  pressings,  still  containing  a  greal  deal  of 
juice,  are  then  thrown  into  the  fermenting-vat,  some 
sugar-water  is  added  to  replace  the  portion  of  the  juice 
heretofore  withdrawn  by  a  light  pressing,  and,  after 
fermenting  for  several  days,  they  are  pressed  again,  and 
a  red  wine  is  produced  from  the  same  grapes.  While 
we  do  not  recommend  this  method,  and  consider  both 
the  white  wine  and  red  wine  thus  made  as  inferior  to 
what  could  have  been  produced  from  the  same  grapes 
had  their  juice  been  allowed  to  ferment  altogether  on 
the  husks,  it  certainly  does  not  deserve  that  vituper- 
ation which  has  been  heaped  on  our  producers,  who, 
in  view  of  the  failure  of  the  Catawba  and  other  white- 
wine  grapes,  resorted  to  that  method  with  the  Con- 
cord. Hereafter  it  will  scarcely  be  practiced  by  any, 
since  there  are  a  number  of  productive  white-wine 
grapes  planted,  and  especially  since  grape-juice  is 
cheaper  than  sugar-water. 

After  the  main  or  violent  fermentation  the  must 
will  have  become  clear  young  wine,  provided  that 
fermentation  has  been  uninterrupted  and  complete  ; 
having  become  clear,  in  -  December  or  January,  it  is 
drawn  off,  from  its  sediment  into  clean,  properly  pre- 
pared wine  casks.  By  this  drawing  off  the  young  wine 
again  becomes  cloudy,  only  to  become  clearer  in  March 
or  April  following,  when  it  is  again  drawn  off  before 
its  second  fermentation.  As  soon  as  it  is  apparent 
that,  with  the  rise  of  temperature,  in  May,  this  second 
fermentation  approaches,  the  bungs  must  be  opened, 
some  wine  drawn  off  from  the  full  casks  to  make  room 
for  the  inevitable  expansion,  and  the  sandbag  or  other 
apparatus  is  placed  on  the  bung-holes  until  the  term- 
ination of  this  second  fermentation,  when  the  yeast 
and  other  impurities  will  have  been  precipitated  and 
settled,  and  the  finished  wine  must  be  drawn  off  again 
into  clean,  well-prepared  casks.  The  proper  and  fre- 
quent drawing  off  is  one  of  the  most  essential  opera- 


Wine-making. 


GRAPE  MANUAL. 


Wine-making.        65- 


tions  in  wine-making.  The  object  thereby  aimed  at 
is  not  merely  to  separate  the  young  wine  from  its  sedi- 
ment, the  dregs  or  lees,  but  to  bring  it  in  contact  with 
the  atmospheric  air — while  in  older  wines  such  contact 
must  be  carefully  avoided.  In  drawing  off  the  young 
wine  we  use  a  vulcanized  rubber  hose,  one  end  of 
which  is  placed  in  the  wine,  so  as  not  to  touch  the  bot- 
tom of  the  cask,'  and  from  the  other  end  the  air  is 
drawn,  by  the  mouth,  until  the  wine  flows  through  it 
into  wooden  pails  or  tubs  below.  By  a  mere  pressure 
of  the  two  fingers  the  hose  is  closed  and  the  flow  stop- 
ped at  will ;  the  clear  wine  is  filled  into  fresh  casks  by 
the  aid  of  the  wooden  funnel,  heretofore  mentioned 
among  the  necessary  tools.  Rotary  pumps,  specially 
made  for  wine,  are  now  generally  used  for  drawing  off 
older  wines ;  but,  as  long  as  the  wine  is  not  quite  and 
permanently  clear,  contact  with  the  air  during  the 
drawing-off  process  is  necessary.  Permanent  clearness, 
however,  is  often  reached  only  after  the  wine  has 
passed  six  or  more  times  through  this  process. 

This  slow  process  of  clearing  or  finishing  the  wines 
is  accelerated  by  fining  (with  isinglass,  gelatine,  eggs, 
&c.),  by  filtering,  by  aerating,  by  heating  (Pasteuriz- 
ing), and  other  artificial  methods,  which  require  spe- 
cial skill  and  apparatus,  and  which  belong  more  to  the 
manipulations  of  the  wine-dealer's  cellar  than  to  those 
of  the  producer. 

BED    WINES 

differ  from  white  wines  not  merely  in  color,  derived 
from  the  black  or  dark  blue  grape-skins,  but  these 
also  contain  other  valuable  ingredients,  especially 
more  tanin,  which  gives  to  red  wines  a  peculiar  char- 
acter and  important  hygienic  qualities. 

The  red-wine  grapes  need  not  be  crushed  as  soon 
after  picking  as  the  white-wine  grapes.  Many  author- 
ities recommend  that  their  stems  be  first  removed,  as 
these  contain  and  impart  more  acidity  than  is  desira- 
ble in  red  wines.  The  grapes  are  usually  fermented 
from  one  to  two  weeks  in  upright,  firmly  closed  fer- 
menting vats,  in  which  a  perforated  double  or  false 
bottom  is  placed,  at  about  one-fourth  the  space  from 
the  top.  This  false  bottom  is  to  prevent  the  rising  of 
the  husks  to  the  top  of  the  liquid,  as  they  would  do  in  a 
fermenting  tub  without  such  double  bottom,  when  they 
would  have  to  be  pushed  down  into  the  liquid  several 
times  each  day,  to  prevent  the  formation  of  acetic  acid 
in  those  husks,  and  to  extract  from  them  all  the  color 
and  other  valuable  substances.  The  vat  is,  of  course, 
first  filled  with  the  crushed  grapes,  then  the  double 
bottom  is  put  in,  so  that  it  will  be  covered  by  about 
three  inches  of  pure  juice,  which  may  be  drawn  off  by 
the  opening  or  faucet  below,  and  poured  in  again  after 
the  double  bottom  is  placed  over  the  grape-mash. 
The  fermenting  bung  or  funnel  is  used  the  same  as  in 
white  wines,  to  exclude  the  air  and  permit  the  escape 
of  the  carbonic  acid  gas.  In  various  wine  countries 
somewhat  different  methods  are  in  use,  but  in  all  and 
every  one  of  them  success  depends  on  a  rapid,  com- 
plete and  uninterrupted  fermentation,  and  this  de- 
pends on  the  temperature  of  the  fermenting  room, 
which  should  be  kept  at  about  75°  P.  (18-20°  R.)  by 
artificial  heating  if  necessary. 

The  further  treatment  of  red  wines  is  entirely  the 
same  as  that  of  white  wines,  and  red  wines  are  gener- 
ally much  sooner  ripe  and  finished  if  at  first  well  fer- 


mented ;  but  if  this  has  not  been  well  done,  its  after 
fermentation  and  cure  will  be  the  more  difficult ;  such 
red  wines  will  receive  a  disagreeable  sweetish-sour 
taste,  and  all  the  fining  will  sooner  be  harmful  than 
beneficial. 


All  wine-books  contain  more  or  less  voluninous  in- 
structions upon  various  methods  of  improving  the 
must  which  is  to  be  made  from  sour  grapes,  gathered 
during  unfavorable  seasons,  and  of  curing  wines 
which  have  suffered  -either  from  defective  fermenta- 
tion, or  through  errors  and  neglects  in  their  treatment. 

We  do  not  pretend  to  condemn  all  these  meth- 
ods, as  many  others  do ;  but  while  we  consider  it 
justifiable  that  the  producer  endeavor  to  improve  his 
wine  by  an  addition  of  pure  sugar  to  the  must,  if  it  has 
been  insufficiently  developed  in  the  grape,  or  to  add  a 
little  pure  spirits  to  the  wine,  to  make  it  more  dura 
ble  ;  and  while  we  cannot  see  anything  reprehensible 
in  the  fact  that  wine-producers  will  try  to  extract  from 
the  pressed  husk  the  large  portion  of  wine-making 
properties  which  they  still  contain,  to  make  a  very 
good,  wholesome  and  cheap  domestic  wine, — especi- 
ally as  the  revenue  laws  make  their  distillation  im- 
practicable,— we  do  condemn  the  use  of  any  and  all 
foreign  deleterious  substances,  and  of  all  others,  so- 
called,  cellar  mysteries.  We  would  also  warn  the  inex- 
perienced against  the  use  of  any  and  all  other  attempts 
to  improve  or  to  add  anything  to  their  wine,  as  these 
manipulations  require  scientific  accuracy  and  practical 
skill,  otherwise  the  result  will  surely  be  NO  imrovement, 
aye,  will  most  likely  prove  ruinous.  Moreover,  the 
knowledge  of  the  chemistry  of  wine  is  as  yet  very  im- 
perfect. Quite  lately  Adolph  Reihlen,  of  Stuttgart, 
invented  a  process  which  upsets  former  scientific 
doctrines.  He  demonstrated  that  the  fermenting 
properties  exist  exclusively  in  the  grape-skins,  and 
that  old  wines  can  be  readily  brought  to  a  new  fer- 
mentation and  restored  by  the  use  of  clean  and  pure 
grape-skins  and  by  the  action  of  heat,  applied  to 
the  wine.  But  his  method  is  patented,  and,  there- 
fore, cannot  here  be  described.  Neither  is  the 
manufacture  of  sweet  wines,  cordials  or  liqueurs,  nor 
that  of  sparkling  wines,  within  the  scope  of  this  brief 
manual. 

A  natural  wine,  the  pure  juice  of  the  grape,  pro- 
perly fermented  and  educated,  will  always  be  superior 
to  any  artificially  improved  wine,  and  the  only  neces- 
sary conditions  to  obtain  such  superior  natural  wine 
are: 

1.  Good  ripe  grapes. 

2.  Clean  vessels  and  utensils. 

3.  A  proper,  uninterruped  high  temperature  dur- 

ing fermentation. 

4.  Drawing  off,  as  herein  described,  in  December 

or  January. 

5.  Drawing  off  again  in  March  or  April. 

6.  Drawing  off  after  second  fermentation. 

7.  Keeping  the  casks  full,  by  refilling  from  time  to 

time  with  good  similar  wine. 

If  these  essential  conditions  are  strictly  complied 
with — and  they  are  neither  many  nor  very  difficult — 
wine  making  will  be  a  success. 


•66         Wine-making. 


BUSHBERG   CATALOGUE. 


Wine-making. 


Some,  however,  say  that  American  wines  are  very 
inferior,  "  scarcely  fit  to  drink"  !  This  was  the  precon- 
ceived opinion  of  foreigners  and  of  a  great  many  Amer- 
icans too;  also,  most  American  hotels  and  restaurants 
keep  none  but  foreign  wines — or  else  native  wines  under 
foreign  names  and  labels;  —  and  we  are  often  asked 
whether  we  hoped  ever  to  produce  as  good  wines  here 
as  in  Europe?  How,  while  we  are  far  from  presum- 
ing that  "we  can  make  wines  which  will  rival  and  sur- 
pass the  best  wines  of  France,  Germany,  and  Spain,"* 
we  do  claim  that  we  are  producing  some  very  good 
wines,  and  shall  before  many  years,  by  planting  our 
best  varieties  and  by  progressing  in  the  art  of  wine- 
making,  fully  equal  the  average  production  of  the  wine- 
countries  of  Europe.  This  is  no  idle  boast,  no  mere 
opinion  of  our  own.  The  good  qualities  of  American 
wines  are  now  appreciated  by  the  best  and  most  impar- 
tial judges.  Prof.  St.  Pierre,  the  late  celebrated  Director 
of  the  Agricultural  School  of  Montpellier.f  says  in  his 
"Memoir"  (Extract  from  his  Rapport) : 

"  The  study  of  wines  furnished  by  American  varieties 

•has  engaged  my  whole  attention  since  1875 

The  musts  of  the  following  varieties — Jacquez,  Rulander, 
Cynthiana,  Black  July,  Elvira,  and  many  others,  are  found 
to  be  sweeter  and  richer  than  the  musts  of  our  best 

southern  varieties  The  fine  mountain  wines  of 

the  south  of  France  find  their  equivalents  in  the  Black 
July,  Jacquez,  Norton.,  and  Cynthiana;  color,  alcohol,  sa- 
vor, body,  and  keeping  qualities,  none  are  missing,  and 
their  products  are  equal  to  the  good  wines  of  the  Pro- 
vence or  of  Roussillon Trade  will  also  find  Ameri- 
can wines  for  blending,  similar  to  those  of  the Narbonne; 
the  color  and  richness  of  the  Jacquez,  Norton,  Clinton, 
&c.,  do  not  yield  in  the  least  to  the  deep-color  wines  of 
France.  Of  those  named,  none  except  the  Clinton  wines 
have  a  disagreeable  taste ;  and  even  of  the  Clinton  we 
shall  obtain,  by  blending,  age,  clarification,  &c.,  a  wine 
that  is  fit  to  enter  into  general  consumption. 

In  the  category  of  white  wines,  some  American  varie- 
ties offer  equally  valuable  types.  The  wines  of  Diana 
and  Elvira  remind  us  of  our  good  Piquepouls;  the  Cun- 
ningham, made  as  a  white  wine,  presents  characteristics 

approaching  our  Grenache  wine It  is  thus  evident 

that  besides  grafting,  which  enables  us  to  obtain  our 
French  wines  on  American  stocks,  the  direct  cultivation 
of  many  American  varieties  can  give  us  wines  of  true 

value I  hope  that  the  prejudice  against  these 

wines  by  persons  who  never  tasted  any  others  than 
Concord  and  Isabella  wine,  will  finally  fall  before  the  evi- 
dence of  experience." 

May  we  not  hope  that  the  prejudice  of  our  own  Amer- 
ican people  will  finally  yield,  and  will  rather  trust  to 
their  own  palates  than  to  foreign  labels  and  high  prices? 

But  we  are  aware  that  there  exists  still  another  pre- 
judice— one  which  condemns  all  wines,  both  native  and 
foreign,  from  fear  of  their  intoxicating  effects.  And  we 
cannot  close  this  chapter  without  a  few  words  on 

*  Am.  Wine  and  Fruit  Grower,  August,  1882,  page  75, 
t  He  died  December,  1881. 


THE    TEMPERANCE    QUESTION. 

Wine  is  itself  an  apostle  of  temperance.  The  best 
medical  authorities,  such  as  Dr.  Lunier,  Medical  Inspec- 
tor of  the  Insane  Asylums  and  Prisons  of  France,  and  at 
the  same  time  Secretary  of  the  Temperance  Society,  has 
shown  by  able  researches  and  reliable  statistics  that  the 
ratio  of  percentages  of  disease  and  crime,  attributable  to 
alcoholic  excesses,  DECREASED  in  proportion  as  in  each 
district  the  consumption  of  wine  and  beer  increases ; 
that  the  evils  of  intemperance  are  worse  in  the  districts 
where  wine  and  beer  are  scarce;  that  natural  wine  and 
beer  cures  the  thirst  for  distilled  spirits  instead  of 
exciting  it.  The  French  Temperance  Society  aims  to 
repress  entirely  the  circulation  and  sale  of  bad  spirits — 
discovering  modes  of  detecting  them,  punishing  adul- 
terations, and  encouraging  the  use  of  pure,  cheap  wine, 
beer,  tea,  and  coffee,  as  the  best  means  of  curing  the 
thirst  for  distilled  alcohol. 

American  travellers,  returning  from  Southern  Europe, 
who  were  strong  opponents  of  wine  before  they  visited 
those  countries,  now  testify  that  where  wine  is  most 
abundant,  cheap,  and  generally  used  by  the  people, 
drunkenness  does  not  exist.  The  French  Temperance 
Society  receives  the  hearty  support  of  all  the  leading 
physicians,  scientists,  legislators,  and  of  all  intelligent 
men.  Such  a  Society  in  America,  if  properly  organized, 
would  receive  similar  support  from  all  intelligent  citi- 
zens of  our  country ;  but  our  Temperance  Societies  here, 
aiming  after  absolute  prohibition,  regardless  of  the 
principles  of  personal  liberty,  injure  the  very  cause 
which  they  advocate  with  more  zeal  than  wisdom. 

From  time  immemorial  the  art  of  making  wine  and 
its  uses  have  existed  all  over  the  world;  and  whereso- 
ever the  attempt  has  been  made  to  suppress  it  (as  in 
China) ,  the  use  of  enervating  opiates  has  taken  the  place 
of  invigorating  wine.  Let  wine  and  beer  drinking  be 
prohibited,  and  the  use  of  opium,  the  secret  tippling  of 
strong  drinks,  the  increase  of  vice  and  intemperance, 
would  be  the  consequence.  In  all  civilized  countries 
there  is  scarce  a  festive  board  Avithout  wine.  The  church 
uses  it  in  her  sacred  service  as  the  symbol  of  God's 
choicest  gifts;  the  physician  prescribes  it  as  a  health- 
restoring  tonic  to  the  sick  and  convalescing.  We  do 
not  deny  that  wine  is  intoxicating  if  used  to  exces ;  but 
"  good  wine  is  a  good  familiar  creature  if  it  be  well 
used." 

Grape  culture  extends  over  hundreds  of  thousands  of 
acres,  the  annual  production  of  wine  has  reached  hun- 
dreds of  millions  of  gallons;  a  mere  insignificant  pro- 
portion of  the  grape  production  can  be  utilized  for  the 
table  and  culinary  purposes ;  none  of  our  American  va- 
rieties are  adapted  for  making  raisins:  thus,  grape  cul- 
ture is  and  will  ever  remain  inseparable  from  making 
WINE — "that  makes  glad  the  heart  of  man." — Ps.  civ.  15. 


DESCRIPTIVE  CATALOGUE. 


NOTE  TO  THE  READER.  —  The  following  Descriptive  List  of  American  Grapes  includes  all  varieties  which  have 
ever  received  the  attention  of  Viticulturists,  and  even  all  novelties  of  which  we  could  obtain  any  reliable  infor- 
mation. The  descriptions  are  probably  the  most  complete  that  have  so  far  appeared,  and  are  the  best  we  could 
give  with  the  resources  at  our  command.  We  are  well  aware,  however,  of  their  incompleteness,  compared  with 
the  exact  method  of  European  Viticulturists. 

'The  international  ampelographic  formula  for  such  descriptions  demands  — 

1.  The  name,  synonyms,  origin,  home  of  the  variety,  and  where  mostly  cultivated. 

2.  History,  literature  of  the  variety,  and  its  illustrations. 

3.  Vine,  its  general  characteristics ;  vigor  of  growth ;  fertility,  hardiness ;  resistance  to  frost,  to  parasitic  dis- 

eases, to  insects ;  requirements  of  climate,  soil,  culture,  &c. 

4.  Wood,  heavy  or  light,  long  or  short-jointed;  color  of  wood;  character  of  eye  or  bud. 

5.  Shoots,  pushing  early  or  late,  smooth  or  hairy,  color,  &c. 

6.  Leaves— foliage,  its  size,  shape,  sinuosity,  (lobed),  upper  and  lower  surface,  (smooth,  glossy,  hairy,  wooly.) 

7.  Petiole— stem  of  the  leaf,  long  or  short,  hairy  or  smooth,  green  or  red. 

8.  Leaf -fall,  early  or  late,  change  of  color,  (to  yellow  or  red,  proceeding  fall,)  &c. 

9.  Bunch,  size,  shape,  shouldered  or  not,  compact  or  loose. 

10.  Stem,  peduncles,  tendrils,  long  or  short,  smooth  or  warty,  intermittent  or  continuous,  &c. 

11.  Berries,  size, shape,  skin,  color,  pulp  or  flesh,  taste  and  use;  for  table  or  for  wine,  or  both;  keeping  quality. 

12.  Period  of  ripening,  early,  medium,  late, — and  other  characteristics. 

AMPELOGRAPHY,  the  description  of  grape-vines,  is  comparatively  a  new  science,  and  a  complete  description  of 
American  varieties  according  to  this  international  formula  is  as  yet  impossible,  and  must  be  left  to  the  future, 
to  abler  hands,  to  botanists.  It  would  require  large  subventions,  such  as  the  Governments  of  Europe  and  her 
rich  patrons  of  viticulture  have  bestowed  on  Ampelographic  Works,  illustrating  them  with  large,  fine,  colored 
Plates,  which  are  very  costly.  We  have  tried  to  famish  the  best  possible  at  a  mere  trifling  cost,  within  reach  of 
even  the  humblest  grape-grower. 

Moreover,  we  consider  all  description  by  words  inadequate,  and  even  "  figures"  seem  but  insufficient  aids.  It  is 
only  by  familiarizing  one's  self  with  the  CHARACTERISTICS  or  THE  SPECIES  to  which  a  variety  respectively 
belongs  that  descriptions  become  thoroughly  intelligible ;  knowing  the  distinct  characteristics  which,  by  com- 
munity of  descent,  all  varieties  of  a  certain  class  possess,  their  minute  description  according  to  the  European 
formula  becomes  almost  unnecessaiy,  as  will  be  found  by  studying  the  excellent  treatise  of  Dr.  G.  ENGELMANN 
on  the  classification  of  the  true  Grape-vines  of  the  United  States,  written  for  our  Catalogue  (pages  9-20). 

We  have,  therefore,  coupled  with  each  variety  the  species  to  which  it  is  (or  seems)  most  closely  allied,  or  from  which 
itorignated.  First  is  given  the  STANDARD  NAME  in  FULL-FACE  type;  then  the  SYNONYMS  in  SMALL  CAPITALS; 
then  the  SPECIES  in  italics,  abbreviating  them  thus :  (^Est.)  for  ^Estivalis,  (Labr.)  for  Labrusca,  (Rip.)  for  Riparia, 
stating  the  parents  from  which  it  originated,  as  far  as  known  or  supposed. 

The  description  of  leading  varieties  and  of  the  most  promising  novelties  is  printed  in  larger  type  (Bourgeois) ;  the 
description  of  varieties  which  are  generally  discai'ded,  or  planted  only  in  some  particular  localities,  and  not 
very  desirable  except  for  amateur  culture,  also  of  new  varieties  but  little  known  and  not  yet  disseminated,  are 
printed  in  smaller  type  (Minion). 

The  descriptions  of  the  more  important  varieties  contain  also  some  notes  on  their  roots  and  wood-growth,  based 
on  our  observations  only ;  under  different  conditions  of  soil,  climate,  &c.,  these  may  vary  materially  ;  as  also  the 
weight  of  must,  which  is  intended  to  show  the  sugar  in  degrees  on  Oechsle's  scale,  and  the  acid  in  mills  by  Twich- 
ell's  acidometer,  in  favorable  seasons,  in  our  own  vineyards. 

Of  new  varieties  not  yet  sufficiently  tested,  we  have  given  the  descriptions  as  received  from  their  originators,  omit- 
ting what  may  in  future  prove  to  be  undue  exaltations,  as  several  years  of  observation  are  necessaiy  to  deter- 
mine with  accuracy  the  character  and  value  of  a  variety;  and  even  the  praises  by  impartial  authorities,  which 
we  quote  in  the  description  of  promising  new  varieties,  must  be  received  with  some  allowance. 

In  order  to  bring  the  Illustrations  of  Grapes  on  the  same  or  adjoining  pages  with  their  descriptions,  slight  deviations 
from  the  exact  alphabetical  order  were  unavoidable.  If  any  variety  is  not  immediately  found,  please  refer  to 
the  Index. 


Adirondac.  (Labr.')  Originated  at  Port  Hen- 
ry, Essex  Co.,  N.  Y.  (first  noticed  1852).  Prob- 
ably a  seedling  of  the  Isabella,  being  much 
like  it  in  growth  and  foliage.  Ripens  very  ear- 
ly, about  the  same  time  as  the  Hartford  Pro- 
lific. Bunch  large,  compact,  rarely  shouldered ; 
berry  roundish-oval,  large,  oblong,  black,  cov- 
ered with  a  delicate  bloom,  transparent,  with 
a  tender  pulp  ;  thin  skin  ;  juicy  and  vinous  ; 
quality  best  "when  you  can  get  it." 

Reports  generally  unsatisfactory.  A  slow, 
tender  grower.  Young  vines  have  mildewed, 
and  older  ones  need  protection.  Blooms  early, 


and  fruit  destroyed  by  late  frosts.    Roots  very 
weak  and  tender.    An  amateur  grape  only. 

Advance.  (Hybr.~)  One  of  Rickett's*  earlier  seed- 
lings, a  cross  between  Clinton  and  Black  Hamburg. 
"  A  superior  grape,  and  at  that  time  (1872),  perhaps  in 
advance  of  all  his  others.  The  berry  is  black,  with  a 
slight  blue  bloom,  roundish-oval;  bunch  large,  long 
and  shouldered ;  flesh  too  good  to  describe,  except 
pomologically,  and  then  I  think  it  would  read '  best.'  " 
— F.  R.  Elliott,  N.  Y. 

Bunch  large,  berry  medium,  thin  skin,  scarcely  any 
pulp  ;  sweet  and  very  sprightly — decidedly  one  of  the 

*  See  Rickett's  Seedling  Grapes. 


68 


Adelaide. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Alvey. 


best  very  early  grapes  we  have  yet  met  with.  Vine 
healthy,-  vigorous  and  productive,  but  the  fruit  rots 
badly.  Fully  ripe  July  30. — Sam.  Miller,  Bluffton.  Mo. 

Foliage  much  inclined  to  mildew  in  unfavorable  sea- 
sons, more  so  even  than  others  of  the  hybrids.  Fruit 
much  inclined  to  rot ;  consequently  not  recommended 
where  these  diseases  prevail. 

Adelaide.  One  of  Jas.  H.  Rickett's  new  grapes ; 
a  hybrid  between  Concord  and  Muscat  Hamburg.  It 
is  described  as  of  medium  size ;  berry  of  oval  shape, 
black,  with  light  blue  bloom  ;  of  a  sweet  but  sprightly 
flavor  ;  purpled  red  flesh. 

Alexander.  Syns.:  CAPE,  BLACK  CAPE,  SCHUYL- 
KILL  MUSCADELL,  CONSTANTIA,  SPRINGMILL  -  CON, 
STANTIA,  CLIFTON'S  CONSTANTIA,  TASKER'S  GRAPE, 
VEVAY,  WINNE,  ROTHROCK  of  PRINCE,  YORK  LISBON. 
(Ldbr.)  This  grape  was  first  discovered  by  Alexander, 
gardener  to  Gov.  Penn,  on  the  banks  of  the  Schuyl- 
kill,  near  Philadelphia,  before  the  war  of  the  revolu- 
tion. It  is  not  unfrequently  found,  as  a  seedling  from 
the  wild  Fox  Grape,  on  the  borders  of  our  woods. 
American  grape  culture  proper  began  with  the  plant- 
ing of  this  variety,  at  the  beginning  of  our  century,  by 
a  Swiss  colony,  at  Vevay, in  Switzerland  Co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  Ohio  River,  45  miles  below  Cincinnati.  It  was 
for  some  time  supposed  to  be  the  famous  grape  of  the 
Constancia  colony,  on  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

Whether  John  James  Dufour,  the  respected  leader 
of  that  Swiss  colony,  shared  that  error,  or  whether  he 
deemed  it  necessary  to  leave  them  in  this  error — while 
he  had  the  sagacity  to  discover  that  their  former  fail- 
ures (in  Jessamine  Co.,  Ky.,  1790-1801)  were  caused  by 
planting  foreign  grape-vines,  and  intentionally  substi- 
tuted a  native  variety— we  do  not  know ;  certain  it  is 
that  this  was  the  first  successful  attempt  to  establish 
vine-yards  in  our  country.  A  very  good  wine,  resem- 
bling claret,  was  'made  from  the  Cape,  and  it  was  the 
favorite  of  former  days  until  displaced  by  the  Catawba. 
(The  White  Cupe  is  similar  to  the  above,  differing  only 
in  its  color,  which  is  greenish-white.)  Downing  de- 
scribes it  as  follows:  "Bunches  rather  compact,  not 
shouldered ;  berries  of  medium  size,  oval ;  skin  thick, 
quite  black;  flesh  with  a  very  firm  pulp,  but  juicy; 
makes  a  very  fair  wine,  but  is  quite  too  pulpy  and 
coarse  for  table  use,  though  quite  sweet  and  musky 
when  fully  ripe,  which  is  not  till  the  last  of  October. 
Leaves  much  more  downy  than  those  of  the  Isabella." 

W.  R.  Prince,  in  his  Treatise  on  the  Vine  (N.  Y., 
1830),  enumerates  eighty-eight  varieties  of  American 
grapes,  but  "  for  profit  can  only  recommend  the  Ca- 
tawba and  the  Cape ;  one-tenth  of  the  latter  variety 
would  be  enough.  Of  the  two  recommended  above;  the 
Catawba  is  much  the  most  productive,  but  the  Cape  is 
less  subject  to  rot.  Both  make  good  wines." 

Aletha.  (Labr.)  A  seedling  of  Catawba,  originated 
at  Ottawa,  111. ;  said  to  ripen  ten  days  in  advance  of 
Hartford  Prolific.  "Bunches  medium  size,  stem  long; 
berries  hanging  rather  loosely  ;  skin  thick,  color  dark 
purple ;  juice  nearly  black,  staining  the  hands  and 
mouth.  Flesh  quite  pulpy,  with  a  decided  foxy 
aroma;  in  foxiness  and  astringency  it  is  much  the 
same  as  a  well  ripened  Isabella."  Said  to  promise 
well  as  a  wine  grape  for  northern  localities.  Not  dis- 
seminated, which  is  not  to  be  regretted,  judging  from 
the  above  desription. 


Albino.  Syn:  GARBER'S  ALBINO  (Labr.)  Raised 
by  J.  B.  Garber,  Columbia,  Pa.,  (supposed  to  be  a 
seedling  of  Isabella).  Bunch  small ;  berry  nearly  round, 
slightly  oval ;  yellowish  or  amber  color.  Flesh  acid  • 
tough ;  too  late  for  the  north. — Chas.  Downing. 

Allen's  Hybrid.  Raised  by  John  Fisk  Allen,. 
Salem,  Mass.;  across  between  the  Golden  Chas- 
selas  and.  the  Isabella;  the  first  of  American 
hybrid  grapes,  exhibited  Sept.  9,  1854,  at  the 
Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  meeting. 
Ripens  early,  abou t  with  the  Concord.  Bunches 
large  and  long,  moderately  compact;  berries 
full  medium  to  large;  skin  thin,  semi-trans- 
parent ;  color  nearly  white,  tinged  with  amber ; 
flesh  tender  and  delicate,  without  pulp,  juicy 
and  delicious ;  has  a  mild,  muscat  flavor ; 
quality  best.  The  leaves  have  a  peculiar 
appearance,  and  partly  foreign  character  It 
is  apt  to  mildew  and  rot,  and  can  not  be  recom- 
mended for  general  culture,  though  it  is  worthy 
a  place  in  amateur  collections.  From  a  union 
of  Allen's  Hybrid  with  Concord,  the  Lady 
Washington  was  produced. 

Alvey.  Syn:  BAGAK  (Hybr.)  Introduced 
by  Dr.  Harvey,  of  Hagerstown,  Md.  Generally 
classed  with  ^Est.,  but  its  characteristics  point 
to  a  different  species.  Its  erect  growth,  soft 
and  short  jointed  wood,  rooting  very  easily 
from  cuttings;  the  exquisite  quality,  pure 
vinous  flavor — all  point  to  the  Vinifera,  and 
force  us  to  the  conclusion  that  Alvey  originated 
from  an  intermixture  of  Vinifera  and  ^Estivalis, 
crossed  by  natural  hybridization.  Bunches 
medium,  loose,  shouldered ;  berries  small, 
round,  black  ;  sweet,  juicy  and  vinous,  without 
pulp ;  a  slow  grower,  making  a  stout  short- 
jointed  wood;  moderately  productive;  roots 
medium  thick,  more  inclined  to  the  wiry 
character  of  the  -ZEstivalis  class,  with  a  me- 
4ium  smooth  liber.  Canes  remarkably  straight 
and  upright,  gradually  tapering,  and  not  in- 
clined to  ramble  like  most  American  varieties. 
Tendrils  short  and  thin,  often  three-forked; 
buds  covered  with  slight  hairy  down;  the 
dark,  medium  sized  foliage  has  also  a  slightly 
downy,  whitish  lower  face ;  the  tender  young 
leaflets  are  very  thin  and  almost  transparent. 
Laterals  few  and  feeble ;  wood  rather  soft, 
with  large  pith  and  coarse  bark.  These  char- 
acteristics, together  with  its  thin  skin  and 
total  absence  of  pulp,  strongly  indicate  a 
foreign  character.  Excellent  in  quality,  but 
apt  to  drop  its  leaves  on  southern  slopes ;  it 
makes  a  fine  red  wine,  but  too  little  of  it,  as  it 
sets  its  fruit  badly ;  seems  to  prefer  the  deep 
rich,  sandy  loam  of  our  northeastern  or  even 
northern  slopes.  Reports  generally  unfavor- 
able. 


Agawam. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Rogers'  No.  15.        69 


AGAWAM.    (Rogers'  No.  15.) 


Agawam.  (Rogers'  Hybrid  No.  15.)  Raised 
by  E.  S.  Rogers,  of  Salem,  Mass.,  and  consid- 
ered by  him  as  his  best  variety  before  the  in- 
troduction of  the  Salem,  It  is  a  brownish- 
red  or  maroon  grape,  of  the  Hamburg  cross ; 
bunches  medium  to  large,  compact,  often  shoul- 
dered ;  berries  very  large,  somewhat  globular; 
skin  thick  ;  pulp  soft ;  sweet,  sprightly,  of  pe- 
culiarly aromatic  flavor  and  a  little  of  the 
native  aroma;  productive,  and  of  great  vigor 
of  growth ;  prefers  long  pruning  ( "  let  the 


branches  run  as  far  as  they  will  go" — Rev.  E. 
Surnet,  of  Ontario);  'roots  stout,  fleshy  and 
moderately  fibrous,  with  a  thick,  smooth  liber. 
Canes  very  stout,  moderately  long,  with  com- 
paratively few  but  strong  laterals.  Wood 
rather  long-jointed,  of  average  hardness  and 
medium  sized  pith.  Buds  large  and  prominent. 
Ripens  soon  after  the  Concord.  Reports  gen- 
erally satisfactory ;  succeeds  well.  In  many 
localities  it  is  inclined  to  mildew  and  rot,  in 
others  a  decided  success. 


70        Alma. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Aminia. 


AMBER 


Alma.  (Miparia-Hybr.}  A  seedling  of  the 
Bacchus  fertilized  with  a  hybrid  seedling  from 
a  cross  between  a  hardy  native  variety  and  the 
"Purple  Constantia,"  from  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope(?),  produced  by  JAS.  H.  RICKETTS,  who 
says,  in  presenting  this  new  seedling  grape : 
"I  feel  confident  that  it^willmeet  the  approval 
of  the  grape  and  wine-growers  of  America,  as 
it  is  a  pleasant  dessert  grape,  and  makes  a 
splendid  wine,  with  a  rose  and  wintergreen 
flavor  most  delicately  blended.  This  variety 
is  a  fine  healthy  grower ;  foliage  large,  lobed, 
slightly  tomentose  on  the  under  side  ;  perfectly 
hardy  and  has  never  shown  the  least  trace  of 
disease.  The  must  has  stood  by  the  scale  100- 
107;  acid,  5-7."  Ripens^with  or  soon  after  the 
Hartford  Prolific.  Bunch  medium,  compact, 
seldom  shouldered ;  berry  medium,  black  with 
blue  bloom  ;  spicy  and, very  sweet.  Vine  vig- 
orous and  healthy.  How  this  will  do  in  other 
sections  and  soils  remains  to  be  proved;  at 
Rickett's  place  it  does  well  and  is  very  fine. 

Amanda.  (Labr.)  Description  in  our  former  edi- 
tion, copied  from  Catalogue  of  Bluffton  Wine  Co.  (and 
Hort.  Annual,  1868)  totally.diifers  from  the  fruit  which 
we  obtained  from  plants  ot^same  source.  "  It  is  a  large 
black,  thick-skinned,  hard-pulped  grape ;  in  taste  and 
aroma  somewhat  similar  to  Ives  and^Rentz ;  the  bunch 
is  of  medium  size,  compact,  quite  showy ;  the  vine  a 
most  vigorous,  healthy  Labrusca.  Esteemed  for  red 
wine  by  some; — may  be  the.same^as  "August  Pioneer." 


Amber  (Kiparia  X).  A  sister  of  the 
Elvira,  raised  by  Jacob  Rommel,  of 
Missouri,  seems  to  be  a  cross  between 
Riparia  and  Labrusca,  having  some 
eharacteristics  of  both  species.  Vine 
hardy,  vigorous  and  moderately  pro- 
ductive; Rommel  says  it  should  be 
fruired  on  spurs  from  old  wood;  a 
rather  long-jointed  strong  grower; 
dark  brown  wood,  with  large  fo- 
foliage,  some-what  downy  beneath. 
Bunches  long,  shouldered,  moderately 
compact ;  berry  medium,  oblong,  pale 
amber  when  ripe,  skin  thin;  pulp 
tender ;  sweet,  juicy  and  of  fine  flavor. 
Ripens  later  than  Concord,  and  some- 
what earlier  than  Catawba.  A  table 
grape  combining  good  quality  with 
attractive  appearance,  but  too  tender 
for  shipping  to  distant  markets  ;  may 
also  make  a  very  good  white  wine.  It 
seems,  however,  not  to  hold  its  leaves 
as  firmly  as  other  Taylor  Seedlings . 

Amber  Queen  (Hybr.).  Described  in 
Ellwanger  &  Barry's  catalogue  (by  the 
originator)  as  follows  :  "  Bunch  large,  shoul- 
dered like  the  Hamburg;  berry  large,  fre- 
quently oblong ;  holds  persistently  to  the 
bunch ;  amber  colored  at  first,  but  grows 
darker  till  it  becomes  a  purple  grape ;  flesh 
tender,  rich,  and  seeds  small ;  plant  a  strong  grower, 
with  thick  leaves,  somewhat  downy  on  the  under  side. 
Fruit  always  eatable  in  August,  and  with  proper  care 
will  keep  all  winter."  (We  have  never  seen  this 
grape.  B.  &  S.  &  M.) 

Aminia.  (Supposed  Rogers'  No.  39.)  In  Fall 
of  1867  we  tried  to  get  those  of  Rogers'  un- 
named hybrids,  which  we  had  not  yet  tested, 
and  aware  of  the  confusion  existing  as  to  their 
numbers,  we  obtained  a  few  of  each  number 
from  different  sources  at  the  same  time.  Of 
those  which  we  planted  as  No.  39  three  sur- 
vived, but  not  two  of  them  were  alike.  One 
of  them  proved  especially  valuable.  To  ascer- 
tain whether  this  was  the  true  No.  39  we  ad- 
dressed Mr.  Rogers,  to  let  us  have  a  plant  or 
a  graft  of  the  original  No.  39,  but  were  in- 
formed that  the  original  stock  was  lost ! 

One  of  our  vines  No.  39  proved  so  valuable, 
that  we  determined  to  propagate  it,  and 
planted  fifty  vines  thereof,  while  we  destroyed 
the  other  two.  From  the  commendation  given 
to  No.  39  at  the  quarter-centennial  session  of 
the  Am.  Pomol.  Society,  by  its  president,  the- 
Hon.  M.  P.  Wilder,  we  have  the  more  reason 
to  suppose  that  ours  is  the  true  No.  39  ;  but  to 
avoid  confusion  with  others  which  may  be  sent 
out  by  other  propagators,  under  this  number r 
and  which  may  or  may  not  be  the  same,  we 
gave  ours  the  name  Aminia ;  Mr.  Rogers  as- 


Anna. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Autuchon.        71 


senting  thereto.  Hunches  medium,  slightly 
shouldered,  moderately  compact,  more  even, 
and  better  on  an  average  than  Rogers'  grapes 
generally  make ;  berries  full  medium  to  large, 
dark  purple,  nearly  black,  with  a  fine  bloom. 
Flesh  melting,  with  but  little  pulp,  sweet  and 
of  fine  flavor,  ripening  very  early,  about  with 
the  Hartford  Prolific.  We  consider  it  one  of 
our  earliest  good  grapes.  Vine  moderately 
vigorous,  quite  hardy,  productive,  but  fruit 
inclined  to  rot.  Deserves  to  be  extensively 
cultivated  as  a  table  grape  in  rot-free  localities. 

Anna.  Seedling  of  Catawba,  raised  by  Eli  Has- 
brouck,  Newburgh,  N.  Y.,  in  1852.  G.  W.  Campbell,  of 
Delaware,  Ohio,  describes  it  as  very  hardy  and  healthy 
and  of  a  moderate  growth.  Bunches  rather  loose,  of 
medium  size  ;  berries  medium  ;  color  light  amber,  with 
small  dark  specks,  covered  with  thin,  white  bloom. 
Rather  pulpy.  Ripens  with  the  Catawba.  Not  worth 
planting  here ;  unhealthy  and  feeble. 

Antoinette  (Labr.),  one  of  Miner's  seedlings.  A 
handsome,  large  white  grape  of  the  Concord  charac- 
ter, with  long,  moderately  compact  bunches ;  a  strong 
growing,  healthy  vine,  and  very  productive ;  ripens 
earlier  than  Concord  ;  flavor  sweet,  rich,  with  little 
pulp,  few  seeds,  and  but  little  of  the  foxy  aroma.  May 
prove  valuable  as  a  good  early  white  grape. 

Ariadne  (or  Areadine,  incorrectly  spelled.)  (Ripa- 
ria.)  One  of  Ricketts'  Clinton  Seedlings,  promising 
for  red  wine ;  vine  vigorous  and  healthy,  immensly 
productive,  much  inclined  to  overbear ;  bunch  com- 
pact, resembling  Clinton,  but  much  better  in  quality  ; 
very  juicy,  sweet ;  producing  a  light  red,  heavy  wine 
of  fine  flavor.  These  notes,  taken  at  J.  H.  Ricketts'* 
Experimental  Grounds  several  years  ago,  are  some- 
what modified  by  his  List  of  March,  1882,  wherein  he 
describes  it  as  a  Seedling  of  Clinton  and  a  Newburgh 
Vinifera  ;  the  wood  short-jointed  and  only  moderately 
vigorous ;  foliage  medium,  coarsely  serrated ;  bunch 
small  to  medium,  compact ;  berry  small,  round,  black, 
with  a  light  blue  bloom  ;  flesh  soft,  tender,  juicy  and 
sweet.  It  makes  a  very  dark  and  rich  wine,  of  good 
body,  with  the  old  Sherry  flavor.  Mr.  Ricketts  is 
quite  confident  that  this  grape  will  become  popular 
for  wine  purposes,  as  soon  as  known. 

Arnold's  Hybrids.*  See  Othello  (No.  1.)  Cor- 
nucopia (No.  2.)  Autuchon  (No.  5.)  Brant 
(No.  8.)  Canada  (No.  16.) 

Arrot  (or  Arcott?)  (Labr.)  Philadelphia;  bunch 
and  berries  medium,  white ;  resembling  the  Cassady 
in  appearance,  but  not  as  good.  "  Sweet  and  good, 
with  a  thick  skin,  good  grower,  and  productive." — 
Husmann. 

*  Charles  Arnold,  of  Paris,  Canada,  has  been  success- 
ful in  his  experiments  in  hybridizing  the  native  Clinton 
with  the  pollen  of  foreign  varieties.  His  seedlings  seem 
to  be  of  decided  promise  in  some  localities.  The  Com- 
mittee of  the  Paris  Horticultural  Society  say  in  their 
report:  "We  find  the  most  prominent  characteristics 
of  them  as  a  class  are:  first,  perfect  hardiness  and  vig- 
orous growth ;  second,  early  ripening  both  of  the  fruit 
and  wood,  and  as  yet  remarkable  freedom  from  disease, 
with  large,  handsome  foliage  of  a  veiy  distinct  char- 
acter and  not  wooly ;  bunches  large  on  the  average ;  the 
berries  larger  than  medium;  skin  thin,  and  in  all  the 
numbers  we  tested,  free  from  pulp,  with  a  full,  pleasant, 
sprightly  flavor;  our  judgment  being  based  not  on  a 
cursory  examination,  but  from  having  known  them  for 
the  last  two  seasons." 


AUTUCHON. 

Autucnou.  (Arnold's  Hybrid  No.  5.)  A  seedling 
of  Clinton,  crossed  with  Golden  Chasselas.  Leaves 
dark  green,  very  deep  lobed  and  sharp  pointed  serra- 
tures;  the  unripe  wood  is  very  dark  purple,  nearly 
black.  Bunches  very  long,  not  heavily  shouldered, 
rather  loose  ;  berries  medium  size,  round,  white  (green), 
with  a  moderately  firm,  but  readily  melting  flesh,  and 
an  agreeable,  sprightly  flavor,  resembling  the  White 
Chasselas.  Skin  thin,  without  astringency.  Ripens 
with  the  Delaware.  Sam.  Miller,  the  originator  of  the 
Martha,  bestowed  the  following  high  encomium  upon 
the  new  grape  in  1869 : 

"  I  have  always  considered  Martha  the  best  white 
native  grape,  but  since  seeing  and  tasting  the  Autu- 
chon, I  haul  down  my  colors.  If  it  will  ripen  like 
this  in  Canada,  and  if  it  improves  by  coming  here  like 
Rogers'  and  other  Northern  grapes,  then  it  seems  to 
me  we  have  all  that  can  be  desired.  It  alone  is  a 
treasure." 

It  is  well  that  friend  Miller  qualified  his  encomiums 
by  "  ifs,"  for  the  Autuchon  did  not  come  up  to  those 
expectations ;  it  proved  tender  and  unreliable,  in  the 


72        Aughwick. 


BUSHBERG   CATALOGUE. 


Berks. 


West  at  least ;  its  fruit  subject  to  rot  and  mildew,  and 
notwithstanding  its  fine  qualities,  it  will  remain  but 
an  amateur  variety  and  cannot  be  recommended  for 
profitable  culture  in  vineyards. 

We  append  an  illustration  which  gives  a  truthful 
view  of  the  bunch  as  grown  with  us,  for  we  have  never 
seen  any  so  large  as  represented  by  the  cut  used  in 
our  first  edition,  and  which  was  obtained  from  the 
originator.  In  localities  and  soils  favorable  to  this 
variety  it  may,  however,  attain  more  than  twice  the 
size  of  the  bunch  here  figured. 

\nijii\vick.  (Rip.)  Introduced  by  Wm.  A.  Fra- 
ker,  Shirleysburg,  Pa.  Bunches  shouldered,  similar  to 
Clinton;  berries  larger  than  Clinton,  black,  juice  very 
dark,  of  spicy  flavor ;  said  to  make  a  very  dark  red 
wine,  of  superior  quality,  and  to  be  entirely  free  from 
rot  or  mildew ;  very  hardy  and  healthy.  We  found  it 
not  as  good  as  Clinton,  and  less  productive.  Should 
be  discarded. 

August  Giant  (Hybr.)  A  cross  between  Black 
Hamburg  and  Marion,  owned  by  Geo.  A. 
Stone's  estate,  and  described  as  follows : 
bunches  very  large  with  rather  long  and  very 
strong  stem;  when  shouldered  the  shoulders 
are  very  short  and  double  ;  berries  very  large, 
somewhat  oblong,  often  measuring  1J  inch  in 
diameter.  Placed  in  a  basket  beside  Black 
Hamburg,  the  August  Giant  can  hardly  be 
distinguished  from  it.  Fruit  when  well  grown 
has  a  decided  Hamburg  flavor ;  quite  tender 
to  the  centre,  very  rich  and  fine ;  leaf  strong 
and  thick,  and  vine  an  enormous  grower  and 
bearer.  Fruit  ripe  in  August ;  vine  perfectly 
hardy. 

August  Pi«neer.  (Labr.)  Origin  unknown ;  one 
of  the  coarsest  of  native  sorts ;  large,  black,  with  a 
firm,  hard,  pulpy  flesh  ;  fit  only  for  stewing.  Middle 
of  August. — Downing. 

Baldwin  l,cnoir.  (JSst.)  Originated  at  West 
Chester,  Pa. ;  said  to  be  a  seedling  of  the  Lenoir ; 
bunch  small,  rather  loose ;  berries  small,  quite  dark, 
almost  black ;  flesh  somewhat  rough,  acid,  brisk.  Re- 
ported the  richest  in  grape-sugar  of  twenty-six  varie- 
ties tested  by  the  chemist  of  the  Agr.  Department  at 
Washington.  In  foliage  and  habit  of  growth,  it  is 
much  like  Lincoln.  Bunch  and  berry  similar  to  Nor- 
ton's, but  less  harsh  and  sweeter,  when  well  ripened ; 
valuable  for  red  wine. 

Barnes'.  (Labr.)  Originated  with  Parker  Barnes, 
Boston,  Mass.  Bunches  shouldered;  berries  medium, 
oval,  black,  sweet  and  good  ;  nearly  as  early  as  Hart- 
ford.— Strong.  We  have  not  seen  the  grape. 

Bacchus.  (Riparia.)  A  Seedling  of  the  Clin- 
ton, produced  by  James  H.  Rlcketts,  of  New- 
burgh,  N.  Y.  Resembles  the  parent  in  leaf, 
bunch  and  berry,  but  is  superior  to  it  in  qual- 
ity and  productiveness.  Bunch  medium,  com- 
pact, shouldered  ;  berry  round,  below  medium, 
black  with  blue  bloom,  juicy  and  sprightly. 
Ricketts  says  :  "  With  me  it  has  stood  all  pos- 
sible tests  for  the  last  fourteen  years,  as  to 


hardiness  of  wood,  leaf  and  fruit.  Its  roots 
also  have  proved  Phylloxera  proof  and  reliable 
in  every  particular.  Wherever  tested,  all 
agree  in  ascribing  to  it  the  peculiar  qualities 
necessary  in  a  perfect  wine  grape."  The  Bac- 
chus makes  a  dark  brownish-red  wine  of  great 
body.  Must  registered  95°  to  110°  for  a  num- 
ber of  years.  Some  regard  the  Bacchus,  as  a 
wine-grape,  with  greater  favor  than  any  of 
Ricketts'  many  other  valuable  seedlings  ;  it 
grows  well,  and  is  free  from  mildew,  even  in 
most  unfavorable  seasons. 

The  annexed  cut  of  the  Bacchus,  specially 
engraved  for  our  Catalogue,  shows  this  grape, 
reduced  to  nearly  one-half  its  natural  size. 

Beauty.  (Labr.  x)  One  of  Jacob  Rommel's 
Seedlings ;  a  cross  between  Delaware  and  Max- 
atawney ;  a  vigorous  healthy  grower ;  foliage 
heavy  and  healthy,  yet  subject  to  sunscald ; 
resembling  Catawba  (and  we  suppose  it  to  be 
a  cross  between  Catawba  and  Maxatawney 
rather,  than  between  Delaware  and  Maxataw- 
ney) ;  bunch  small  to  medium,  well  filled,  but 
not  too  compact;  berry  in  size  and  color  be- 
tween Catawba  and  Delaware,  oblong,  cov- 
ered with  lilac  bloom  ;  thick  skinned,  and  will 
carry  well ;  ripens  between  Delaware  and  Ca- 
tawba, and  is  of  very  fine  quality,  having  ten- 
der pulp,  sweet,  with  delicate  flavor.  A 
promising  market  and  table  grape,  making 
also  an  excellent  wine.  In  fact  a  sample  of 
"  Beauty  "  wine,  at  the  Bordeaux  Exposition, 
in  September,  1880,  was  pronounced  by  the 
French  Commissioners  "  the  best  American 
whit«-wine  on  exhibition ;  having  a  very 
marked  and  agreeable  bouquet. ' '  M.  Lespiault. 
Its  parentage,  however,  justifies  the  fear  that 
it  may  be  subject  to  mildew  in  seasons  and 
localities  not  exempt  from  this  disease ;  it  is 
also  inclined  to  rot  in  wet  seasons. 

Belvidere.  (Labr.)  Originated  by  Dr.  Lake,  of 
Belvidere,  111.  Was  expected  to  be  a  valuable  market 
variety,  on  account  of  extreme  earliness ;  large  size 
and  fine  appearance.  In  some  localities  was  claimed 
to  be  an  improvement  in  bunch  and  berry  upon  Hart- 
ford Prolific,  but  in  quality  is  not  much,  if  any  better ; 
like  Hartford,  it  shows  a  tendency  to  fall  from  the 
bunch,  especially  if  a  little  over-ripe.  Being  in  ap- 
pearance much  like  Hartford  Prolific,  only  not  as 
large,  a  description  is  unnecessary.  It  is  a  vine  of 
very  vigorous  growth,  perfectly  hardy  and  healthy, 
very  early  and  productive ;  but  so  is  the  Hart- 
ford also,  and,  we  think,  we  have  more  than  enough 
in  one  variety  of  such  poor  quality. 

Berks,  or  Liehigh.  (Labr.)  Bunch  large,  shoul- 
dered, compact ;  berry  large,  round,  red,  little  pulp, 
good  quality ;  vine  vigorous  grower,  similar  to  Cataw- 
ba, of  which  it  is  a  seedling,  and  perhaps  an  improve- 
ment in  size  and  quality  ;  but  also  more  subject  to 
disease. 


Bacchus. 


BUSHBERG   CATALOGUE. 


Bacchiis.        73 


74        Barry. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Black  July. 


BARKY.     (Rogers'  No.  43.) 


Barry.  (Rogers'  No.  43.)  One  of  the  most  at- 
tractive of  Rogers'  Hybrids,  "as  handsome  as 
the  Black  Hamburg."  Bunch  large,  rather  broad 
and  compact,  short;  often  larger  than  repre- 
sented on  the  annexed  engraving  ;  berry  large, 
roundish  ;  color  black  ;  flesh  tender,  of  a  sweet, 
pleasant  flavor ;  skin  thin,  somewhat  astrin- 
gent. Vine  as  vigorous,  healthy  and  hardy 
as  any  one  of  Rogers'  Hybrids.  Very  suc- 
cessful in  western  New  York  and  some  other 
localities.  Very  productive  and  early,  earlier 
than  the  Concord,  and  keeps  remarkably  well. 
In  this  respect  as  well  as  in  quality  the 
Rogers'  Hybrids  possess  a  great  advantage 
over  the  Concord. 

Baxter.  (^Est.)  Bunch  large  and  long ;  berry 
below  medium,  black ;  very  late  in  ripening,  hardy 


and  productive  ;  not  fit  for  table,  but  may  be  valuable 
for  wine. — Bluffton  Wine  Co.'s  Catalogue. 

Beauty  of  Minnesota.  (Labr.  X)  Originated 
(or  introduced  only)  by  J.  C.  Kramer,  of  La  Crescent, 
Minn.  Described  by  him  as  a  Seedling  of  Delaware 
crossed  with  Concord ;  a  good  grower  and  healthy ; 
bunch  equal  to  Concord,  but  more  compact;  berry 
greenish  yellow  when  ripe  and  of  rich  flavor ;  recom- 
mended by  him,  and  endorsed  by  many  testimonials 
as  the  best  grape  for  the  climate  of  Minnesota,  ripen- 
ing there  by  the  1st  of  September.  Not  sufficiently 
tried  elsewhere. 

Bird's  Kg??.  (Labr.)  Probably  a  seedling  of  Ca- 
taba,  somewhat  similar  to  Anna.  Bunch  long,  pointed  ; 
berry  oval,  whitish,  with  brown  specks ;  flesh  pulpy ; 
only  good  ;  a  curiosity. — Downing. 

Black  July.     See  Devereaux. 


Berckmans. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Slack  Pearl.        75 


Berckmaiis.  A  cross  between  Clinton  and  Dela- 
ware, originated  by  the  late  Dr.  A.  P.  Wylie,  Chester, 
S.  C.  Vine  very  vigorous  and  prolific;  growth  and 
foliage  almost  similar  to  Clinton.  Bunches  and  berries 
larger  than  Delaware,  of  same  color  and  quite  equal  in 
quality  to  this  favorite  variety.  We  were  growing  it 
under  restrictions,  not  to  propagate  nor  to  sell  or  give 
any  wood  of  same.  It  proved  healthier,  freer  from 
mildew,  than  Delaware,  and  deserves  dissemination. 
We  are  happy  to  learn  that  P.  J.  Berkmans,  in  whose 
honor  it  was  named,  has  propagated  it,  and  vines  are 
now  growing  and  fruiting  in  several  localities  North 
and  South,  fully  sustaining  our  good  opinion  of  it. 

Black  Defiance.  (Underbill's  8-8  Hybr.)  A 
splendid,  late  table  grape,  about  the  best  black 
table  grape  we  have,  with  us  more  desirable 
than  Senasqua.  If  we  are  rightly  informed,  it 
is  a  cross  between  Black  St.  Peters  and  Con- 
cord. Bunch  and  berries  large,  black,  with  a 
fine  bloom;  three  weeks  later  than  Concord, 
and  much  better  in  quality.  Succeeds  well, 
and  pleases  also  in  France. 

Black  Eagle.  (Underbill's  8-12.)  A  Hybrid 
of  Labr.  and  Vinifera.  A  fine,  early  table 
grape,  of  best  quality.  The  leaf  is  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  we  know  of,  very  firm,  dark 
green,  deeply  lobed,  of  the  shape  of  the  foreign,  j 

The  vine  is  of  very  erect  and  vigorous  growth, 
hardy  and  healthy,  yet  subject  to  rot,  as  all 
other  Hybrids  of  Labr.  and  Vin.,  in  unfavor- 
able seasons  and  localities ;  roots  straight  and 
smooth,  almost  tough,  with  a  medium  liber; 
canes  remarkably  straight  and  upright,  with 
numerous,  but  small  laterals ;  wood  firm  with 
medium  pith ;  bunch  large,  moderately  com- 
pact; berries  large,  oval,  black,  with  blue 
bloom ;  flesh  rich  and  melting,  with  little  pulp. 
With  Underhill  the  fruit  set  imperfectly,  but  it 
does  not  always  show  that  fault,  and  may  have 
been  due  to  unfavorable  weather  during  its 
florescence  at  Croton  Point.  We  consider  it 
one  of  the  most  promising  varieties.  Camp- 
bell, of  Delaware,  considers  it  as  "among  the 
best  of  the  hybrid  varieties."  Berckmans,  of 
Georgia,  Chairman  of  Fruit  Committee,  said : 
"  Black  Eagle  we  find  to  be  unsurpassed  in 
quality,  productiveness  and  vigor.  I  have 
seen  bunches  that  weighed  a  pound  and  three- 
quarters,  grown  at  Macon,  Georgia,  three 
years  ago." 

We  give  on  the  following  page  a  full  size 
figure  of  its  bunch  and  leaf  (the  ribs  of  the 
latter  incorrectly  drawn,  as  usual). 

Black  Hawk.  A  seedling  from  the  Concord, 
raised  by  Samuel  Miller.  Bunch  large,  rather 
loose ;  berry  large,  black,  round,  juicy,  sweet ; 
pulp  very  tender ;  ripens  full  as  early  as  the 
Concord,  and  seems  to  be  healthy  and  hardy. 


We  find  it  sometimes  a  little  earlier  than  Con- 
cord. It  has  the  remarkable  peculiarity  that 
its  leaf  is  of  so  dark  a  green  as  to  appear 
almost  black. 

Black  King-.  (Labr.)  A  hardy  and  vigorous 
early  grape,  of  medium  size  ;  sweet  but  foxy. — Strong. 

Black  Pearl.  (Riparia.}  Syn.  SCHRAIDT'S 
SEEDLING.  Origina-tor,  Caspar  Schraidt,  of 
Put-in-Bay,  O.  Probably  from  seed  of  Clinton 
or  Taylor.  Vine  a  vigorous,  healthy  grower, 
similar  in  appearance  of  growth  and  foliage  to 
Elvira  and  Noah.  It  succeeds  admirably  on 
the  islands  and  shores  of  Lake  Erie,  where  it  is 
very  productive.  In  our  heavier  clay  soils  and 
warmer  climate  it  is  less  satisfactory  both  in 
quality  and  productiveness ;  the  bunch  is  not 
as  large  and  handsome  as  on  the  islands  and 
on  the  lake  shore,  where  it  far  surpasses  the1 
Clinton  in  appearance,  and  makes  a  valuable 
DARK-RED  wine. 

Dr.  Warder  considered  it  "an  exceedingly 
promising  grape,  of  the  Clinton  class."  (Am. 
Pom.  S.  1877.)  So  did  we  also  consider  it,  after 
examining  it  for  several  seasons  in  Schraidt's 
vineyard  ;  and  after  transplanting  a  few  vines, 
obtained  from  him,  into  our  Bushberg  vine- 
yard, and  admiring  its  luxurious,  healthy 
growth  there,  we  secured  from  Mr.  Schraidt  a 
thousand  cuttings,  and  disseminated  this  new 
variety,  in  1877,  with  his  consent,  under  the 
name  of  Black  Pearl.  (He  first  intended  to 
call  it  "Burgundy11  or  "Schraidt's  Burgundy," 
and  claimed  it  to  be  a  seedling  from  the  Dela- 
ware.) Geo.  W.  Campbell,  of  Ohio,  who  is 
good  authority  and  had  opportunities  to  ob- 
serve this  grape  in  his  own  State,  says  :  "  It*is 
a  strong  growing  and  very  productive  vine, 
and  is  probably  a  valuable  addition  to  the 
quite  limited  number  of  red-wine  grapes." 
And  as  such  only  we  recommend  it  for  certain 
localities. 

In  August,  1882,  a  season  of  unparalled  de- 
struction through  mildew  and  rot  in  the  Miss- 
issippi Valley  region,  E.  Baxter,  of  Nauvoo, 
reports  the  Black  Pearl  grape  as  exceptionably 
fine,  leaf  extra  good. — A.  Wehrle,  of  Middle 
Bass,  the  leading  wine  producer  of  Ohio,  wrote 
to  us  last  fall  that  he  finds  this  wine  grape  un- 
surpassed in  color ;  must  of  good  saccharine 
weight  and  proper  degree  of  acidity ;  but  adds : 
"  It  suffers  with  us  sometimes  during  the  flow- 
ering season,  otherwise  it  is  a  most  valuable 
grape,  and  pays  well  to  the  producer." 

Black  Taylor.  (Riparia  X  or  Rommels  No.  19.) 
In  many  respects  similar  to  his  No.  14,  or  MONTEFIOKK, 
has  not  been  sufficiently  tried,  and  should  not  be  dis- 
seminated unless  it  should  prove  sufficiently  distinct 
or  superior  to  this  valuable  novelty. 


76 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


BLACK  EAGLE.    (Underbill's  8-12.) 


Bland. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Brant.        77 


Bland.  (Labr.f)  Syn.  ELAND'S  VIBGINIA.  ELAND'S 
MADEIRA,  ELAND'S  PALE  RED,  POWELL.  It  is  said  to 
have  been  found  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Virginia,  by 
Col.  Bland,  of  that  State,  who  presented  scions  to  Bar- 
tram  ,  the  botanist,  by  whom  it  was  first  cultivated. 
Bunches  rather  long,  loose,  and  often  with  small,  im- 
perfect berries ;  berries  round,  on  long  stalks,  hanging 
rather  thinly ;  skin  thin,  at  first  pale  green,  but  pale 
red  when  ripe;  flesh  slightly  pulpy,  of  a  pleasant, 
sprightly,  delicate  flavor,  and  with  little  or  no  musk 
scent,  but  a  slight  astringency ;  ripens  late ;  foliage 
lighter  green  than  that  of  Catawba,  smoother  and 
more  delicate.  This  vine  is  quite  difficult  of  propaga- 
tion by  cuttings.  The  above  description  of  this  old 
variety  is  from  "  Downing'' s  Fruits  of  America."  The 
Bland  did  not  succeed  or  ripen  well  in  the  North,  and 
has  been  lost  and  abandoned  South. 

Blood's  Black.  (Labr.)  Bunch  medium,  com- 
pact ;  berry  medium,  round,  black,  somewhat  harsh 
and  foxy,  but  sweet.  Very  early  and  productive. 
(Resembling  Mary  Ann,  and  has  often  been  con- 
founded with  it. 

Blue  Dyer.  (Rip.)  Bunch  medium  ;  berries  small 
black,  very  dark  juice,  promises  well  for  wine. — Hus- 
mann.  (One  of  many  unfulfilled  promises  !) 

Blue  Favorite.  (jEst.)  A  Southern  grape.  Vine 
vigorous,  productive  ;  bunch  above  medium  ;  berries 
medium,  round,  blue-black,  sweet,  vinous ;  much 
coloring  matter;  ripe  South  in  September  (does  not 
ripen  well  North) ;  said  to  be  esteemed  for  wine  making. 
— Downing. 

Blue  Imperial.  (Labr.)  Origin  uncertain.  Vine 
vigorous,  free  from  mildew,  not  productive.  Bunches 
medium,  short ;  berry  large,  round,  black ;  flesh  with  a 
hard  acid  centre  or  pulp ;  ripens  with  Hartford.  In- 
ferior.— Downing. 

Brant.  (Arnold's  Hybrid  No.  8.)  Seedling 
of  Clinton  crossed  with  Black  St.  Peters.  The 
young  leaves  and  shoots  dark  blood-red ;  leaves 
very  deeply  lobed,  smooth  on  both  sides. 
Bunch  and  berry  resembling  the  Clinton  in  ap- 
pearance, but  greatly  superior  in  flavor  when 
perfectly  ripe;  skin  thin,  free  from  pulp,  all 
juice,  sweet  and  vinous ;  seeds  small  and  few  ; 
perfectly  hardy;  vine  a  strong,  healthy 
grower  and  sufficiently  productive.  The  bunch 
hangs  firmly  to  the  vine  till  fall,  and  the  ber 
ries  adhere  well  to  the  bunch.  Our  illustration 
of  this  variety  is  from  a  specimen  of  average 
size  and  shape.  A  very  early  and  desirable 
grape,  in  fact  the  earliest  of  all  with  us,  and  it 
would  be  the  most  profitable  if  the  birds  would 
not  destroy  the  bunches  as  soon  as  they  ripen. 
For  localities  where  grapes  ripen  later  than 
with  us,  and  where  birds  are  less  destructive, 
it  is  worthy  of  the  attention  of  grape-growers. 

Our  friend  Champin  gives  us  a  very  favora- 
ble report  of  this  variety  in  Northern  France 
(Dr6me),  where  the  Brant  and  its  sister  the 
Canada  deserve  to  be  cultivated  extensively. 


They  resist  so  far  the  Phylloxera,  although, 
one  of  their  parents  is  undoubtedly  of  the  Vi- 
nifera  class,  and  during  the  six  years  that  he 
cultivated  them  they  have  increased  from  year 
to  year  in  vigor  and  fruitfulness.  These  two 
varieties  have  often  been  confounded  with  each- 
other,  and  the  following  may  serve  to  distin- 


BRANT. 

guish  them :  The  Brant  has  the  most  sinuousr 
deeply-cut  and  indented-lobed  foliage  of  any- 
American  variety,  while  that  of  the  Canada  is 
mostly  but  little  indented  and  lobed,  while- 


78        Brant. 


BUBHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Brighton. 


BRIGHTON. 


.young.  But  the  form  of  leaves  is  very  varia- 
ble, and  110  reliable  distinctive  character  can  be 
made  of  them ;"  a  more  reliable  characteristic 
is  their  color  :  that  of  the  Brant  is  of  a  deeper 
green  with  a  reddish  tinge,  while  that  of  the 
Canada  is  a  lighter  green  with  a  whitish  tinge ; 
and  so  are  the  tendrils  of  the  latter  of  a  paler 
green  and  only  two-forked,  while  those  of  the 
Brant  are  darker,  longer,  and  often  doubly  bi- 
forked.  The  Brant  has  long-jointed  red-wood ; 
the  Canada's  wood  is  rather  short  jointed,  of 
less  vigorous  growth,  green,  brownish  towards 
the  sun.  The  bunches  of  the  Canada  are  usu- 


ally shorter  and  more  compact ;  those  of  the 
Brant  are  not  loose  either,  but  not  so  very  com- 
pact as  to  flatten  the  berries.  The  seeds  of  the 
Brant  are  very  small,  and  rarely  more  than 
two  in  a  berry.  Both  ripen  very  early,  and 
give  a  wine  of  excellent  quality  and  of  very 
handsome  red  color. 

Brighton.  (Labr.X)-  This  handsome  and 
fine  grape,  raised  by  Jacob  Moore,  of  Brighton, 
N.  York,  is  a  cross  of  the  Concord  and  Diana- 
Hamburg.  Vine  hardy,  a  rapid  and  vigorous 
grower,  with  medium  to  long-jointed  shoots, 
which  ripen  early ;  leaves  large,  thick,  dark 


Bottsi. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Canada.        79 


green,  glossy,  coarsely  serrated,  occasio 
lobed.    Very  productive,  and,   if  the   small 
bunches  were  taken  off  early  in  the  season,  it 
would  be  a  great  benefit  to  the  others. 

"Bunch  medium  to  large,  shouldered,  moder- 
ately compact ;  berries  medium  to  large,  round, 
light  red  at  first,  changing  to  a  dark  crimson 
or  maroon  when  fully  matured,  sometimes 
almost  black,  and  covered  with  a  thick  lilac 
bloom.  The  berries  adhere  well  to  the  pedun- 
cle; skin  thin  but  tough;  flesh  tender,  very 
slight  pulp,  sweet,  juicy,  slightly  aromatic, 
very  slightly  vinous,  and  of  very  good  quality 
for  an  early  grape.  It  has  its  best  flavor  when 
it  is  first  ripe,  but  becomes  pasty  and  loses  its 
sprightly  flavor  when  fully  ripe.  Ripens  nearly 
as  early  as  the  Hartford  Prolific  and  before  the 
Delaware." — A.  J.  Downing. 

One  of  the  most  promising  and  successful 
new  varieties,  largely  cultivated  in  the  Eastern 
States,  where  it  is  NOW  THE  LEADING  TABLE 
GRAPE.  It  is  worthy  of  extensive  planting 
wlierever  any  of  the  hybrid  grapes  can  be 
grown  successfully  and  early  grapes  for  table 
or  market  are  desired  ;  requires  protection  in 
severe  winters.  The  cut  is  a  faithful  copy  of  a 
photograph  from  a  medium  size  bunch  of  the 
Brighton  grape.  In  general  beautiful  appear- 
ance the  Brighton  closely  resembles  the  Ca- 
tawba,  which  ripens  a  month  later. 

Bottsi.  (jEst.)  The  local  name  for  a  very  remark- 
able grape,  grown  in  the  garden  of  a  gentleman  of  that 
name,  in  Natchez,  Miss.  It  is  said  to  throw  all  other 
grapes  ever  grown  there  (including  the  Jacquez)  com- 
pletely in  the  background,  and  is  claimed  to  be  the 
true  Herbemont  brought  some  fifty  years  ago  from 
South  Carolina.  It  differs  from  our  Herbemont  in 
color,  being  of  a  light  pink  in  the  shade,  a  dark  pink 
in  the  full  sun.  The  impartial,  trustworthy  testimony 
of  H.  Y.  Child,  an  amateur  horticulturist,  as  to  its  ex- 
cellent quality  and  rapid  growth,  enormous  fruitful- 
ness  and  freedom  from  rot,  made  us  procure  and  plant 
some  wood  of  this  variety.  —  After  several  years'  test- 
ing we  found  it  unsuited  to  our  locality,  too  tender 
and  liable  to  mildew.  In  Texas  it  is  found  "  a  splen- 
did thing,"  but,  as  Mr.  Onderdonk  assures  us,  "just 
like  the  Herbemont." 

it ii  met .  (Hybr,)  The  Burnet  grape,  raised  by  P. 
C.  Dempsey,  of  Albany,  Prince  Edwards  Co.,  Ont., 
from  seed  of  the  Hartford  Prolific,  fertilized  by  Black 
Hamburg.  The  vine  is  vigorous  and  healthy,  hardy 
and  productive  ;  leaves  deeply  lobed,  thick,  downy  be- 
neath ;  bunches  large,  well  shouldered  and  well  filled ; 
the  berries  large,  oval,  purplish-6£ac&  /  flesh  aud  flavor 
resembling  Black  Hamburg,  without  any  trace  of  fox- 
iness ;  ripening  earlier  than  Concord. — Burnet. 

Burroughs'.  (Rip.)  From  Vermont.  Vine  allied 
to  the  Clinton.  Bunch  small  ;  berry  round,  black,  thick 
bloom ;  flesh  harsh,  acid,  austere. — Downing. 

Burton's  Early. .  (Labr.)  A  large,  early,  poor 
Fox  grape  Unworthy  of  culture. — Downing. 


CANADA. 

Canada.  (Arnold's  Hybrid  No.  16.)  Raised 
from  seed  of  Clinton,  crossed  with  pollen  of 
Black  St.  Peters.  Resembles  the  Brant  (No.  3) 
in  appearance.  [For  characteristic  differences 
see  Brant,  p.  77.]  It  is  justly  praised  for  its  rich 
aromatic  flavor  and  delightful  bouquet  by  all 
who  taste  it.  Bunch  and  berry  above  medium ; 
color  black,  with  a  fine  bloom  ;  skin  thin,  free 
from  harshness  and  from  the  acidity  common  to 
other  native  grapes.  A  moderate  grower,  with 
peculiar  foliage;  hardy,  and  matures  its  wood 
well.  Valuable  for  wine  in  some  localities. 

Like  all  of  Arnold's  Hybrids,  it  proves  ten- 
der and  unreliable  in  the  United  States,  in 
most  localities,  while  in  France  it  is  very  suc- 
cessfully grown  and  proves  Phylloxera-resist- 
ing. -But  this  is  not  to  be  construed  as  a  gen- 
eral and  absolute  condemnation  for  all  parts  of 
our  country,  nor  as  a  recommendation  for  all 


80        Cambridge. 


BUSH BERG  CATALOGUE. 


Catawba. 


the  different  regions  of  viticulture  in  France. 
The  Cornucopia  and  the  Canada  have  perished 
at  Nimes,  while  they  have  been  growing  and 
succeeding  finely  during  the  last  eight  years  in 
the  valley  of  the  Sa6ne.  The  principle  of  adap- 
tability to  certain  soils,  aspects  and  localities, 
and  not  to  others,  applies  to  hybrids  in  a 
greater  degree  even  than  to  varieties  of  our 
native  species. 

Cambridge.    (Labr.)    Originated  in  the  gar- 
den of  Francis  Houghton,  Cambridge,   Mass., 


CATAWBA. 


and  introduced  by  Hovey  &  Co.,  of  Boston,  as 
"  of  the  highest  merit."  They  described  it  as 
follows :  "  It  is  a  black  grape,  somewhat  resem- 
bling Concord,  but  with  more  oval  berries. 
Hunches  large  and  shouldered;  berries  large, 
with  a  very  thin  skin,  covered  with  a  delicate 
bloom,  and  adhering  firmly  to  the  bunch ;  flesh 
rich,  brisk,  and  refreshing;  without  pulp,  and 
more  nearly  approaching  the  Adirondac  in 
quality  than  any  other  native  grape.  Period 
of  ripening  a  few  days  before  the  Concord. 
The  vine  has  the  luxuriance  of 
growth  and  handsome  foliage  of 
the  Concord,  while  it  is  quite  as 
hardy,  if  not  hardier,  than  that 
grape. 

In  some  favorable  seasons,  as  in 
1880,  the  Cambridge  produced  in 
our  vineyards  much  finer,  larger 
bunches  than  the  Concord ;  gener- 
ally, however,  it  is  nearly  identical 
in  taste  and  appearance  with  this 
popular  variety. 

Camdcn.  (Labr.)  Bunch  medium : 
berry  large,  greenish-white ;  flesh  with  a 
hard  centre ;  acid  ;  poor. 

Canby's  August.  See  York  Ma- 
deira. 

Catawba.  Syn. :  BED  MUNCY, 
CATAWBA,  TOKAY,  SINGLETON. 
(Labr.)  This  old  and  well-known 
variety  is  a  native  of  North  Caro- 
lina, and  has  its  name  from  the 
Catawba  river.  It  was  transplanted 
to  a  garden  at  Clarksburg,  Md.,  and 
introduced  to  notice  sixty  years  ago 
by  Major  John  Adlum,  of  Georg- 
etown, D.  C.  It  has  been  for  many 
years  the  standard  wine  grape  of 
the  country,  and  thousands  of  acres 
have  been  planted  with  it ;  but 
owing  to  its  uncertainty,  on  account 
of  the  mildew  and  blight,  and 
its  too  late  ripening  in  the  Eastern 
and  Northern  States  (in  October), 
it  is  now  discarded  in  many  sec- 
tions, and  other  reliable  kinds  are 
planted  instead.  In  localities  where 
it  will  fully  mature,  and  where  it 
seems  less  subject  to  disease,  there 
are  very  few  better  varieties. 

Contrary  to  the  heretofore  pre- 
vailing belief  that  the  Phylloxera 
was  the  main  cause  of  the  failure 
of  the  Catawba  in  many  sections, 
and  contrary  to  the  opinion  of 
some  eminent  scientists  who  still 
hold  this  view,  we  have  now  come 


Catawba. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Centennial.        81 


to  the  conclusion,  based  upon  careful  ob- 
servation, that  the  diseased  and  enfeebled  roots 
of  the  Catawba  are  caused  by  the  disturbed 
development  of  the  mildewed  tops,  and  not  by 
the  Phylloxera.  Where  mildew  does  not  pre- 
vail, as  on  the  islands  of  Lake  Erie,  on  the  lake 
shore,  &c.,  the  Catawba  is  still  and  will  de- 
servedly remain  for  years  to  come  the  leading 
variety  for  market  and  for  wine. 

The  late  Dr.  Warder  truly  said,  that  the 
beautiful  banks  of  the  Ohio  might  again  be 
covered  with  vineyards,  if  we  could  only  dis- 
cover a  grape,  equal  in  quality  to  the  Catawba, 
that  would  not  be  subject  to  mildew  or  rot.* 

Bunches  large,  moderately  compact,  shoul- 
dered ;  berries  above  medium,  round,  deep  red, 
covered  with  lilac  bloom.  Skin  moderately 
thick  ;  flesh  slightly  pulpy,  sweet,  juicy,  with 
a  rich,  vinous,  and  somewhat  musky  flavor. 
Vine  a  vigorous  grower  ;  in  favorable  seasons 
and  localities  very  productive.  Clay-shale  soil, 
also  gravelly  or  sandy  soils  seem  best  adapted. 
Roots  light,  in  comparison  to  the  naturally 
strong  growth  of  the  vine,  when  in  a  perfectly 
healthy  state,  with  a  texture  below  average 
hardness  ;  thick  liber,  and  not  inclined  to  push 
young  fibers  as  rapidly  as  other  varieties; 
canes  straight  and  long,  with  few  laterals  ; 
wood  of  average  hardness,  with  a  pith  a  little 
more  than  the  average  size.  Must  ranges  from 
86°  to  95°  by  GEchsle's  scale. 

The  Catawba  has  quite  a  number  of  SEEDLINGS  ;  of 
lona  and  Diana,  its  two  best,  and  of  Aletha,  Anna, 
Hine,  Mottled,  &c.,  we  give  descriptions  in  their  alpha- 
betic order ;  but  some  are   actually  the  same  as  Ca- 
tawba, and  only  pretended  seedlings,  to  sell  under  a 
new  name ;  others  are  so  nearly  identical  as  not  to  re- 
quire description.    To  this  class  belong: 
Fancher,  claimed  to  be  an  early  Catawba. 
Keller's  White;  Mead' s Seedling ;  Merceron. 
Mammoth  Catawba  of  Hermann,  very  large  in  bunch 

and  berry,  but  otherwise  inferior  to  the  parent. 
•Omega,  exhibited  in  1867  at  the  Indiana  State  Fair. 
Saratoga,  the  same  as  Fancher. 
Tekomah,  a  Missouri  seedling  of  Catawba. 
White  Catawba,  raised  by  John  E.  Mottier,  and  aban- 
doned by  himself  as  being  inferior  to  its  parent. 

Cassady.  (Labr.)  Originated  in  the  yard  of  H.  P- 
•Cassady,  Philadelphia,  as  a  chance  seedling.  Bunch 
medium,  very  compact,  sometimes  shouldered ;  berry 
medium,  round,  pale  green,  covered  with  white  bloom ; 

*  At  the  moment  that  we  are  reading  the  proof  of  this, 
we  notice  in  the  Messager  Agricole  (Aug.,  1883),  the  fol- 
lowing, which  we  translate : 

Certain  Remedy  against  the  Mildew  (Peronospord) .  Jean 
•Gazotti,  a  modest  Italian  grape- grower,  had  the  happy 
idea  to  sprinkle  the  foliage  of  mildew  infected  vines 
with  a  solution  of  soda  (2  kilos  of  soda  in  one  hectolitre 
of  water =4J  pounds  dissolved  in '26  gallons  of  water), 
and  he  had  the  good  fortune  to  find,  on  the  day  after 
Much  treatment,  that  the  filaments  of  the  peronspora 
were  consximed. 

While  we  scarcely  venture  to  hope  that  this  will  he  a 
certain  remedy,  it  is  well  worth  trying.  May  the  results 
.be  satisfactory! 


when  very  ripe-  its  color  changes  to  light  yellow; 
skin  thick  and  leathery,  pulpy,  but  with  a  peculiar 
honeyed  sweetness  which  no  other  grape  posseses  in 
the  same  degree.  Ripens  with  the  Catawba.  Vine  a 
moderate  grower;  a  true  Labrusca  in  habit  and  foliage ; 
immensely  productive,  so  much  so  that  nearly  every 
fruit-bud  will  push  out  several  branches,  with  from 
three  to  five  bunches  each.  But  after  thus  over-bearing 
it  becomes  exhausted  for  several  seasons,  the  leaves 
drop  prematurely,  and  the  fruit  will  not  ripen. 

This  grape  is  now  generally  discarded,  'being  re- 
placed by  new  and  better  varieties.  It  is  said  to  be  the 
parent  of  the  "Niagara"  grape. 

The  "Arrott"  resembles  the  Cassady  very  much. 

Catawissa.     See  Creveling. 

Centennial.* — A  promising  new  grape,  raised  by 
D.  8.  Marwin,  Watertown,  N.  Y.,  by  him  supposed  to 
belong  to  the  northern  type  of  Vitis  JEstivalis  (a  seed- 
ling of  the  Eumelan,  fertilized  by  pollen  from  some  La- 
brusca grape,  probably  lona  or  Delaware,  certainly  from 
NO  foreign  grape),  and  kindly  sent  to  us  for  testing. 

No  plants  of  this  variety  were  as  yet  offered  for  sale. 
(First  figured  in  Rural  New  Yorker,  1882.) 

Vine  described  as  a  vigorous  grower,  with  heavy, 
durable  foliage ;  very  fertile,  inclining  to  overbear;  has 
sometimes  mildew  on  its  leaf,  but  no  signs  of  rot  in 
the  berries.  The  clusters  are  large,  of  fine  conical 
shape,  always  compact;  the  berries  are  above  medium, 
round;  skin  firm,  of  a  peculiar  handsome  color,  almost 
white  with  a  light  pink  shade;  flesh  juicy,  veiy  sweet, 
vinous,  resembling  the  Delaware  in  flavor.  It  ripens 
about  the  same  time  with  or  a  few  days  later  than  Con- 
cord and  keeps  well  for  winter  use.  The  Centennial  prom- 
ises to  be  valuable  both  as  a  table  grape  and  also  for 
wine,  its  only  apparent  fault  being  that  the  seeds  are 
rather  large  and  numerous. 

When  first  introducing  the  Centennial  (in  fall  of  1882) 
Marwin  said : 

"I  do  not  approve  of  multiplying  varieties  unless 
"they  are  improvements.  During  my  many  experi- 
"  ments  I  have  thrown  away  many  seedlings  superior  to 
"  many  of  our  old  sorts.  *  *  *  I  do  not  claim  that  the  Cen- 
"  tennial  is  perfect,  *  *  *  but  for  a  winter  grape  I  deem  it 
"  superior  to  all  others***  The  vine  is  about  as  vigorous 
"  here  as  the  Concord,  and  seems  about  as  exempt 
"  from  mildew,  suffering  much  less  than  the  Delaware. 
"  *  *  *  The  reproductive  organs  seem  perfect,  there 
"  being  no  emasculated  clusters,  so  the  vines  bear 
"  heavy  crops.  *  *  *  Persons  who  desire  a  higher 
•'  quality  of  fruit,  will  be  gratified  with  the  Centen- 
"  nial ;  and  if,  upon  trial,  it  be  found  to  succeed  generally 
"  as  well  as  it  does  in  Northern  New  York,  real  progress 
"  in  grape  culture  will  follow  its  introduction. 

"  The  grape  was  awarded  silver  medals,  certificates, 
"  money  -  prizes,  and  favorable  mention,  at  many 
"  fairs.  *  *  *  At  the  end  of  the  season  I  shall  be 
"  able  to  give  further  proofs,  but  I  feel  like  protesting 
"  against  this  kind  of  proofs.  Each  new  grape  should 
"  stand  upon  its  own  merits  and  the  character  of  the 
"  introducer.  Horticulturists  should  be  exempted 
"  from  giving  certificates  as  to  fruits  that,  from  the  na- 
"  ture  of  the  circumstances,  they  know  little  about." 

These  remarks  of  the  originator,  so  modest  and  un- 
assuming, give  us  greater  confidence  than  we  usually 
have  in  new  varieties,  and  we  recommend  the  Centen- 

*  Not  Continental,  as  it  Is  erroneously  named  in  the  Am.  Po- 
mol.  Society-Report  on  new  fruits,  1681. 


82        Challenge. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Clinton. 


nial,  with  our  best  wishes  for  its  success,  for  trial  in 
localities  where  its  parent,  the  Eumelan,  does  not  suf- 
fer from  mildew. 

Challenge.  Supposed  cross  between  Concord 
and  Royal  Muscadine,  grown  by  Rev.  Asher 
Moore,  N.  Jersey.  Very  early  and  prolific; 
short  compact  bunches,  shouldered ;  large, 
round  berries,  pale  red,  with  flesh  slightly 
pulpy;  very  sweet  and  juicy.  Extra  hardy 
wood  and  leaf.  We  consider  it  purely  native, 
yet  an  excellent  dessert  and  wine  grape. 

Champion.  Syn. :  EAELY  CHAMPION,  TALMAN'S 
SEEDLING,  BEACONSFIELD.  (Labr.)  Ten  years  ago  (1S73) 
President  Wilder  asked,  ''Does  anyone  know  anything 
about  the  Champion?"  And  the  late  Dr.  Swasey  of 
Louisiana  then  informed  us  that  it  was  a  new  grape, 
extra  early,  and  one  of  the  best  in  cultivation  (Am. 
Pom.  Soc.  1873,  page  66),  just  sent  out  for  the  first  time 
by  some  New  Orleans  nurserymen.  In  our  Catalogue, 
edition  1875,  we  gave  the  best  description  we  could  then 
obtain,  and  said,  ''We  shall  try  to  obtain  this  new,  ex- 
traordinary grape  for  testing,"  &c.  But  while  it  was 
said  that  the  Champion  had  originated  in  one  of  the 
city  gardens  of  New  Orleans,  La.,  an  accidental  seed- 
ling, "where  it  has  so  magnificently  flourished  and 
borne  its  splendid  fruit,"  and  "evaded  the  notice  of 
our  grape-growers  for  a  number  of  years,"  we  found 
that  this  was  not  so ;  that  R.  J.  Donnelly  at  Rochester, 
N.  Y.,  and  J.  I.  Stone  at  Charlotte,  Monroe  Co.,  N.  Y., 
propagated  and  disseminated  the  "Early  Champion," 
apparently  the  same  grape,  before  1873,  and  that  un- 
der the  name  of  TALMAN'S  SEEDLING,  or  TALMAN, 
this  identical  variety  had  been  grown  for  many  years 
around  Syracuse  and  other  N.  Y.  localities.  It  has 
now  been  fully  and  largely  tested,  and,  while  it  has 
actually  proven  the  earliest  market  grape,  and  has  been 
a  very  sure  and  profitable  one  to  some  growers,  it  is 
so  poor  in  quality,  that,  the  better  known  it  is,  the  less 
saleable  does  it  become ;  and  it  should  be,  and  probably 
soon  will  be,  discarded  for  better  varieties.  A  few  years 
ago  it  was  shipped  to  Montreal  and  other  Canada  mar- 
kets, commanding  there  high  prices,  and,  as  the  vine 
was  found  to  succeed  well  and  to  bear  abundantly  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Montreal,  young  Donnelly,  who 
was  then  manager  of  the  Beaconsfield  vineyards,  plant- 
ed there  several  thousand  of  his  father's  Champion 
vines,  and  caused  them  to  be  planted  quite  extensively 
in  the  vicinity.  Thus  it  became  known*  as  the  Bea- 
consfield grape.  It  was  decidedly  a  profitable  grape, 
selling  at  high  prices  on  account  of  its  earliness,  before 
other  grapes  could  be  had — and  until  people  became 
more  appreciative  of  quality. 

The  Vine  is  a  strong  grower,  thrifty,  arid  perfectly 
hardy,  with  healthy  foliage,  entirely  free  from  mildew, 
and  very  productive.  Bunches  large,  handsome,  com- 
pact, and  shouldered.  Berry  round,  bluish-black,  near- 
ly as  large  as  Hartford  Prolific ;  skin  thick,  firm,  and 
adhering  well  to  the  stem.  Ripens  nearly  one  week 
earlier  than  Hartford,  but  is  as  poor,  if  not  poorer,  in 
quality. 

This  grape  does  the  best  on  a  warm,  sandy,  not  very 
fertile  soil. 

*  Or  was  so  named  by  the  proprietors  of  that  vineyard 
against  Donnelly's  protest. 


Under  the  name  of  Champion,  as  also  the  Golden 
Champion,  another  grape  was  introduced  in  California, 
which  proves  there  a  miserable  failure. 

Charlotte.    Identical  with  Diana. 

Charter  Oak.  (Labr.)  A  very  large,  coarse,  na. 
tive  Fox  grape,  quite  worthless,  except  for  size,  which 
makes  its  appearance  as  attractive  as  its  musky  flavor 
is  repulsive. 

Christine.    (Telegraph.} 

Claret.  (?)  A  seedling  of  Chas.  Carpenter,  Kelly 
Island,  0.  Bunch  and  berry  medium ;  claret  red ;  acid  ; 
vine  vigorous ;  not  valuable. — Downing. 

Clara.  Supposed 
to  be  from  foreign 
seed.  A  white  (or 
pale  amber)  grape  ; 
very  fine  for  the  ta- 
ble ;  somewhat  like 
Allen's  Hybrid. 
Bunch  long,  loose; 
berry  medium  round, 
yellowish  green, 
transparent,  without 
pulp,  sweet  and  deli- 
cious, but  very  un- 
certain. Rather  ten- 
der and  requires  pro- 
tection in  the  winter. 
Not  worthy  of  culti- 
vation since  we  have 
so  many  superior  va- 
rieties. Nevertheless 
we  I irjii-  it  praised  in 
France  as  one  of  the 
American  varieties 
doing  remarkably 
well  there,  being  vig- 
orous and  produc- 
tive, apparently  Phyl- 
loxera-proof in  the 
midst  of  badly  infec- 
ted vines  (in  the 
vineyard  of  M.  Borty, 
at  iRocLuemare).  We 
are  ^inclined  to  be- 
lieve that  the  name  is- 
incorrect.  The  above 
figure  of  the  Clara 

grape  is  reduced  to  one-fourth  of  natural  size  (one-half 

diameter). 

Clinton.  Syn.,  WOKTHINGTON.  (Riparia.) 
Strong  says  that,  in  the  year  1821,  the  Hon. 
Hugh  White,  then  in  Hamilton  College,  N.  Y., 
planted  a  seedling  vine  in  the  grounds  of  Prof. 
Noyes,  on  College  Hill,  which  is  still  remain- 
ing, and  is  the  original  Clinton.  Bunches  me- 
dium or  small,  compact,  not  shouldered ;  berry 
round,  below  medium  size,  black  with  a  blue 
bloom ;  skin  thin,  tough  ;  flesh  juicy,  with  lit- 
tle pulp,  brisk  and  vinous;  somewhat  acid; 
sweeter  the  farther  south  it  grows  ;  colors  early, 
but  should  hang  late  (until  after  the  first  frost) 
to  become  thoroughly  ripe.  Vigorous,  hardy, 
and  productive ;  healthy,  but  an  exceedingly 
rank,  straggling  grower,  and  one  of  the  hard- 


CLARA.     (%  SIZE.) 


Clinton. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Concord. 


est  vines  to  keep  under  control ;  it  requires  a 
great  deal  of  room  and  spur-pruning  on  old 
wood  to  bring  forth  its  best  results.  Being  one 
of  the  first  to  bloom  in  spring,  it  suffers  some- 
times from  late  frosts. 

The  leaf  of  the  Clinton  is  in  some  seasons 
quite  infested  by  the  gall-louse  (the  Gallicola 
form  of  the  Phylloxera),  but  its  root  enjoys  a 
remarkable  immunity  from  the  puncture  of 
this  dreaded  insect.  The  root-lice  are  found 
thereon,  sometimes  abundantly,  but  the  vine 
does  not  suffer  therefrom,  while  European 
vines  by  their  side  are  quite  destroyed.  The 
Clintorj  was  therefore  recommended  by  us  to 
Phylloxera-invaded  France,  and  has  been 
largely  used  there  for  several  years,  until  the 
Taylor  and,  even  more  so.  certain  types  of 
wild  Riparia  were  found  better  adapted. 

L.  Giraud,  Pres't  of  the  Syndicat  Pomerol. 
(Gironde),  writes  May  4,  1883:  "My  grafts  of 
1876,  on  the  poor  decried  Clinton,  give  promise 
this  year  also  of  the  most  satisfactory  returns. 
I  have  abandoned  the  grafting  on  Clinton,  and 
prefer  now  the  Riparia,  on  account  of  the  large 
quantity  of  root-lice  on  the  former,  which 
makes  it  a  bad  neighbor  for  our  French  vines." 

The  fact  that  Clintons,  even  when  teeming 
with  Phylloxera,  are  comparatively  free  from 
mildew  and  rot,  while  other  varieties  much 
less  infected  by  the  insect  suffer  either  by  rot 
or  mildew,  and  some  even  by  both,  refutes  the 
theory  that  these  diseases  might  be  caused  by 
the  Phylloxera. 

Roots  thin  and  wiry,  but  very  tough,  with  a 
hard,  smooth  liber,  rapidly  forming  new  fibers, 
or  spongioles,  and,  though  much  infested  by  the 
Phylloxera,  the  insect  seems  to  have  little  effect 
on  the  hard  texture  of  the  main  roots.  Canes 
rather  slender,  but  long  and  rambling,  with  a 
full  complement  of  laterals  and  strong  tendrils. 
Wood  rather  soft  and  with  a  large  pith. 

Makes  a  fair,  dark  red  wine,  resembling 
claret,  but  of  somewhat  disagreeable  taste, 
which,  however,  improves  with  age ;  must  93° 
to  98°  and  sometimes  exceeding  100°. 

CHnton-Via.Ua.  (Rip.)  By  some  supposed  to  be 
identical  with  franklin,-  others  say  that  the  foliage  of  the 
Vialla  is  larger  and  darker,  and  that  it  is  more  produc- 
tive and  of  a  somewhat  better  quality.  It  is  not  known 
here  at  all,  but  it  is  esteemed  in  France  as  a  superior 
grafting  stock. 

Clover-street  Black..  A  Hybrid  raised  by  Ja- 
cob Moore,  from  Diana,  crossed  by  Black  Hamburg. 
Bunches  large,  compact,  shouldered;  berries  large, 
roundish,  black,  with  a  dark  violet  bloom ;  flesh  ten- 
der, sweet.  Vine  moderately  vigorous.  Ripens  with 
Concord. — Hovey's  Mag. 

Clover-street  Red.  Same  origin  as  the  preced- 
ing. Bunches  larger  than  the  Diana,  loose,  occasion- 


ally with  a  similar  long  stalk  or  shoulder  appended  to 
the  top ;  berries  large,  roundish  oval,  crimson  when 
fully  ripe,  with  a  slight  Diana  flavor.  Vine  a  strong 
grower.  Ripens  with  Diana. — Hovey's  Mag. 

Coe.  The  Coe  grape  originated  in  Washington  Co., 
Iowa.  G.  B.  Brackett,  chairman  fruit  committee,  con- 
siders it  as  belonging  to  the  Labrusca  type,  and  kindly 
describes  it  for  this  Catalogue  as  follows : 

"Vine  a  strong  and  free  grower;  withstands  the 
vicissitudes  of  our  climate  well ;  it  may  be  called  an 
iron-clad;  canes  rather  short-jointed,  with  healthy, 
durable  leaf.  Bunches  small,  compact,  rarely  shoul- 
dered; berries  small  to  medium,  black,  rather  fleshy 
than  juicy.  Ripens  a  week  to  ten  days  before  Concord. 
While  berry  and  bunch  are  smaller  than  Hartford, 
the  berries  of  the  Coe  are  sweeter,  and  do  not  crack 
nor  drop  prematurely.  Brackett  considers  it  valuable 
mainly  for  a  northern  climate. 

Columbia.  (Rip.)  This  grape  is  said  to  have  been 
found  by  Maj.  Adlum  on  his  farm  at  Georgetown,  D. 
C.  A  vigorous  grower,  productive  ;  bunch  small,  com- 
pact; berry  small,  black  with  a  thin  bloom,  with  very 
little  hardness  or  acidity  in  its  pulp  ;  not  high-flavored, 
but  pleasant  and  vinous ;  ripe  last  of  September. — 
Downing. 

Concord.  (Labr.)  This  most  popular  Ameri- 
can grape  originated  with  E.  W.  Bull,  Con- 
cord, Mass.,  who  exhibited  it  for  the  first  time 
on  the  20th  of  Sept.,  1853,  at  the  25th  annual 
exhibition  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural 
Society,  on  Boston  Common. 

Bunch  large,  shouldered,  rather  compact ; 
berries  large,  globular,  black,  thickly  covered 
with  a  beautiful  blue  bloom;  skin  thin,  tender, 
cracks  easily;  flesh  sweet,  pulpy,  tender;  col- 
ors about  two  weeks  before  the  Catawba,  but 
should  be  allowed  to  hang  late,  to  develop  all 
its  good  qualities,  none  too  good  at  best.  Not  a 
good  keeper,  becoming  insipid  soon  after  being 
gathered.  In  some  localities,  however,  espe- 
cially in  East  Tennessee  and  parts  of  Virginia, 
the  Concord  becomes  so  very  sweet  and  rich  as 
scarcely  to  be  recognized.  Roots  numerous, 
stout,  above  average  hardness  in  texture,  with 
medium  liber,  read^y  pushing  new  fibers  un- 
der the  attacks  of  Phylloxera.  One  of  the  best 
resistants  among  the  Labrusca  class,  and  was 
therefore  exported  as  a  grafting  stock  to  South- 
ern France,  but  proving  ill-suited  to  some  lo- 
calities in  that  climate  it  was  soon  generally 
rejected ;  the  Taylor  and  other  Riparia  varieties 
being  much  preferred  as  stocks  for  grafting. 
Canes  of  average  thickness,  long,  rambling, 
with  numerous  and  well  developed  laterals. 
Wood  of  medium  hardness  and  pith.  Vines 
very  strong,  rampant  growers ;  coarse,  strong 
foliage,  dark  green  above,  rusty  beneath ;  has 
proved  very  hardy  and  healthy,  and  is  im- 
mensely 'productive.  This  is  well  illustrated 


•84 


Concord. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Concord  Seedlings. 


CONCORD. 

in  the  above  engraving,  from  a  photograph  of 
a  Concord  grape-vine  (cut  from  Jordan's  vine- 
yard and  exhibited  at  the  St.  Louis  Fair).  In 
some  localities,  however,  the  Concord  is  often 
subject  to  rot  on  old  vines.  Its  beautiful  ap- 
pearance makes  it  one  of  the  most  attractive 
market  grapes;  and,  although  its  quality  is  not 
first  rate,  the  popular  taste  has  become  so  used 
to  this  variety  that  it  is  very  much  liked,  and 
sells  better  than  superior  grapes  of  less  attrac- 
tive appearance.  More  vines  of  this  one  variety 
are  plan  ted  than  of  all  other  varieties  together. 
The  fruit  catalogue  of  the  Am.  Pomol.  Society 
says  of  the  Concord,  "successful  over  a  wider 
range  of  soil  and  climate  than  any  other  varie- 
ty" (in  35  States  of  this  Union) ;  but  it  is  now 
generally  discarded  in  the  SOUTHERN  CENTRAL 
STATES,  being  found  "  unsuited  to  hot  and  dry 
climates." 

The  Concord  makes  a  light  red  wine,  which 
is  effectually  becoming  the  laboring  man's 
drink ;  can  be  produced  cheap  enough,  is  very 
palatable,  and  has  a  peculiar,  refreshing  effect 
upon  the  system.  A  white  wine  may  also  be 
made  of  it  by  pressing  the  grapes  without 
mashing  them.  Specific  gravity  of  must  varies 
from  about  70°  to  80°,  according  to  location  and 
soil,  and  in  the  S.  A.  S.  its  peculiar  character 
(foxy  taste)  seems  vastly  improved. 


M.  Lespiault,  in  a  report  on 
American  wines  at  the  Bor- 
deaux Congres,  1881,  says,  "the 
Concord  makes  a  popular  wine 
which  in  France  also,  at  M. 
Guiraud's,  has  the  approbation 
of  the  working  men.  By  sep- 
arating the  juice  from  the  resi- 
duum (marc)  before  fermenta- 
tion, neuter  (less  foxy)  wines 
can  be  obtained  which  resemble 
some  French  white  wines." 

The  hardiness,  productiveness 
and  popularity  of  the  Concord 
induced  many  attempts  to  raise 
seedlings  therefrom  with  a 
view  to  further  improvements. 
Among  those  which  have  been 
named,  some  will  remain  almost 
unknown,  except  to  their  origin- 
ators, being  neither  sufficiently 
distinct,  nor  yet  superior  in 
quality  to  their  parent.  But 
it  is  the  duty  of  a  complete 
Catalogue  to  mention  the  fol- 
lowing : 

The  BLACK   HAWK  and   COT- 
TAGE are  both  earlier.    (See 
their  description.) 
BURR'S    SEEDLING    CONCORD, 

orignated  with  John  Burr,  of  Leavenworth, 

Kans. 

BALSIGER'S  CONCORD  SEEDLING  No.  2  resem- 
bles the  best  Concords  and  ripens  later. 

The  EATON'S  SEEDLING,  originated  by  the  late 
Galvin  Eaton,  of  Concord,  Mass., ;  attracts 
much  attention  at  the  northern  fruit  limits, 
producing  very  large,  handsome  bunches  re- 
sembling Concord,  but  with  much  larger  ber- 
ries and  less  of  the  native  odor. 

The  LINDEN,  by  T.  B.  Minor,  of  Linden,  N.  J., 
is  said  to  be  better  in  quality,  and  keeping 
longer  than  the  Concord,  but  smaller  in  berry 
and  cluster. 

The  MAIN  grape  was  claimed  to  be  earlier,  but 
proved  to  be  a  Concord,  only  under  another 
name. 

The  MODENA,  raised  by  A.  J.  Caywood,  of 
Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  known  to  us  by  name 
only. 

MOORE'S  EARLY,  raised  in  1872  by  John  B. 
Moore,  of  Concord,  Mass.,  has  taken  the  $60 
prize  of  the  Mass.  Horticult.  Society  as  the 
best  new  early  seedling  in  fall  of  1877 ;  it  is 
from  one  to  two  weeks  earlier  than  Concord, 
bunches  not  as  large  nor  as  weil  shaped,  ber- 
ries larger  but  quality  no  better  than  Con- 
cord, nor  as  strong  a  grower.  (See  descr.} 


Concord  Seedlings. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Concord  Chasselas. 


85 


MCDONALD'S  ANN  ARBOR,  originated  with  A. 
McDonald,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  in  1877,  from 
Concord  seed ;  is  also  black,  and  ripens  with 
Hartford  Prolific.  Vine  said  to  be  an  extra 
strong  grower,  perfectly  hardy  and  healthy. 
Bunch  very  large,  shouldered ;  berry  extra 
large. 

'NEW  HAVEN,  by  J.  Valle,  of  New  Haven,  Mo., 
resembling  Concord  in  wood  and  foliage, 
ripens  a  week  earlier.  Bunch  and  berry 
medium,  of  very  good  quality.  Deserves  to 
be  better  known. 

The  PAXTON,  by  F.  F.  Merceron,  of  Catawissa, 
Penn.,  is  said  to  be  quite  similar  to  Concord. 
ROCKLAND  FAVORITE,  mentioned  in  El  wanger 
&  Barry's  Catalogue  as  a  new  seedling  of  the 
Concord  ;  claimed  to  be  earlier  and  better 
than  its  parent,  and  a  splendid  bearer. 
STORM  KING,  originated  by  E.  P.  Roe,  Corn- 
wall, on  the  Hudson,  N.  Y. ;  is  a  sport  of  a 
Concord  vine,  said  to  bear  since  many  years 
large,  heavy-shouldered  bunches  resembling 
Concord  in  every  respect,  but  with  berries 
nearly  twice  as  large,  black,  round,  with  but 
little  foxiness. 

WORDEN'S  SEEDLING  (see  description). 
YOUNG  AMERICA,  by  Sam.  Miller,  of  Bluffton, 
quite  resembles  Concord. 
See  also  COTTAGE  (page  86)  and  UNA  (white), 
raised  by  E.  M.  Bull,  himself,  from  Seedlings 
of  his  Concord — its  grandchildren,  as  it  were. 
By  these  experiments  it  was  found  that  the 
Concord  shows  a  strong  tendency  to  produce 
white  seedlings,  of  which  Martha  was  the  ear- 
liest, and  became  one  of  the  leading  varieties. 
EVA  and  MACEDONIA,  both  raised  by  Sam. 
Miller  from  Concord  seed,  were  similar  to  Mar- 
iha,  and  therefore  abandoned  by  him ;  though 
in  some   localities,  as   about   Louisville,  the 
EVA  is  considered  much  superior  to  Martha. 

GOLDEN  CONCORD,  by  John  Valle,  of  New  * 
Haven,  Mo.,  is  a  poor  grower,  inferior  to  Mar- 
tha ;  we  do  not  think  that  it  deserves  propa- 
gation as  a  distinct  variety. 

MASON'S  SEEDLING  is  of  far  greater  merit  (see 
description). 

F.  Muench,  F.  J.  Langendcrfer,  J.  Balsiger, 
and  many  others,  have  raised  white  Concord 
seedlings ;  some  of  them  may  prove  superior 
to  Martha  in  quality.  BALSIGER'S  No.  32  has 
liardly  any  foxiness  about  it ;  its  must,  weigh, 
ing  84°,  was  ripe  on  the  15th  of  August  in  our 
latitude,  and  hanging  freely  to  the  vine  in  good 
condition  till  October. 

The  bunches  and  berries  of  these  white  Con- 
cord seedlings  are  smaller  in  size,  about  like 
3Io,rtha  ;  but  less  subject  to  rot,  it  seems. 
'The  LADY  (see  description)  is  an  improve- 


ment on  the  Martha  in  quality,  and  is  recom- 
mended as  such  by  good  authority. 

Among  the  many  pure  Concord  seedlings 
claimed  to  have  better  qualities  than  the  pa- 
rent and  to  prove  of  great  value,  is  also  that 
large  and  showy  new  white  grape  named 

POCKLINGTON  (see  this  variety).    Also,  the 

WHITE  ANN  ARBOR,  raised  from  Concord 
seed  by  C.  H.  Woodruff,  of  Ann  Arbor,  Mich., 
in  1870.  It  is  said  to  come  nearest  to  the  Pock- 
lington  in  size  and  to  be  a  very  fine  white 
grape,  perfectly  hardy,  and  earlier  than  Con- 
cord ;  but  it  has  the  fault  of  dropping  from  the 
stem,  and  the  committee  on  new  native  fruits 
of  the  Am.  Pomol.  Society, 1881,  pronounced  it 
too  acid.  The  sample  then  exhibited  may  not 
have  been  fully  ripe. 

Greater  improvements,  however,  have  been 
achieved  by  hybridizing  the  Concord  with  Eu- 
ropean varieties ;  but,  while  grapes  of  superior 
quality  were  thus  produced,  their  hardiness, 
health  and  productiveness  is  generally  doubt- 
ed. See  "Hybrids,"  in  Manual ;  see,  also, 

"TRIUMPH"  and  "LADY  WASHINGTON,"  in 
description  of  these  varieties. 

Conqueror.  A  seedling  raised  by  Rev.  Archer 
Moore,  N.  J.,  and  by  him  supposed  to  be  a  cross 
between  Concord  and  Royal  Muscadine.  Very 
early ;  bunches  long,  loose,  shouldered ;  ber- 
ries medium,  glossy  black  with  a  bloom ;  flesh 
slightly  pulpy,  juicy,  sweet.  Vine  a  free  grow- 
er, hardy,  healthy,  and  prolific.  With  us  the 
Conqueror  is  doing  remarkably  well,  proves 
less  subject  to  rot  than  any  other  hybrid ;  nor 
can  we  see  any  trace  of  foreign  blood  in  either 
foliage,  growth,  or  appearance ;  it  seems  to  be 
rather  a  cross  between  Concord  and  some  Ri- 
paria  variety,  and  is  worthy  of  more  extended 
cultivation. 

Corporal.  (Hybr.)  A  new  grape,  originated  by 
D.  S.  Marwin,  Watertown,  N.  Y.  Bunch  and  berry  medi- 
um; loose;  color  black;  a  showy,  good  grape.  (Amer. 
Pomol.  Society,  Report  on  New  Fruits,  1881.) 

Concord  Chasselas. — A  Hybrid  grown  from 
Concord  seed,  by  Geo.  W.  Campbell,  of  Delaware,  0., 
who  described  it  as  follows : 

"  Bunch  rather  long,  usually  shouldered,  handsomely 
compact  without  being  crowded ;  berries  large,  round ; 
skin  very  thin  but  tenacious  and  semi-transparent; 
seeds  few  and  very  small ;  color,  when  fully  ripe,  a  rich 
amber  with  a  thin  white  bloom,  almost  identical  in  ap- 
pearance with  the  foreign  Golden  Chasselas ;  flesh  per- 
fectly tender  and  melting,  just  enough  vinous  acid  to 
prevent  cloyingthe  most  delicate  palate ;  wholly  free 
from  any  vestigPof  foxiness,  and  a  grape  that  will  sat- 
isfy the  most  fastidious  taste  formed  upon  the  foreign 
standard.  Ripens  same  time  as  the  Concord.  The  vine 
is  very  vigorous  in  growth;  large  foliage,  thick  and 
abundant,  resisting  mildew  in  fully  exposed  locations 
here  as  well  as  the  Concord. 


86        Cornucopia. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Cottage , 


Concord  Muscat.  (Hybr.)  Also  grown  from 
Concord  seed  by  Geo.  W.  Campbell,  of  Delaware, 
O.,  who  gives  the  following  description  of  it: 

"  Bunch  long,  moderately  compact,  sometimes 
shouldered;  berries  very  large,  oval;  skin  thin, 
rather  opaque ;  seeds  few  and  small ;  color  light 
greenish-white  with  delicate  bloom ;  flesh  entire- 
ly tender  and  melting,  with  no  pulp  or  astrin- 
gency  next  to  the  seeds;  flavor  rich,  sugary, 
slightly  sub- acid,  with  the  peculiar  high  flavor 
which  is  the  distinguishing  charm  and  excellence 
of  the  foreign  Muscats  and  Frontignans.  There 
are  really  few  grapes  among  the  most  admired 
foreign  kinds  which  equal  this  variety  in  pure 
flavor  and  high  quality.  Vine  very  vigorous; 
foliage  large  and  moderately  thick ;  resists  mil- 
dew, except  in  very  unfavorable  seasons.  In  this 
respect  it  is  better  than  Eumelan,  Delaware,  or 
Rogers'  Hybrids,  but  not  equal  to  Concord." 

Cornucopia.  (Arnold's  Hybrid  No.  2.) 
A  seedling  of  Clinton  crossed  with  Black 
St.  Peters.  Vine  much  resembling  the 
Clinton  in  appearance,  but  superior  in 
size  of  berry  and  bunch,  and  greatly  su- 
perior in  flavor ;  a  healthy  grape  and  a 
great  bearer.  The  Paris  (Canada)  Hor- 
ticultural Society  reported  on  it  as  fol- 
lows: 

"  This  is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  best 
grapes  in  the  whole  collection  of  Arnold's 
hybrid  grapes — a  very  promising  grape." 
Bunch  large,  shouldered,  very  compact ; 
berry  above  medium  size,  black  with  a 
beautiful  bloom,  flavor  excellent,  very 
sprightly  and  pleasant ;  skin  thin ;  seeds 
large,  bearing  nearly  the  same  proportion 
to  size  of  berry  as  in  Clinton ;  flesh  melt- 
ing, with  very  little,  if  any,  pulp — seems 
to  burst  in  the  mouth ;  all  juice,  with  a 
little  acid  and  astringency ;  very  produc- 
tive. Ripens  with  Concord.  A  good  mar- 
ket grape  and  "a  good  keeper";  also 
valuable  for  wine. 


Cottage.  (Labr.)  A  seedling  of  the 
Concord  raised  by  E.  W.  Bull,  the  origi- 
nator of  that  variety.  A  s trong,  vigorous 
grower,  with  remarkably  large  and 
leathery  leaves,  and  abundant  strong, 
branching  roots ;  bunch  and  berries 
about  the  size  of  Concord,  but  of  a  somewhat 
darker  shade  ;  ripens  before  Concord  ;  quality 
better  than  the  parent,  with  less  of  the  foxiness 
peculiar  to  the  other,  but  also  less  suited  to 
some  soils  and  localities  than  the  Concord.  In 
the  Bushberg  vineyards  it  is  giving  better  sat- 
isfaction than  most  other  Labrusca  varieties 
while  in  some  other  localities  it  it  not  as  strong 
a  grower  nor  as  heavy  a  bearer  as  Concord,  and 
in  some  places  even  does  poorly. 

Mr.  Bull,  in  his  successful  efforts  to  improve  our  na- 
tive grapes,  began  by  sowing  the  seeds  of  a  wild  grape 


CORNUCOPIA. 

(V.  Labrusca) ,  from  which  he  raised  seedlings.  He  then 
sowed  the  seed  raised  from  these  and  obtained  others, 
among  which  was  the  Concord.  He  then  raised  2,000 
seedlings  before  he  got  any  that  surpassed  the  Concord. 
In  the  fourth  generation,  or  grandchildren  of  the  Con- 
cord, he  obtained  seedlings  far  superior  to  the  Concord 
and  nearly  equal  to  the  European  grape  (V.  Vinifera). 
There  seems  to  be  no  reasonable  doubt  that,  as  Mr.  Bull 
thinks,  the  wild:  grape  can,  in  a  few  generations,  be  made 
equal  in  quality  to  the  European  vine. —  U.  S.  Agr.  Report 
for  1867. 

Mr.  Bull's  experimental  garden  is  a  sandy  hiUside, 
soil  poor  in  organic  matter  but  rich  in  iron.  He  uses  no 
rich  manures;  his  vines  get  a  little  ashes  and  bonedust, 
and  good  culture.  Mr.  Bull  has  not  succeeded  in  rate- 


Croton. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Cunningham.        87 


in  some  localities,  and  it  is  certainly 
one  of  the  most  delightful  grapes, 
when  well  grown,  that  I  have  ever 
raised." 

Bunch  often  8  to  9  inches  long, 
moderately  compact,  and  shoul- 
dered ;  the  shoulder  often  nearly  as 
large  as  the  bunch,  and  the  clusters 
frequently  winged  ;  berries  of  me- 
dium size,  of  light  yellowish-green 
color,  translucent,  and  remarkably 
delicate  in  appearance ;  flesh  melt- 
ing and  sweet  throughout ;  quality 
best,  with  much  of  the  flavor  and 
character  of  the  Chasselas.  Ripens 
early.  Some  very  prominent  pomol- 
ogists  say  that  it  is  one  of  the  best 
hardy  grapes  they  have  tasted,  and 
report  the  vine  as  hardy,  vigorous, 
and  productive ;  others,  that  it  does 
not  succeed  at  all; — even  grafted 
on  strong  roots,  it  remained  unpro- 
ductive and  worthless  with  western 
growers.  Our  own  experience  has 
been  very  unfavorable,  as  the  vine  is 
very  tender,  a  weak  grower,  with  a 
tendency  to  mildew  and  rot.  We 
cannot  recommend  it  for  general 
cultivation,  but  only  as  a  valuable 
amateur  fruit,  one  of  the  most  beauti- 
ful in  appearance  and  exquisite  in 
flavor. 


THE  CROTON  GRAPE. 

ing  another  seedling  which  would  fulfill  his  sanguine 
hopes,  though  thirty  years  hare  elapsed  since  he  raised 
the  Concord.  But  to  have  raised  this  one  is  sufficient  cause 
for  satisfaction ;  and  it  is  so  much  more  to  the  credit  of 
Mr.  Bull  that  he  continued  his  efforts,  as  they  were  never 
rewarded  by  any  pecuniary  profits. 

Cowan,  or  McCowan.  (Rip.)  Bunch  and  ben-i/ 
medium ;  hlack;  rather  harsh  and  austere.  Not  desira- 
ble. — Downing. 

Croton.  Hybrid  cross  between  Delaware  and 
Chasselas  de  Fontainbleau,  originated  .by  S. 
W.  Underbill,  of  Croton  Point,  N.  Y.;  bore  its 
first  fruit  in  1865.  In  1868  and  following  years 
it  obtained  prizes  at  the  New  York,  Pennsylva- 
nia and  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Societies 
and  other  grape  exhibitions,  attracting  marked 
attention.  The  late  H.  E.  Hooker,  of  New  York, 
said:  "The  Croton  succeeds  very  well  indeed 


Cunningham.  Syn.,  LONG. 
A  southern  grape,  of  the  Herbemont 
class ;  it  originated  in  the  garden  of 
Jacob  Cunningham,  Prince  Edward 
Co.,  Va.  Dr.  D.  N.  Norton,  the  same 
who  introduced  to  notice  our  in- 
valuable Norton's  Virginia  grape, 
made  wine  from  the  Cunningham 
in  1855,  and  furnished  to  the  Elder  Prince, 
of  Flushing,  Long  Island,  the  stock  from 
which  this  grape  has  been  disseminated.  In 
this  latitude  and  FARTHER  SOUTH,  the  Cun- 
ningham is  VERY  valuable  for  southern  slopes 
with  poor,  light  limestone  soils.  Transplanted 
to  southern  France,  it  was  there  considered 
as  one  of  the  most  valuable  American  grapes, 
the  quality  of  which  was  admitted  to  be  equal 
to  that  of  some  of  their  own  favorite  varieties. 
Bunch  very  compact  and  heavy,  medium,  long, 
not  always  shouldered ;  berries  small,  purple- 
brownish  black,  juicy,  and  vinous.  Vine  a  very 
strong  grower,  HEALTHY,  and  productive ;  to 
be  so,  however,  it  needs  spur-pruning  on  later- 
als, and  light  winter  protection.  It  should  be 
planted  only  in  favorable  locations,  where  the 
Herbemont  succeeds  best.  Boots  of  medium 


88        Cunningham. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Cynthiana. 


THE  CUNNINGHAM  GRAPE. 


thickness,  inclined  to  be  wiry,  straight,  tough, 
with  a  smooth,  hard  liber.  The  Cunningham 
is  one  of  the  best  resistants  to  the  Phylloxera. 
Canes  not  numerous,  but  very  stout  and  vigor- 
ous, often  attaining  a  length  of  30  or  40  feet 
in  one  season ;  wood  hard  with  a  medium 
sized  pith,  and  a  hard,  thick  outer  bark  adher- 
ing closely  even  on  the  ripe  wood,  a  character- 
istic common  to  all  the  ^Estivalis  class.  Ripens 
its  fruit  very  late,  and  makes  one  of  the  most 


aromatic  and  delightful  wine?,  of  dark  yellow 
color.    Must  95°  to  112°. 

Cynthiana.  Syn.,  RED  RIVER,  ARKANSAS. 
(^Est.)  Received  by  Husmann,  in  1858,  from 
William  R.  Prince,  Flushing,  Long  Island, 
N.  Y.  Origin,  Arkansas,  where  it  was  proba- 
bly found  growing  wild.  It  is  a  true  ^Estivalis 
in  all  its  habits,  and  resembles  Norton's  Vir- 
ginia so  closely  that  it  is  impossible  to  distin- 
guish the  wood  or  leaf,  although  the  bunch  is 


Cynthiana. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Cynthiana.        89 


THE  CYNTHIANA  GRAPE. 


perhaps  somewhat  more  shouldered,  the  berry 
more  juicy  and  somewhat  sweeter,  and  the 
season  for  its  ripening  earlier.  This  difference, 
however,  and  other  points  hereinafter  men- 
tioned, are  attributed  by  many  viticulturists 
to  difference  of  location,  soil,  and  aspect,  and 
are  not  deemed  sufficient  by  them  to  justify  its 
being  considered  a  separate  and  distinct  variety 
from  Norton's  Virginia  Seedling.  We  are  not 
fully  prepared  to  decide,  but  are  inclined  to 
side  with  those  who  consider  the  Cynthiana 
different  from  and  superior  to  Norton's. 


Bunch  of  medium  size,  moderately  compact, 
shouldered  ;  berry  below  medium,  round,  black 
with  blue  bloom,  sweet,  spicy,  moderately 
juicy.  Juice  very  dark  red  ;  weighs  very  heavy 
on  the  must  scale,  even  higher  than  Norton's 
Virginia,  and,  so  far,  makes  our  best  red  wine. 
It  has  as  much  body  as  Norton's  Virginia,  is  of 
exquisite  flavor,  more  delicate  than  Norton's, 
and  can  safely  enter  the  lists  with  Burgundy 
wines.  The  Norton's,  however,  seems  to  pos- 
sess medicinal  ingredients  (tannin)  in  a  higher 
degree.  Vine  vigorous  and  healthy,  free  from 


90        Creveling. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Diana  Hamburg. 


rot,  productive,  and  as  sure  here  in  its  crops  of 
well  ripened  fruit  as  any  variety  we  know,  but 
very  difficult  to  propagate,  as  its  wood  is  very 
hard,  with  a  small  pith  and  closely  adhering 
outer  bark.  The  fruit  ripens  some  few  days 
earlier  than  Norton's.  Specific  gravity  of  must 
from  98°  to  112°,  according  to  the  season.  We 
can  confidently  recommend  the  true  Cynthiana 
as  the  best  grape  for  red  wine  which  we  have 
tried. 

Our  Cynthiana  wine  was  awarded  the  First 
Medal  of  Merit  at  the  World-Exposition,  Vi- 
enna, 1873,  and  is  gaining  the  "blue  ribbon" 
at  every  test.  The  commission  at  the  Con- 
gres  de  Montpellier,  France,  1874,  reported : 
"  Cynthiana  of  Mr.  Bush,  a  red  wine  of  fine 
color,  rich  in  body  and  alcohol,  reminding  us  of 
old  Roussillon  wine."  It  says  the  same  of 
Cynthiana  exhibited  by  Poschel  &  Sherer. 
Nuesch,  formerly  of  Dr.  Lawrence's  Ouachita 
vineyard,  near  Hot  Spring,  Ark.,  who  got  his 
plants  from  us,  says  :  "We  find  the  Cynthiana 
hardier  than  the  Norton,  and  a  few  days  ear- 
lier in  ripening."  Muench  wrote  us:  "Too 
much  cannot  he  said  in  praise  of  the  Cynthi- 
ana ;  its  wine,  two  or  three  years  old,  cannot 
be  excelled  by  the  best  red  wines  of  the  old 
world."  We  look  upon  it  as  our  BEST  AND 
MOST  VALUABLE  grape  for  red  wine,  and  have 
bestowed  special  attention  on  its  propagation. 

Creveling.  Syn.,  CATAWISSA,  BLOOM.  (La- 
brusca,  X)  Columbia  County,  Pennsylvania. 
Bunches  long,  loose  on  young  vines,  but  on 
old  ones  sometimes  as  compact  as  Concords ;  at 
other  times  very  loose,  by  imperfectly  setting 
its  fruit.  Berries  medium  to  large,  slightly 
oval,  black  with  blue  bloom ;  flesh  tender, 
juicy,  and  sweet;  quality  best.  Ripens  early,  a 
few  days  later  than  Hartford,  and  before  Con- 
cord. Vine  a  fair  grower,  healthy,  and  hardy, 
but  not  free  from  rot  and  mildew;  may  be 
planted  6  by  6  feet  apart,  on  northern  and 
northeastern  hillsides.  Roots  thick  and  warty, 
and  comparatively  few;  texture  soft,  with  a 
thick  liber,  forming  young  fibers  rather  slow- 
ly ;  canes  long  and  rambling,  slender,  long- 
jointed,  and  with  few  laterals;  wood  soft,  of  a 
reddish  color,  with  a  large  pith. 

In  all  these  characteristics  there  is  scarce  a 
trace  of  the  .ZEstivalis,  for  which  class  some 
would  claim  the  Creveling. 

This  grape  for  a  time  was  rapidly  growing  in 
favor ;  this  it  has  not  deserved,  as  it  is  often 
very  unproductive,  setting  its  fruit  imper- 
fectly. 

Mr.  Knight,  proprietor  of  a  vineyard  of  fifty 
acres  near  Philadelphia,  is  reported  to  have 
lately  dug  up  five  acres  of  the  Creveling,  be- 


cause he  has  found  it  unsatisfactory  as  a  mar- 
ket grape;  it  would  be  still  more  unprofitable 
as  a  wine  grape,  and  can  only  maintain  its 
place  as  a  fine  family  grape  for  garden  culture. 
Rev.  Burnet,  of  Ontario,  who  has  planted  and 
cultivated  the  Creveling  intermingled  with 
Concord,  says  that  he  found  it  "everything 
that  could  be  desired,  both  in  regard  to  the 
bunch  and  the  berry" — ascribing  it  to  impreg- 
nation by  the  Concord. 

Cuyahogra.     Syn.,   WEMPLE.     (Labr.)    A  chance 

seedling  found  and  grown  by Wemple,  of  Collamer, 

CuyahogaCo.,  Ohio.  Vine  a  strong  grower ;  requires  a 
warm,  sandy  soil,  and  exposure,  to  make  it  desirable  at 
the  north;  but  when  well  grown  it  is  of  fine  quality. 
South  it  casts  its  foliage  and  is  not  valuable.  Bunch 
medium,  compact;  berry  medium,  dull  greenish-amber 
when  fully  ripe;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  rich,- vinous,  sweet, 
liipens  with  the  Catawba  or  a  little  later. 

Dana..  A  seedling  grown  by  the  late  Francis  Dana, 
of  Roxbury,  Mass.,  and  described  in  the  "  Massachu- 
setts Horticultural  Transactions."  Bunch  medium, 
shouldered,  compact,  with  a  peculiar  red  stem ;  berries 
rather  large,  round,  red  with  a  rich,  heavy  bloom,  so 
that  when  fully  ripe  they  appear  almost  black  ;  flesh 
as  free  from  pulp  as  Delaware ;  not  so  sweet,  but  more 
spirited  and  vinous,  yet  not  an  acid  grape. 

John  B.  Moore  &  Son,  Concord,  Mass.,  who  own  the 
parent  vine,  say  further  of  this  grape,  that  the 
vine  is  a  strong  grower  and  perfectly  hardy,  the  foliage 
clean(?)  and  healthy.  Bunch  as  large  as  the  Concord  at 
its  best ;  similar  to  the  Red  Chasselas  in  quality  and 
color,  and  supposed  to  be  a  pure  native  seedling.  Ri- 
pens with  Concord. 

Dempsey' s  Seedlings,  see  BUKNET  (p.  79.)  There 
are  others  designated  by  numbers  only,  and  very  little 
known  outside  of  Ontario. 

Detroit.  (Labr)  This  variety  is  supposed  to  be 
a  seedling  of  Catawba.  It  was  found  in  a  garden  in 
Detroit,  Mich.  Not  having  seen  the  fruit,  we  copy  from 
description  in  the  Horticulturist:  "Vine  very  vigorous 
and  hardy.  Foliage  resembling  Catawba  ;  wood  short- 
jointed  ;  bunches  large,  compact ;  berries  very  dark 
rich  brown  claret  with  a  light  bloom,  round  and  regu- 
lar ;  flesh  with  very  little  pulp,  rich  and  sugary.  Ri- 
pens earlier  than  the  Catawba." 

Diana  Hamburg,  (Hybr.)  Said  to  be  a  cross 
between  the  Diana  and  Black  Hamburg,  originated 
by  Jacob  Moore,  of  Rochester,  N.  Y. ;  bunches  gener- 
ally large,  sufficiently  compact,  well  shouldered  ;  ber- 
ries above  medium,  slightly  oval,  of  a  rich  fiery-red 
color  when  fully  ripe ;  flesh  tender,  of  very  sweet  fla- 
vor, equal  to  some  of  the  finer  foreign  sorts.  Vine  a 
weak  grower,  with  short-jointed,  firm  wood,  very  ten- 
der ;  leaves  of  medium  size,  crimped,  and  sometimes 
rolled  in  ;  subject  to  mildew.  Its  fruit  ripens  after  the 
Concord,  but  before  its  parent  the  Diana.  We  may  as 
well  state  that  at  least  three  independent  parties  are' 
reputed  to  have  made  this  hybrid,  and  several  crosses 
of  the  foreign  Black  Hamburg  on  the  Diana  may 
exist.  Ours  is  from  J.  Charlton,  Rochester,  N.  Y., 
but  it  proved  worthless.  We  might  as  well  attempt  to 
grow  the  Black  Hamburg  hi  open  air.  Its  propagation 
should  be  given  up — at  least  we  have  done  so. 


Delaware. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Delaware.        91 


Delaware.  Origin  unknown.  It  was 
found  many  years  since  in  the  garden 
of  Paul  H.  Provost,  Frenchtown,  Hun- 
terdon  Co.,  N.  J.,  who  had  immigrated 
from  Switzerland,  and  brought  with 
him  many  varieties  of  foreign  grapes, 
which  he  cultivated  in  his  garden.  It 
was  first  known  as  the  "  Italian  Wine 
Orape,"  then  it  was  supposed  to  be  the 
"Red  Traminer,"  or  a  seedling  from 
this  variety.  We  have  strong  reasons 
to  believe  it  a  hybrid  between  the  Vilis 
Labrusca  and  V.  Vinifera. 

This  variety,  first  brought  to  notice* 
by  A.  Thompson,  Delaware,  O.,  is  con- 
sidered to  be  one  of  the  best,  if  not  the 
best,  of  all  American  grapes.  It  seems 
ENTIRELY  FREE  FROM  ROT  in  all  seasons, 
and  its  perfect  hardiness  and  unsur- 
passed quality  and  popularity,  both  as 
a  table  fruit  and  for  wine,  places  this 
variety  at  the  head  of  American  grapes. 
Unfortunately  and  from  various  causes, 
it  does  not,  succeed  well  in  many  locali- 
ties ;  it  should  be  planted  in  deep,  rich 
«oil,  open  and  well-drained,  here  on 
northeast  and  eastern  slopes,  and  re- 
quires good  cultivation  (thinning  the 
crop)  and  pruning  to  short  laterals.  Its 
roots  are  slender,  and  not  inclined  to 
branch  out  much  ;  of  medium  tough- 
ness, with  a  rather  soft  liber.  Canes 
proportionate,  in  length  and  thickness, 
with  an  average  number  of  laterals. 
"Wood  hard,  with  a  small  pith.  It  is  a 
slow  grower.  Fourteen  hundred  and 
fifty  vines  may  well  be  planted  to  the 
acre,  5  to  6  feet  being  a  sufficient  dis- 
tance. The  Delaware  is  exceedingly 
hardy,  enduring  uninjured  the  sever- 
est winters,  if  the  vines  are  healthy. 
In  some  localities  it  yields  a  sure  and 
abundant  crop,  and  is  entirely  without 
a  rival  for  the  production  of  a  fine  white  wine. 
In  some  parts  of  Michigan  (St.  Joseph,  Benton 
Harbor),  for  instance,  it  annually  produces 
{since  1864  to  this  day)  as  many  pounds  to  the 
vine  as  the  Concord,  and  is  even  more  certain. 
In  Maine  also  it  is  considered."  altogether  the 
test  grape  we  have."  In  other  localities,  how- 
ever, it  has  been  found  subject  to  mildew  or 
leaf-blight,  and  this  tendency  is  greatly  aggra- 
vated by  allowing  the  vines  to  overbear,  which 
the  Delaware,  if  permitted,  is  sure  to  do.  Good 
authorities  recommend  a  slight  coping  over  the 
vines  as  a  protection  against  mildew.  Its  root 

*  Am.  Pomol.  Society,  1855. 


DELAWARE. 

was  supposed  to  be  sensitive  to  Phylloxera, 
and  its  leaves  are  often  covered  with  galls  pro- 
duced by  this  insect ;  but  Reich  of  Armeill&re, 
the  eminent  grape-grower  of  the  Rhone-Delta, 
has  furnished  proof  that  this  variety  also  is 
successfully  resisting  the  attacks  of  Phyllox- 
era. He  artificially  infected  them  with  the 
insect,  three  times  each  year,  without  doing 
them  any  harm. 

Bunch  small  to  medium,  compact;  clus- 
ters usually  shouldered ;  berries  below  medi- 
um, round;  skin  thin,  but  tenacious;  pulp 
sweet  and  tender ;  juice  abundant,  rich,  vinous 
and  sugary,  sprightly  and  refreshing  ;  color  a 


92        Delaware. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Downing. 


beautiful  light  red  or  purplish-maroon,  covered 
with  a  thin  whitish  bloom,  and  very  translu- 
cent. It  is  without  harshness  or  acidity  in  its 
pulp,  exceedingly  sweet,  but  sprightly,  vinous 
and  aromatic.  Ripens  early,  about  eight  days 
later  than  Hartford  Prolific.  Quality  best,  for 
the  table  as  well  as  for  wine.  Must  100°- 118°. 
Acid  5  to  6  per  mill. 

When  the  former  editions  of  this  Catalogue 
were  published,  seedlings  from  Delaware  and 
its  crosses  with  other  varieties  were  but  little 
known,  though  Innumerable  attempts  had  been 
made  to  raise  them.  Expectations  to  pro- 
duce therefrom  a  grape  of  superior  value,  larger 
only  in  size  of  bunch  and  berries,  yet  of  the  qua- 
lity of  the  Delaware,  seemed  doomed  to  disap- 
pointment. Most  of  its  seedlings  showed  more 
or  less  of  the  "  Fox  grape.1'1  This  fact  and  other 
characteristics  (see  Manual — Table  of  Grape 
Seeds,  &c.)  convince  us  of  its  origin,  in  part, 
from  this  species,  although  many  eminent  hor- 
ticulturists and  botanists  class  the  Delaware 
with  ^Estivalis  (others  with  Riparia).  It  is 
true  that  the  Delaware  leaf  seems  more  closely 
allied  to  ^Estivalis ;  its  wood  is  harder,  more 
difficult  to  propagate,  and  the  tendrils  are  not 
continuous  (nor  are  they  regularly  intermit- 
tent) ;  but  we  find  a  remarkable  parallel  case 
in  "  Sheppard's  Delaware,"  raised  from  seed 
of  Catawba  by  J.  N.  Sheppard,  in  1852.  From 
him  Charles  Downing  received  it,  with  its 
history,  and  says,  "the  vine  and  fruit  are  simi- 
lar in  all  respects  to  Delaware."  The  "WHITE 
DELAWARE,"  raised  by  G.  W.  Campbell  from 
seed  of  Delaware,  has  large,  thick  foliage 
"resembling  Catawba  more  than  Delaware." 
Another  White  Delaware  seedling  raised  by 
H.  Jaeger,  of  Neosho,  shows  the  same  charac- 
teristics, and  the  fruit  has  a  musky  flavor ; 
probably  it  has  not  proved  valuable,  or  else 
more  would  have  been  heard  of  it.  Of  late, 
however,  several  very  promising  hybrids  of 
Delaware  crossed  with  Concord  and  other 
Labruscas  have  been  produced,  especially  the 
DUCHESS.  (See  Descr.  of  this  Far.;  also  List  C 
of  Hybr.  in  Manual,  p.  28.) 

J.  Rommel  has  lately  produced  a  BLACK 
DELAWARE  seedling  which  is  very  early,  of 
fine  quality,  and  may  become  valuable,  as  it 
seems  to  do  well  in  localities  and  soils  where 
the  old  Delaware  fails.  Two  White  Seedlings 
of  Delaware,  one  named  KALISTA,  the  other 
LACCBISSA,  are  reported  by  J.  Sacksteder,  of 
Louisville,  Ky.;  they  are  said  to  be  of  superior 
quality,  rich  in  flavor,  better  growers  than 
their  parent  and  to  hold  their  foliage  until  fall. 


Devereux.  (^Est.)  Syn.,  BLACK  JULY,  LIN- 
COLN,? BLUE  GRAPE,  SHERRY,  THURMOND, 
HART,  TULEY,  MCLEAN,  HUSSON  (LENOIR, 
incorrectly;  the  name  BLACK  JULY  is  also- 
objectionable,  being  used  by  English  ampelo- 
graphs  for  the  ISCHIA  NOIK,  or  NOIR  DE  JUIL- 
LET,  a  PINEAU  variety —  Vinifera — with  which 
the  DEVEREUX  has  no  resemblance.)  A  south- 
ern grape ;  belongs  to  the  same  class  as  Herbe- 
mont  and  Cunningham.  Where  this  variety 
will  succeed  it  is  one  of  our  best  wine  grapes, 
producing  a  white  wine  of  exquisite  flavor.  It  is 
somewhat  subject  to  mildew,  very  tender,  and 
requires  covering  in  the  winter.  North  of  Mis- 
souri it  should  not  be  tried,  but  here  it  suc- 
ceeds admirably  on  southern  slopes,  in  very 
favorable  seasons  ;  never  on  wet,  cold  soils. 
Our  southern  grape-growers  especially  should 
plant  some  of  it.  Bunch  long,  loose,  slightly 
shouldered ;  berry  black,  below  medium,  round; 
skin  fine,  tender ;  flesh  meaty,  juicy,  without 
pulp,  and  vinous  ;  quality  best.  Vine  a  strong 
grower,  and,  when  free  from  mildew,  moder- 
ately productive  ;  wood  long-jointed,  purplish- 
brown  at  first,  of  deeper  purplish-red  when 
ripe ;  with  bi-forked,  intermittent  tendrils  — 
these,  as  also  the  leaf-stalk,  are  tinged  on  their 
base  with  a  purplish-brown  hue,  like  the  young 
canes ;  the  buds  are  covered  with  a  russet 
down,  unfolding  with  that  rosy  complexion 
peculiar  to  the  young  downy  leaves  of  most 
.33stivalis.  The  developed  foliage  is  of  medium 
size,  entire  (not  lobed),  considerably  wrinkled, 
turgid,  with  somewhat  abundant  hair-tufts  on 
the  lower  veins. 

Don  Juan.  One  of  Rickett's  Hybrid  Seedlings, 
much  like  its  parent  lona.  F.  R.  Elliott  says:  ''It 
is  better  than  any  known  hardy  grape  of  its  color ;  is 
about  the  size,  in  berry,  of  Rogers'  15,  a  deeper  color, 
and  a  larger  and  better  bunch ;  the  flesh  is  vinous, 
sweet  and  sparkling."  (See  "Rickett's  Seedlings.") 

Downing-,  or  Charles  Downing.  A  Hybrid  ob- 
tained by  James  H.  Ricketts,  Newburgh,  N.  Y.,  from 
the  Croton  fertilized  by  Black  Hamburg.  "Bunches 
large,  sometimes  shouldered ;  berries  large,  slightly 
oval,  nearly  black  with  light  bloom  ;  flesh  tender, 
breaking  somewhat  like  the  foreign  sorts ;  in  flavor  it 
is  first  rate,  being  sweet,  with  just  enough  sprightli- 
ness  to  prevent  cloying  the  palate." — Fuller. 

The  vine  is  said  to  be  a  vigorous  grower,  with  healthy 
foliage.  Its  parents  forebode  the  reverse.  According 
to  other  reports,  it  was  produced  from  Israella  crossed 
with  Muscat-Hamburg.  It  has  an  unusually  long 
bunch  and  large,  oblong  berries — a  remarkable  grape. 
Mr.  Ricketts  must  have  valued  it  highly,  else  he 
would  not  have  given  it  the  name  of  our  revered  great 
Pomologist.  But  it  is  not  disseminated. 


Diana. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Dunlap.        93 


Diana.  (Labr.)  A  seedling  of 
Catawba,  raised  by  Mrs.  Diana 
Crehore  (who  still  lives,  at  the 
age  of  87!),  Milton,  Mass.;  first 
exhibited  in  1843,  before  the  Mas- 
sachusetts Horticultural  Socie- 
ty. Fuller  j  ustly  remarks  : 

"There  is  probably  no  one  va- 
riety of  grape  in  cultivation  in 
regard  to  which  there  is  a  greater 
diversity  of  opinion,  and  its  vari- 
ableness fully  warrants  all  that 
is  said  about  it.  In  one  section 
it  is  really  excellent,  while  in 
another,  perhaps  near  by  it,  it  is 
entirely  worthless.  This  differ- 
ence is  often  observable  in  the 
same  garden,  and  from  no  ap- 
parent cause." 

The  Diana  seems  to  do  best  in 
warm,  rather  dry  and  poor  soil ; 
gravelly  clay  or  sandy  loam 
seems  best  suited  to  its  wants. 
Is  reported  to  do  remarkably 
well  in  Georgia.  Bunches  me- 
dium, very  compact,  occasional- 
ly shouldered ;  berries  medium 
size,  round,  pale  red,  covered 
with  a  thin  lilac  bloom;  flesh 
tender,  with  some  pulp,  sweet, 
juicy,  with  a  musk  flavor  that 
is  very  strong  until  the  fruit  is 
fully  ripe,  and  then  often  offen- 
sive to  some  tastes.  Colors  its 
fruit  early,  but  does  not  really 
mature  much  earlier  than  the 
Catawba.  Vine  a  vigorous  grow- 
er, requiring  much  room  and 
long  pruning,  and  increases  in 
productiveness  and  good  quality 
as  the  vines  get  age ;  roots  few, 
but  long  and  thick,  soft  in  tex- 
ture, and  with  a  thick  liber;  

canes  heavy  and  long,  with  few~laterars,  alid 
a  very  large  pith.  It  is  not  as  productive, 
nor  quite  as  large  in  bunch  and  berry,  as  its 
parent,  but  some  think  it  superior  in  quality  ; 
unfortunately  it  is  just  as  frequently  suffering 
from  mildew  and  rot  as  the  Catawba.  Its 
berries  hold  well,  and  its  thick  skin  enables  it 
to  withstand  changes  of  temperature  better ; 
hence  the  Diana  improves  by  being  left  upon 
the  vine  until  after  pretty  severe  frost.  As  a 
variety  for  packing  and  keeping,  it  has  no  su- 
perior. Eastern  grape-growers  claim  it  to 
be  valuable  also  for  wine.  Must  88°-90°; 
acid  12. 


DIANA. 

Dracnt  Amber.  (Labr.}  Originated  by  J.  W. 
Manning,  Dracut,  Mass.  Vine  very  vigorous. 
Regarded  by  us  as  but  a  slightly  improved 
wild  Fox  grape;  very  early  and  productive. 
Bunch  large  and  long,  compact,  often  shoul- 
dered ;  berries  large,  round  ;  skin  thick,  of  pale 
red  color,  pulpy  and  foxy ;  too  foxy  for  our 
taste,  and  should  be  discarded,  when  so  many 
better  varieties  can  be  grown.  Yet  some  new 
varieties,  quite  similar,  and  but  very  little,  if 
any  better,  are  continually  introduced.  (See 
Wyoming  Red.) 

Dunlap.  One  of  Rickett's  Hybrids,  a  fine  red 
grape.  Not  disseminated. 


94        Duchess. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


El  Dorado. 


Dunn.  (jEst.)  A  new  grape  obtained  from  a  Mr. 
Dunn  in  W.  Texas,  and  named  after  him  by  G.  Onder- 
donk,  Mission  Valley,  Texas.  Vine  a  vigorous  grower, 
in  habit  and  foliage  precisely  like  the  Herbemont,  but 
bunches  generally  not  shouldered,  and  berries  above 
Herbemont  in  size  and  paler  in  color  ;  ripens  about 
when  the  Herbemont  is  gone,  which  is  a  valuable  feat- 
ure for  southern  Texas  and  similar  southern  climates, 
but  makes  it  unfit  for  our  northern  and  even  for  the 
central  States. 

Further  experiments  make  it  doubtful  whether  this 
variety  is  sufficiently  distinct  from  the  Herbemont, 
and  whether  the  difference  in  size  and  time  of  ripen- 
ing may  not  have  been  due  to  other  circumstances, 
conditions  of  soil,  &c.  No  plants  will  be  sent  out  until 
this  has  been  determined. 

Duchess,  a  new,  fine  white  table-grape,  raised 
near  Newburgh,  N.  Y.,  by  A.  8.  Cay  wood  &  Son, 
who  states  that  "it  was  produced  by  crossing 
a  WHITE  COXCORD  Seedling  with  DELAWARE 
or  WALTER,  the  pollen  of  both  being  applied 
at  the  same  time.''  The  vine  is  a  vigorous 
grower,  with  moderately  short-jointed  shoots ; 
leaves  large,  light  green,  rather  thick,  coarsely 
serrated,  adhere  to  the  vine  very  late  in  the 
season;  vine  abundantly  productive.  Bunch, 
medium  to  large  (from  |  to  f  Ibs.  each),  shoul- 
dered, occasionally  double-shouldered,  com- 
pact; berries  medium,  roundish,  inclining  to 
oval;  skin  rather  thick,  light  green  at  first, 
but  pale  greenish-yellow  when  mature,  some- 
times a  golden  yellow  where  fully  exposed  and 
gathered  late,  and  covered  with  a  thin  whitish 
bloom;  flesh  tender,  free  from  pulp,  juicy, 
sweet,  spicy,  rich,  and  of  excellent  quality ; 
the  berries  adhere  strongly  to  the  peduncle, 
and  the  fruit  keeps  a  long  time  after  being 
gathered.  Ripens  soon  after  the  Concord. 
— Charles  Downing. 

JohnJ.  Thomas,  recognized  as  good  authority 
among  pomologists,  says:  In  quality,  it  is 
unquestionably  one  of  the  most  delicious  of 
all  out-door  varieties,  and  in  growth  the  vines 
possess  great  vigor  and  hardiness,  withstand- 
ing our  winters  uninjured.  President  Wilder, 
says:  "The  Duchess  is  as  well  adapted  to 
exportation  as  the  White  Malaga,  and  is  of 
much  better  quality;  I  think  it  is  the  begin- 
ning of  the  production  of  grapes  for  export." 
In  a  discussion  on  the  new  grape,  at  the  Am. 
Pomol.  Society  meeting,  1881,  Mr.  Cay  wood  re- 
marked "that  the  Duchess  will  not  endure 
high  feed.  It  grows  rampantly,  making  thirty 
feet  on  the  vines  at  three  years  old.  It  is  a 
grape  for  the  poor  man.  It  will  grow  without 
obliging  him  to  spend  all  the  money  the  grapes 
bring  for  fertilizers."  He  assures  us  also,  that : 
"It  ripens  with  Concord  and  carries  better 
than  any  other  known  variety,  having  been 
sent  to  California  and  back  again  in  good  con- 


dition, and  five  weeks  afterward  the  same 
clusters  were  sent  to  the  exhibition  at  Atlanta, 
Ga.  It  keeps  without  difficulty  until  spring. 
All  grapes  that  carry  well  keep  well  from  the 
same  general  cause."  Testimony  as  to  the 
excellence  of  the  Duchess  grape  has  been  re- 
ceived from  many  of  the  most  eminent  author- 
ities in  the  country.  It  is,  in  our  opinion,  one 
of  the  best  white  grapes  and  second  to  none 
for  family  use. 

Early  Dawn.  (Hybr.  )  An  early  black  grape  of 
fine  quality  which  originated  with  Dr.  Wm.  A.  M. 
Culbert,  of  Newburgh,  N.  Y.,  being  a  cross  of  Muscat- 
Hamburg  &  Israella  ;  vine  healthy,  vigorous,  and  very 
productive  ;  wood  moderately  short-jointed  ;  leaves 
large,  thick  and  firm,  roundish,  broadly  but  not  deep- 
ly serrated,  sometimes  slightly  lobed.  Bunch  medium 
to  large,  long,  shouldered  ;  berry  medium,  round,  black 
with  a  thick  blue  bloom  ;  skin  thin  but  firm  ;  flesh 
tender,  juicy,  sweet,  slightly  vinous,  rich,  and  of  very 
good  quality  ;  the  fruit  adheres  well  to  the  peduncle, 
keeps  well,  and  is  a  valuable  addition  to  the  early 
grapes;  either  for  the  table  or  market.  Ripens  a  week 
or  more  before  the  Hartford  Prolific.  —  Chas.  Downing. 

P.  M.  Augur  of  Connecticut,  O.  B.  Hadwen  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, and  some  others,  consider  it  one  of  the  best 
early  varieties  ;  a  moderate  grower,  with  a  moderately 
good  bunch.  So  far,  it  has  not  been  tested  in  the  west, 
and  its  parentage  gives  us  no  confidence  in  its  value. 


Hudson(?).  An  early,  round,  black  grape, 
of  little  value,  except  as  a  curiosity,  inasmuch  as  some 
of  the  berries  contain  no  seed. 

Edinburgh.  Syn.,  ELSINBORO,  SMART'S  En> 
SINBOROUGH.  (^Est.}  Supposed  to  have  origin- 
ated in  Elsinburgh,  Salem  county,  N.  J.  An 
amateur  grape,  of  fine  quality  ;  ripens  early. 
Bunches  medium  to  large,  rather  loose,  shoul- 
dered ;  berries  small,  round  ;  skin  thick,  black 
covered  with  a  thin  bloom  ;  flesh  without  pulp, 
sweet,  vinous.  Leaves  deeply  five-lobed,  dark 
green,  smooth  ;  wood  long-jointed  and  slender. 
Subject  to  mildew. 

Elizabeth.  (Labr.)  Originated  on  the  farm  of 
Joseph  Hart,  near  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  and  described  in 
the  Rural  New  Yorker  :  Bunches  large,  compact  ;  ber- 
ries  large,  roundish-oval,  greenish  white  with  a  purple 
tinge  in  the  sun  ;  flesh  rather  pulpy,  acid. 

El  Dorado.  Another  of  Ricketts'  seedlings,  pro- 
duced by  crossing  Concord  with  Allen's  hybrid.  Vine 
partakes  strongly  of  the  parent  Concord  in  every  par- 
ticular, while  in  fruit  the  bunch  is  very  regular  and 
much  larger.  Berry  large,  round,  clear  golden  yellow 
with  a  thin  white  bloom,  and  few  seeds.  It  is  &  full 
sister  to  the  Lady  Washington  (between  which  there 
exists  a  strong  resemblance),  ripens  early,  and  is  per- 
haps the  highest  flavored  grape,  either  hardy  or  exotic, 
in  existence  —  possessing  a  delicate  though  decided 
aroma  resembling  pineapples  ;  foliage  and  habit  of 
growth  good,  so  far  as  tested.—  Not  tested  by  us. 


Duchess. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Duchess,        95 


96 


Early  Victor. 


BUSHBERG   CATALOGUE. 


Early  Victor. 


Early  Victor.  (Labr.)  A  chance  seedling  of 
the  Labrusca  class,  originated  with  John  Burr, 
of  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  about  12  years  ago 
(1871).  Fine  very  hardy,  healthy,  vigorous,  and 
very  productive ;  wood  dark  gray,  rather  long- 
jointed;  foliage  thick,  medium,  dark  green, 
deeply  lobed,  partaking  somewhat  of  the  char- 
acter of  the  Delaware  and  Hartford  Prolific — 
not  as  pubescent  as  the  latter.  The  original 
vine  has  not  been  injured  by  the  severe  cold 


and  sudden  changes  of  our  climate,  and  has 
shown  no  rot  or  disease. 

"Bunch  above  medium,  compact,  often  shoul- 
dered, sometimes  double  shouldered;  berry  me- 
dium, round,  black  with  a  heavy  blue  hloom  ; 
adheres  to  the  peduncle  until  it  shrivels;  flesh 
slightly  pulpy,  juicy,  sprightly,  and  vinous ; 
agreeably  sweet,  without  foxiness.  Season  at 
least  a  week  EARLIER  THAN  HARTFORD  PRO- 
LIFIC.'"— Dr.  J.  Stayman. 

The  above  description 
is  from  the  Third  Appen- 
dix to  Downing's  "Fruits 
and  Fruit-trees  of  Amer- 
ica" (1881J.  This  variety 
was  not  disseminated  be- 
fore the  year  1881,  but  has 
been  tested  in  various 
localities.  Geo.  W.  Camp- 
bell says:  "I  know  of  no 
black  grape  so  well  fitted 
to  take  the  place  of  all 
the  foxy  abominations 
(Hartford,  Ives,  Talman 
or  Early  Champion,  Janes- 
ville,  Belvidere )  which 
have  been  tolerated  on 
account  of  their  earliness. 
I  am  glad  to  recognize  in 
this  variety  a  really  good, 
very  early  black  grape, 
with  a  vine  evidently  of 
the  healthiest  and  hardi- 
est type  of  the  Labrusca 
class." 

The  Early  Victor  is 
expected  to  take  a  high 
position  as  a  popular  and 
profitable  grape  for  the 
market  grower,  as  well 
as  for  the  vineyard  and 
garden,  wherever  vines  of 
the  Labrusca  class  can  be 
grown  successfully.  In 
growth  and  general  habit, 
as  well  as  in  the  size  and 
general  appearance  of  the 
clusters,  it  resembles  the 
Hartford;  but,  unlike  the 
Hartford,  it  is  a  grape  of 
excellent  quality,  slight 
pulpiness,  small  seeds, 
free  from  foxiness,  and 
the  berry  does  not  fall 
from  the  cluster  even 
when  overripe. 


EARLY    VICTOR. 


4- 


ELVIRA 


F1U)M  NMUBEFORTHEBHSHBERG  CATALOGUE, 


Elvira. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Elvira.        97 


Elvira,  a  seedling  of  the  Taylor,  raised  by 
Jacob  Rommel,  of  Morrison,  Mo.,  first  intro- 
duced and  disseminated  by  us  in  1874-75,  is 
now  one  of  the  leading  white-wine  grapes. 
The  accompanying  illustration  was  made  for 
this  Catalogue  from  a  photograph  of  a  medi- 
um cluster.  Bunches  small  to  medium,  shoul- 
dered, very  compact ;  berry  medium,  considera- 
bly larger  than  Taylor,  its  parent,  round,  pale 
green  with  white  bloom,  sometimes  tinged  with 
red  streaks  when  fully  ripe ;  skin  very  thin, 
almost  transparent ;  it  sets  so  very  closely  and 
the  skin  is  so  thin  as  to  cause  some  of  the  ber- 
ries to  crack ;  pulp  sweet,  very  tender  and 


juicy,  fine  flavor.    Ripens  about  ten  days  later 
than  Concord. 

Vine  a  most  vigorous,  stocky  grower,  emi- 
nently productive,  often  bearing  four  to  six 
consecutive  bunches  from  one  eye  ;  exceeding- 
ly healthy  and  hardy,  having  stood  the  hard 
winter  of  1872-73,  and  even  that  of  '1880-81, 
without  protection.  No  rot  to  speak  of,  so  far; 
foliage  free  from  mildew  in  most  unfavorable 
seasons.  Roots  like  those  of  Clinton  and  Tay- 
lor, with  the  same  immunity  from  attacks  of 
the  Phylloxera.  Canes  stout  and  long  with 
well-developed  laterals.  Wood  harder  than 
the  Taylor,  with  a  medium  pith.  Foliage  large 


98        Etta. 


BUSHBERG   CATALOGUE. 


Eureka. 


and  strong,  somewhat  rusty  and  woolly  on 
the  lower  side.  Since  it  has  been  established 
that  the  Taylor  is  itself  a  cross  between 
Eiparia  and  Labrusca,  the  characteristics  of 
the  Elvira  are  fully  explained  by  its  parent- 
age. (See  page  20.) 

The  Elvira  makes  a  very  good  white  wine, 
and  is  now  extensively  grown  for  this  pur- 
pose, but  is  unfit  for  marketing  on  account 
of  its  thin,  easily-bursting  skin.  This  dis- 
position to  crack  and  a  tendency  to  over- 
bear, thereby  injuring  the  health  and  vigor 
of  the  vine  for  future  years,  made  its  origin- 
ator wish  to  produce  some  still  better  grape, 
without  these  faults  ;  and  he  may  have  suc- 
ceeded in  his  "Etta." 

Etta.    (Rip.)    Understood  to  be  a  descendant 
from  Taylor  in  the  third  generation,  a  daughter  of 
Elvira,  raised  by  Jacob  Rommell  (first  exhibited 
in  1879  as  Elvira  Seedling 
No.   3);    resembles   Elvira, 
but  has  larger  berries  with 
firmer   skin,  not  disposed 
to  crack,  and  is  superior  in 
quality.     It   ripens   later. 
The  vine  is  of  very  vigor- 
ous  growth   with    strong, 
healthy  foliage,  hardy,  and 
productive.  This  grape  was 
awarded  the  premium  "for 
the  best    bearing  Cane  of 
New    Seedlings   for  Wine, 
quality  and  productiveness 
to  rule,"  at  the  Mississippi 
Valley  Horticultural  Society  meeting  in 
St.  Louis,  September,  1880. 

We  consider  this  the  best  of  Rommel's 
white  grapes,  a  great  improvement  over 
Elvira.  The  annexed  illustration,  copy  of 
a  photograph  of  this  variety,  may  not  do 
it  full  justice,  as  it  was  selected  only  for 
the  peculiarity  of  often  producing  dou- 
ble bunches,  or  rather  small  bunches 
with  shoulders  equal  in  size  with  the 
main  bunch;  the  natural  size  is  also 
fully  one-third  larger  than  in  the  en- 
graving. 

KureKa.    (Labr.)    A  seedling  of 
Isabella,  originated  by  S.  Folsom, 
of  Attica,  Wyoming  Co.,  N.  York,, 
similar  to  its  parent  in  appearance, 
but  claimed  to  be  earlier,  hardier 
and  healthier,  also  of  better  flavor, 
and  to  keep  better  than   Isabella. 
Folsom  has  since  raised  eight  seed- 
lings of  the  Eureka,  which  are  said 
to  be  remarkable  for  earliness,  few. 
ness  of  seeds,  and  other  good 
qualities.     Unknown    in   the 
West. 

Eva.    (See  Concord  Seed* 
lings,  page  85.) 


Empire  State. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Eumelan.        99 


Empire  State.  (Ldbr.  X  Rip.)  A  new 
Seedling  originated  by  JAMES  H.  RICK- 
ETTS  from  seed  of  the  Hartford  Prolific, 
fertilized  with  the  Clinton.  We  have 
seen  and  admired  both  its  beauty  and 
excellence  of  quality  at  the  Am.  Pomol. 
Society's  Exhibition  at  Boston,  in  1881. 
The  following  letter  of  the  originator 
to  Geo.  A.  Stone,  who  bought  the  entire 
stock  of  this  grape  gives  its  description, 
and  will  otherwise  be  found  interesting : 

GEORGE  A.  STONE,  Nurseryman,  Rochester, 
N.  Y. 

Dear  Sir :  In  regard  to  the  Empire  State,  I 
will  say  that  I  believe  it  will  satisfy  a  want 
which  has  long  been  felt  —  that  of  a  good, 
very  early  white  grape  for  home  use  as  well 
as  for  market.  The  Empire  State  is  a  seed- 
ling of  the  Hartford  Prolific  fertilized  with 
the  Clinton ;  fruited  for  the  first  time  in  1879, 
and  its  first  crop  was  38  bunches,  which  it 
carried  through  in  fine  order.  Its  crop  of 
1880  was  48  bunches  of  most  magnificent  fruit. 
Grafts  inserted  in  two-year  old  vines  in  1880 
produced  in  1881  from  20  to  30  bunches  per 
vine,  ripening  with  the  Hartford  Prolific  and 
Moore's  Early.  Nearly  all  of  the  bunches 
shouldered,  and  the  finest  shade  of  white  ever 
seen  in  fruit.  A  good  grower  and  fruiter  in 
every  respect. 

Bunches  large,  from  6  to  10  inches  long, 
shouldered ;  berry  medium  to  large,  roundish- 
oval  ;   color  white  with  a  very  light  tinge  of 
yellow,   covered  with  a  thick  white  bloom ; 
leaf  thick,   smooth  underside ;  flesh  tender, 
juicy,  rich,  sweet  and  sprightly,  with  a  slight 
trace  of  native  aroma,  continuing  a  long  time 
in   use ;    vine  very    hardy.      Its    great   pro- 
ductiveness,  beautiful   color,   fine   quality,    extreme 
hardiness,  vigor  and  healthfulness  of  vine  and  foliage, 
size  and  compactness  of  cluster,  and  good  shipping 
qualities,  make  it  the  best  grape,  all  things  considered, 
that  I  have  yet  produced. 

None  of  these  vines  have  been  disseminated,  and 
consequently  in  making  the  purchase  you  have  secured 
the  control  of  the  entire  stock ;  and  although  it  is  true 
as  you  state,  so  far  as  I  know,  that  $4,000,  the  price 
you  have  paid  for  it,  is  the  highest  price  I  have  ever 
heard  being  paid  for  a  new  grape  in  this  country,  I 
consider  it  cheap  at  that  price,  and  believe  you  will 
find  it  a  profitable  investment. 

Very  respectfully,        JAMES  H.  RICKETTS. 

Vines,  young  plants,  of  the  Empire  State  will  not 
be  ready  for  distribution  until  the  spring  of  1884. 

Essex.  (Rogers' Hybrid  No.  41.)  Bunch  of  me- 
dium size,  compact,  shouldered  ;  berry  reddish 
black  with  blue  bloom,  round,  somewhat  flat- 
tened, in  this  respect  resembling  its  native  pa- 
rent ;  flesh  tender  and  sweet,  with  a  high  aro- 
matic flavor.  Ripens  early,  with  Concord.  Vine 
vigorous,  healthy,  and  prolific. 


EUMELAN. 

Enmelan.  ("Good  black"  grape.) 
This  variety  was  found  as  a  chance  seedling  at 
Fishkill,  N.  Y.,  where  it  has  been  in  cultiva- 
tion (in  the  garden  of  Messrs.  Thorne)  for  many 
years,  yielding  abundant  crops  of  grapes,  re- 
markable both  for  goodness  and  earliness.  The 
original  vines  were  purchased  by  Dr.  C.  W. 
Grant  in  1866  (now  Hasbrouck  &  Bushnell, 
lona  Island),  from  whom  we  obtained  plants 
of  this  valuable  variety.  We  give  the  descrip- 
tion from  the  circular  of  its  propagator,  Dr_ 
Grant,  leaving  out,  however,  all  excessive 
praise,  which,  in  our  opinion,  has  damaged  his 
success  more  than  all  his  opponents.  Bunches 
of  good  size,  elegant  form,  and  proper  degree 
of  compactness ;  berries  large  medium  sizer 
round,  black  with  fine  bloom,  adhering  firmly 
to  the  bunch  long  after  ripening ;  flesh  tender, 
melting,  all  going  to  wine-like  juice  under 
slight  pressure  of  the  tongue;  ripening  very 

*  By  a  mere  typographical  error  in  our  first  edition 
(1869)  the  Eumelan  was  designated  as  Labr.,  and  to  our 
regret  this  error  has  ever  since  been  copied  and  repeated 
by  many  others  who  ought  to  have  known  better. 


100      Excelsior. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Flower  of  Missouri. 


early  (even  before  the  Hartford  Prolific)  and 
evenly  to  the  center.  Flavor  very  pure  and 
refined,  very  sugary,  rich  and  vinous,  with  a 
large  degree  of  that  refreshing  quality  that  be- 
longs distinctively  to  the  best  foreign  wine 
grapes.  Hoots  abundant,  thick,  spreading,  and 
of  medium  toughness  ;  liber  thick  but  firm. 

Vine  a  strong  grower,  producing  remarkably 
short-jointed  wood,  with  numerous  and  strong 
laterals ;  buds  large  and  prominent ;  wood  hard 
with  a  small  pith  ;  leaves  large,  thick,  dark 
colored,  firm  in  texture  (it  strikingly  resembles 
Elsinburg),  and,  though  subject  to  mildew  in 
unfavorable  seasons,  we  can  recommend  it  as 
a  very  fine  early  grape. 

The  American  Horticultural  Annual  for  1869 
says  of  the  Eumelan  :  "This  variety  has  been 
tested  in  several  localities.  It  has  proved  with 
us,  near  New  York,  remarkably  healthy  in  fo- 
liage, and  has  taken  several  premiums  as  the 
best  black  (/rape  at  several  exhibitions. "  Then 
again  reports  came  from  many  localities,  that 
it  had  failed  to  meet  public  expectations.  In 
our  vineyards  at  Bushberg,  it  has  proved,  in 
favorable  seasons,  all  that  was  claimed  for  it, 
being  early,  productive,  and  of  very  fine  quality; 
but,  alas,  unfavorable  seasons  came,  and  the 
Eumelans  suffered  severely  from  mildew,  and 
since  then  they  have  not  fully  recuperated. 

Perhaps  with  no  other  variety  is  it  so  import- 
ant to  set  out  only  good  and  strong  plants  in  the 
first  place,  as  with  this  one  ;  and  we  think  that 
the  great  diversity  of  opinion  now  existing  in 
regard  to  this  grape  is  partly  due  to  the  fact 
that  poor  and  feeble  plants  of  this  variety 
have  been  sent  out  which  never  came  to  any 
good  thereafter,  and  never  will  do  so. 

The  Eumelan  makes  a  superior  red  wine  (ac- 
cording to  Mottier,  North-East,  Pa.,  must  93°, 
and  at  the  test  held  at  Hammondsport  as  high 
as  104°,  with  only  4  per  mille  acid). 

We  give  a  figure  of  a  bunch  and  leaf  reduced 
in  size,  and  a  single  berry  of  full  natural  size. 

Excelsior.  (Hybr.)  A  seedling  of  the  lona  fer- 
tilized with  pollen  oi  Vinifera,  originated  by  Jas.  H. 
Ricketts;  first  offered  in  autumn  of  1882.  The  vine  is 
moderately  vigorous,  short-jointed;  leaves  medium, 
moderately  thick,  lobed,  coarsely  serrated ;  bunch  large 
to  very  large,  shouldered,  often  doubly  shouldered, 
moderately  compact ;  berry  medium  to  large,  round- 
ish inclining  to  oval,  skin  pale  red,  sweet,  slightly 
vinous  with  a  rich  aromatic  muscat  flavor ;  the  berries 
adhere  well  to  the  peduncle,  and  continue  a  long  time 
in  use.  Ripens  a  little  before  the  Catawba. 

Ricketts  says  that  this  is  the  finest  grape  in  his  col- 
lection ;  that  it  withstood  the  winter  of  1880-81  without 
any  protection,  but  gives  better  results  if  protected.  It 
is  inclined  to  overbear,  so  much  so,  that  every  other  eye 
of  the  fruiting-cane  should  be  rubbed  out ;  to  produce 
bunches  of  the  highest  quality  and  beauty,  the  fruit 
should  be  thinned  to  one  bunch  to  a  shoot. 


Faith.  (Rip.  X )  One  of  Jacob  Rommel's  very 
promising  Taylor  Seedlings.  Vine  a  vigorous, 
healthy  grower,  sufficiently  productive  of  long- 
shouldered  medium  size  bunches  ;  berries  small 
to  medium,  white  or  pale  amber  colored  ;  juicy, 
sweet,  and  purely  flavored.  Ripens  very  early, 
with  or  before  the  Hartford.  Regarded  by  Rom- 
mel as  one  of  his  best  varieties,  and  as  not  sub- 
ject to  mildew  and  rot. 

Far  West.  (JEst.)  The  Nestor  of  Western  grape 
culture,  the  late  Frederick  Muench  (died  in  1881),  re- 
ceived from  time  to  time  grafts  for  testing  of  Mr. 
Herman  Yaeger  (Neosho,  Mo.),  who  makes  it  his  task 
to  explore  the  forests  of  south-west  Missouri  for 
wild  vines.  Among  these  was  a  feeble  graft  which 
fruited  after  several  years,  and  astonished  him  by  the 
delicacy  of  the  aroma  of  the  wine  made  from  same,  so 
much  so  that  he  considered  it  the  most  valuable  acqui- 
sition, one  "likely  to  inaugurate  a  new  era  of  viticul- 
ture." He  honored  it  by  the  name  '•  Far  West,"  his 
own  literary  name  de  plume. 

Muench  described  it  as  follows :  "VINE  of  most  vigor- 
ous growth,  with  unusually  large,  healthy  foliage,  per- 
fectly hardy,  resisting  (in  my  experimental  vineyard) 
all  diseases  in  the  most  unfavorable  seasons.  Bunches 
shouldered  and  of  good  size.  Berries  somewhat  larger 
than  Norton's  ;  skin  very  tough,  black  with  fine  blue 
bloom.  The  pulp,  or  rather  the  flesh  of  its  berries  is 
soft,  meaty,  melting ;  is  of  dark  rich  color,  with  few 
seeds,  very  sweet  and  spicy ;  making  a  wine  so  mild, 
and  yet  at  the  same  time  fiery  and  aromatic,  as  to  sur- 
pass (to  my  taste)  all  other  known  wines.  Requires  a 
long  season,  blooming  and  ripening  its  fruit  very  late, 
contemporaneously  with  Norton's; — wherever  this 
standard  variety  succeeds  the  Far  West  may  be  confi- 
dently planted.  Its  propagation  from  cuttings  seems 
almost  impossible,  but  should  be  done  by  layering ; 
the  layers,  however,  not  to  be  separated  from  the 
mother-vine  until  after  the  second  summer." 

Flora.  (Labr.)  Origin  Philadelphia,  Pa.  Bunch 
small,  compact ;  berry  small,  roundish,  oval,  purplish- 
red.  Flesh  somewhat  pulpy,  acid  at  centre,  juicy, 
vinous.  Ripens  about  with  Isabella.  Vine  hardy  and 
productive. — Downing. 

Florence.  (Labr.)  Probably  a  cross  between  Un- 
ion Village  m.  and  Eumelan/.,  originated  by  Marine. 
A  very  handsome  showy  grape,  of  good  quality;  bunch 
large,  with  some  of  the  Isabella  character.  Discarded. 

Flowers.  Syn.,  BLACK  MUSCADINE.  (V.  Rotund.) 
A  variety  of  the  Scuppernong  type.  Berries  large, 
growing  in  clusters  of  10  to  20;  black,  sweet.  Ripens 
very  late  ;  hangs  upon  the  vine  until  frost.  Said  to 
make  a  rich,  red,  and  delicious  wine.  Never  fails  to 
produce  a  crop,  and  perfectly  free  from  any  kind  of 
disease.  It  is  much  esteemed  (in  Georgia,  Alabama, 
and  South  Carolina)  on  account  of  its  lateness,  as  it 
does  not  come  in  until  the  Scuppernong  is  gone. 

Berckmans,  of  Georgia,  says  it  is  not  quite  as  good 
as  the  Scuppernong  and  of  about  the  same  size. 

Flower  oi  Missouri.  A  Delaware  seedling, 
*rown  by  Wm.  Poeschel,  Hermann,  Mo.  Not  dissem- 
inated, and  probably  never  will  be.  It  possesses  both 
the  excellence  and  the  defects  of  "  Walter." 


Goethe. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES/,  •  \* 


Goethe.      101 


GOETHE. 


102      Goethe. 


BUSHBERG   CATALOGUE. 


Golden  Drop. 





iramingliam.  Perhaps  not  identical  with,  but 
only  a  reproduction  of,  the  Hartford  Prolific — at  least 
so  closely  resembling  it  that  it  should  not  have  been 
introduced  as  a  new  variety. 

Franklin.  (Rip.)  '  Vine  has  much  the  habit  and 
growth  of  Clinton ;  not  as  good  a  bearer.  Bunch  small, 
not  very  compact ;  berry  small,  black,  juicy,  quite  acid, 
austere ;  unworthy. — Downing. 

Gaertner.  (Rogers'  Hybrid  No.  14.)  Hybrid 
between  White  Chasselas  and  a  wild  Labrus- 
ca.  The  Hon.  Marssall  P.  Wilder  described  it 
as  follows:  bunch  good  size;  b"rry  medium  to 
large;  color  light  brown  or  red;  skin  thin; 
flavor  pleasant  and  aromatic;  season  rather 
early ;  vine  healthy  and  productive. ' 

Gazelle.  One  of  Rickett's  hybrids,  produced 
many  years  ago  but  neglected,  and  remaining 
unknown  until  about  a  year  since.  Sam.  Miller, 
to  whom  he  gave  a  plant  or  graft  of  this  his 
almost  forgotten  child,  says  it  is  SPLENDID. 
Bunch  large  ;  berry  about  the  size  of  Herbemont ; 
color  white  or  as  nearly  white  as  any  grape 
could  be,  almost  translucent ;  sweet  and  deli- 
cious. Its  growth  last  summer  pleased  us 
very  much. 

Goethe.  (Rogers'  Hybrid  No.  1.)  This  very 
valuable  variety  is,  perhaps,  more  unique  and 
shows  in  its  fruit  more  of  the  character  of  the 
European  species  than  any  of  Rogers'  other 
sorts,  and  yet  its  vine  is  one  of  the  hardiest, 
healthiest,  and  most  productive  we  have. 
Late  in  ripening  for  northern  localities,  it  does 
not  always  mature  there;  but  here  with  us  it 
produces  and  perfectly  ripens  a  large  crop  of 
beautiful  clusters  and  berries,  free  from  imper- 
fections of  any  kind,  provided  it  has  a  good  rich 
soil,  and  has  not  been  permitted  to  overbear, 
which  would  ruin  its  health  and  productive- 
ness for  years  to  come,  if  not  forever.  A  sandy 
soil  seems  also  favorable  for  its  continued 
health,  as  the  roots  of  the  Goethe,  though  thick 
—  generally  of  a  scraggy  and  warty  exterior  — 
are  feeble,  and  in  clayey  soil  may.  perhaps,  be- 
come a  prey  to  the  Phylloxera.  The  vine  is  a 
most  vigorous  grower,  making  stout  and  long 
canes,  with  well-developed  laterals.  Wood 
rather  soft,  with  a  moderate  pith. 

At  the  Fall  meeting  of  the  Mississippi  Val- 
ley Grape-growers'  Association,  Sept.  9,  1868, 
we  exhibited  for  the  first  time  a  few  branches 
of  the  vine,  each  with  several  perfect  clusters, 
which  were  much  admired,  and  would  proba- 
bly have  astonished  the  originator,  could  he 
have  seen  them."  The  smallest  of  them,  being 
of  a  good  average  size,  we  had  photographed, 
and  an  exact  copy  of  it  expressly  engraved  for 
this  Catalogue.  The  bunches  are  medium  to 
large,  not  quite  compact,  occasionally  shoul- 


dered ;  b-  tries  very  large,  oblong,  of  a  yellowish- 
green,  sometimes  blotched,  with  a  pale  red  to- 
ward the  sun  and  entirely  red  when  fully  ripe ; 
skin  thin,  translucent ;  flesh  tender  and  melt- 
ing throughout ;  few  seeds  ;  sweet,  vinous,  and 
juicy,  with  a  peculiar,  delicious  aroma.  Spe- 
cific gravity  of  must  78°  ;  altogether  a  MOST 
DESIRABLE  grape  for  the  Middle  Atlantic  States, 
the  Ohio  and  lower  Missouri  valleys,  both 
for  the  table  and  for  wine. 

Golden  Clinton.  Syn.,KiNG.  (Rip.)  A.  seedling 
from  the  Clinton  closely  resembling  it,  but  with  this 
difference,  that  its  berries  are  greenish-w/t/te,  and  that 
it  is  far  less  productive.  Campbell  is  perfectly  correct 
in  saying:  "It  does  not  sustain  the  character  given  by 
those  who  first  introduced  it.  Bunches  small,  scanty, 
and  irregular ;  berries  small  and  of  inferior  quality. 
Not  desirable." 

GolAen  Drop.  (Hybr.)  A  grape  of  recent  intro- 
duction, described  as  an  early  white  grape,  raised  by 
Pringle  in  1869,  from  the  Adirondac,  fertilized  by  the 

Delaware.  In 
size  of  bunch 
and  berry  it  re- 
sembles Dela- 
ware. Col.  yel- 
lowish-white, 
with  a  tinge  of 
red  when  in 
the  sun ;  bunch 
cylindrical, 
seldom  shoul- 
dered, small, 
close  ;  berry 
smallish, 
round  ;  flesh 
tender,  though 
slightly  p  u  1- 
py,  juicy,  very 
sweet  and  pure 
flavored,  with- 
out the  slight- 
est foxiness. 
The  vine  is  a 
good  grower, 
yearly  loaded 
with  fruit; 
leaves  small, 
obscurely  lob- 
ed,  tomentose 
beneath,  show- 
in  g  superior 
-*v  capacity  to 

resist    mildew 
and  thrips. 

This  purely 
native  and 
hardy  variety 
is  admired  by  such  as  are  fond  of  the  sweet  andj  deli- 
cate flavor  of  some  of  the  foreign  sorts.  Its  surpassing 
earliness  makes  it  valuable  for  planting  in  our  north- 
ern districts  where  none  of  the  varieties  in  cultivation 
are  sure  to  ripen  thoroughly  every  year.— Bliss  &  Son. 


GOLDEN  DROP.    (Actual  size.) 


Golden  Gem. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


HaskelVs  Seedlings.      103 


Golden  Berry.  (Hybr.)  A  white  seedling  of  the 
Hartford  Prolific  and  Gen.  Marmora,  originated  by  Dr. 
Culbert,  Newburg,  N.  Y. ;  hardy  and  a  free  bearer. 
Exhibited  1877.  Not  disseminated. 

Golden  Gem.  (Hybr.)  A  seedling  of  the  Dela- 
ware and  lona,  a  superb  table  grape,  of  golden  color, 
produced  by  J.  H.  Ricketts  ;  first  exhibited  at  the  Am. 
Pomological  Society  meeting  in  1881,  and  first  offered 
for  sale  in  the  autumn  of  1882.  Vine  moderately  vig- 
orous ;  wood  short-jointed ;  leaf  small  to  medium, 
slightly  serrated ;  bunch  small  and  sometimes  shoul- 
dered ;  berry  small  and  of  a  rich  golden  color ;  flesh 
tender,  juicy  and  rich,  with  a  fine  rose  flavor ;  quality 
"best.  The  fruit  ripens  very  early,  even  before  Hartford 
Prolific,  and  continues  a  long  time  in  use  without 
losing  any  of  its  good  qualities.  Wherever  either  of  its 
parents,  the  Delaware  or  the  lona,  can  be  successfully 
grown,  this  superior  novelty  deserves  special  attention 
and  trial. 

Graham  (?).  An  accidental  seedling,  introduced 
hy  Wm.  Graham,  of  Philadelphia;  bunch  of  medium 
size,  not  compact;  berry  half  an  inch  in  diameter, 
round,  purple,  thickly  covered  with  a  blue  bloom,  con- 
tains little  or  no  pulp,  and  abounds  in  juice  of  agrea- 
fole  flavor.  A  poor  grower  and  bearer. — Downing. 

Grein's  Seedlings.  A  lot  of  Taylor  Seedlings 
raised  by  Nicholas  Grein,  near  Hermann,  Mo., 
a,nd  by  him  supposed  to  have  been  pro- 
duced from  seed  of  the  European  Riesling 
-which  he  had  sown : 

No.  1 — MISSOURI  RIESLING.*  Vine  hardy  and 
very  healthy;  a  moderate  grower,  compara- 
tively short-jointed ;  with  healthy,  thick 
leaves  ;  very  productive.  Bunch  medium, 
moderately  compact,  slightly  shouldered  ; 
berry  medium,  round,  greenish-white,  but 
light  red  when  fully  ripe  ;  very  Render 
pulp,  juicy,  sweet,  of  fine  quality,  making 
an  exquisite  white  wine ;  and  on  this  ac- 
count it  is  now  largely  planted  by  the  wine- 
growers of  Missouri  and  Illinois.  Ripens 
ten  days  after  the  Concord.  Subject  to  rot 
in  wet  seasons. 

~No.  2 — GREIN'S  GOLDEN.  Somewhat  similar 
to  the  former,  but  a  stronger  grower;  bunch 
medium,  not  very  compact,  handsomely 
shouldered ;  berries  larger  than  most  other 
Taylor  seedlings,  of  a  deep  yellow  golden 
color,  bronzy  toward  the  sun;  sweet,  juicy, 
with  little  pulp.  Ripens  with  Concord.  A 
very  promising  grape  for  family  use,  table, 
and  market. 

No.  3  —  much  resembles  his  Missouri  Ries- 
ling in  bunch  and  berry ;  said  to  contain 
more  sugar  and  to  make  a  still  better  wine. 
No.  4 — also  resembling  the  former,  and  said 
to  make  a  very  fine  wine  of  a  deep  golden 
color  and  delightful  flavor. 

*  Pronounce:   tteesling. 


No.  7,  or  Grein's  extra  early.  Vine  a  vigor- 
ous grower,  moderately  productive;  bunch 
and  berry  resembling  Delaware  in  size  and 
shape  but  not  in  color,  which  herein  is  a 
beautiful  greenish-yellow,  with  a  distinct 
star-like  speck  on  each  berry.  Ripening 
about  same  time  as  Concord. 

Hartford  Prolific.  (Labr.}  The  standard 
for  earliness  among  grapes.  Raised  by  Steel, 
of  Hartford,  Conn.,  over  thirty  years  ago.  It 
is  well-known,  and  generally  planted  as  a  very 
prolific  early  market  variety  ;  ripens  here  early 
in  August,  about  ten  days  in  advance  of  the 
Concord  ;  but  as  soon  as  ripe  it  generally  drops 
its  fruit,  and  is  of  poor  quality.  The  vine  is 
very  healthy  and  hardy,  and  produces  im- 
mense crops.  Bunches  large,  shouldered,  rather 
compact ;  berries  round,  full  medium,  black  ; 
flesh  pulpy,  juicy,  with  a  perceptible  foxy  fla- 
vor ;  roots  very  abundant,  branching  and 
fibrous,  of  average  thickness  and  toughness, 
and  tolerably  firm  liber.  Canes  stout,  with 
strong  crooks  at  the  joints,  laterals  well  devel- 
oped, and  having  considerable  down  on  the 
young  growth.  Wood  hard,  with  a  small  pith. 
Wine  has  also  been  made  from  it,  but  it  could 
not  be  recommended  by  us  for  that  purpose. 
Only  as  a  market  grape  is  it  considered  valu- 
able by  some,  on  account  of  its  earliness  and 
great  productiveness,  but  even  as  such  it  is 
inferior  to  several  others. 

FRAMINGHAM  and  SENECA  are  almost  iden- 
tical with  HARTFORD  ;  the  PIONEER  is  also 
similar  to  it,  but  considered  as  a  better  grape 
in  all  respects.  N.  H.  Lindley,  of  Bridgeport, 
Conn.,  says,  "  we  have  discarded  the  Hartford 
and  grow  the  Pioneer  in  its  place."  Let  all 
grape-growers  discard  the  Hartford,  which 
only  destroys  the  appetite  for  grapes,  and  thus 
injures  the  sale  and  price  of  all  sorts  ;  while  a 
really  good  very  early  market  grape  would  in- 
crease the  demand  for  all  later  varieties. 

HasKell's  Seedlings.  Of  the  very  large  number 
of  hybrids  produced  by  the  long-continued  and  expen- 
sive labors  of  George  Haskell,  of  Ipswich,  Mass.,  he 
has  selected  forty  varieties,  designated  by  numbers 
only,  which  he  offered  for  sale  in  1877  ;  but  as  he  would 
not  sell  less  than  thirty  vines  to  any  one  grape-grower 
or  nurseryman  at  a  price  which,  though  low,  consider- 
ing their  cost  to  the  originator,  yet  exceeds  the  ability 
of  most  grape-growers,  — and  as  they  are  all  hybrids 
between  the  foreign  (Black' Hamburg,  White  Fron- 
tignan  and  White  Chasselas)  and  native  (the  Black- 
fox,  Amber-fox  and  Pigeon),  and  had  not  been  tested 
in  other  localities,  very  few  ol  them  have  been  distrib- 
uted. 

Our  proposition  to  take  five  of  these  varieties,  two 
plants  of  each  kind,  for  trial,  and  to  pay  for  them  at 
the  rate  asked  for  the  30  vines,  was  declined,  although 
Haskell  says  himself  in  his  very  interesting  "Account 


104      Harwood. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Herbemont. 


of  various  Experiments  for  the  Production  of  new 
and  desirable  Grapes,"  published  by  himself,  that  it 
cannot  be  desirable  to  propagate  so  many  varieties  in 
any  locality.  Thus  the  results  of  his  long  and  meri- 
torious labors  will  probably  forever  remain  in  obscu- 
rity ;  and  while  a  pecuniary  recompense  was  not,  for- 
tunately for  Haskell,  "by  any  means  a  matter  of  ne- 
cessity" with  him,  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  results 
he  obtained,  which  might  have  been  a  benefit  to  the 
public  and  of  value  •  to  this  country,  were  thus  lost. 
The  fruit  committee  of  the  Amer.  Pomological  Society, 
and  other  authorities  to  whom  Haskell  sent  some  of 
these  grapes  for  judgment;  pronounced  several  of  ex- 
cellent quality. 

II;ir\vood.  (JEst.)  Syn.,  Improved  Warren;  ob- 
tained from  Major  Harwood,  of  Gonzales.  Tex. ;  simi- 
lar to  Herbemont  in  every  respect  except  size  of  berry, 
which  is  nearly  double  the  size  of  that  of  Herbemont ; 
it  also  varies  in  color,  sometimes  being  no  darker  than 
Diana ;  ripens  four  or  five  days  earlier  than  the  Warren 
or  Herbemont.  It  originated  in  the  garden  of  Colonel 
Harwood,  at  Gonzales,  Texas.  This  grape  has  short- 
jointed  heavy  canes,  is  not  as  rank  a  grower  as  Herbe- 
mont, and  does  not  grow  readily  from  cuttings. 

ll:ti  ( ic  or  Jlctt ie.  There  are  three  grapes  under 
this  name,  or  under  conflicting  descriptions.  One 
originated  with  Mrs.  N.  R.  Haskel,  Monroe,  Mich.;  de- 
scribed as  a  bright,  clear  red,  translucent  grape ;  the 
other,  introduced  by  E.  Y.  Teas,  of  Richmond,  Ind., 
as  a  large,  oval,  black  grape — "  earlier,  larger  and  bet- 
ter than  Concord  and  Isabella";  and  another  of  un- 
known origin.  Bunch  small ;  berry  black  ;  flesh  some- 
what pulpy ;  a  poor  grower  and  bearer,  but  ripens  early. 
All  three  are  here  unknown. 

Herbemont.  Syn:  WARREN,  HERBEMONT'S 
MADEIRA,  WARRENTON,  NEIL  GRAPE.  (jEst.) 
Origin  unknown ;  as  early  as  1798  it  was  pro- 
pagated from  an  old  vine  growing  on  thevpian- 
tation  of  Judge  Huger,  Columbia,  8.  C.  Nicho- 
las Herbemont,  an  enterprising  and  enthusi- 
astic cultivator  of  the  grape,  found  it  there, 
and  from  its  vigorous  growth  and  perfect  ac- 
climation at  first  correctly  supposed  it  to  be  a 
native;  he  afterwards,  in  1834,  was  informed 
that  it  had  been  received  from  France,  and 
he  believed  this.  But  the  same  grape  was  also 
found  growing  wild  (?)  in  Warren  County,  Ga., 
and  is  there  known  as  the  Warren  grape.  The 
best  authorities  now  class  it  as  a  member  of 
the  JSstivalis  family  of  the  south — a  native 
grape,  truly  called  by  Downing,  "Bags  of 
Wine."  One  of  the  very  best  and  most  reli- 
able grapes  for  both  table  and  wine,  especially 
adapted  for  hill-sides  on  limestone  soil.  It 
nourishes  in  Texas,  Georgia,  South  Carolina, 
and  Florida,  but  generly  only  on  poor  hill-land 
Should  not  be  planted  further  north  than  the 
Ohio  and  lower  Missouri  river,  and  even  there 
should  be  covered  in  winter.  For  those  who 
have  gone  to  this  trouble  it  has  nearly  always 
produced  a  splendid  crop,  and  has  been  so 


enormously  productive  that  it  richly  repaid 
the  little  additional  labor,  except  where  rot 
destroyed  the  crops,  and  it  may  be  mentioned 
that  the  rot  on  the  Herbemont  and  its  family 
is  different  from  the  rot  which  attacks  the  La- 
brusca.  To  some  of  our  Southern  States  this 
grape  will  be  a  mine  of  wealth.  In  southern 
Texas,  where  the  Herbemont  is  a  perfect  suc- 
cess, grape  culture  is  gradually  but  steadily 
extending,  so  that,  at  no  distant  future,  vine- 
culture  will  become  one  of  the  leading  in- 
dustries of  its  people.  M.  Lespiault  reports : 
"  Le  vin  de  1'Herbemont  fait  en  blanc  est  excel- 
lent et  peut  rivaliser  avec  les  vins  blancs  de 
nos  meilleurs  crus."  At  the  exposition  of  the 
international  Congress  at  Bordeaux,  Oct.,  1881, 
M.  Lepine  exhibited  a  Herbemont  vine,  whose 
two  arms  had  forty  bunches  on  the  one  and 
sixty  bunches  on  the  other,  all  perfectly 
ripened.  The  sight  of  this  superb  and  im- 
mensely productive  sample  made  many  con- 
verts of  former  opponents  of  the  American 
vine.  Bunches  very  large,  long,  shouldered 
and  compact ;  berries  small,  black,  with  a 
beautiful  blue  bloom;  skin  thin,  flesh  sweet, 
without  pulp,  juicy  and  high-flavored  ;  ripens 
late,  a  few  days  after  Catawba.  Hoots  of  me- 
dium thicknes,  with  a  smooth,  hard  liber,  re- 
sisting to  the  Phylloxera  in  France  as  well  as 
here.  Canes  stout,  heavy  and  long ;  laterals 
well-developed.  Wood  hard,  with  a  medium- 
sized  pith,  and  firm  outer  bark.  Vine  a  very 
vigorous  grower,  with  the  most  beautiful  foli- 
age ;  not  subject  to  mildew,  and  but  little  to 
rot ;  •  in  rich  soil  it  is  somewhat  tender,  makes 
too  much  wood,  and  seems  less  productive, 
while  in  warm  and  rather  poor  limestone  soil, 
with  southern  exposure,  it  is  generally  healthy, 
and  enormously  productive,  except  in  very  un- 
favorable seasons,  when  all  half-tender  va- 
rieties fail.  Werth,  of  Richmond,  Virginia,, 
says :  I  have  found  the  most  uniformly 
abundant,  healthy,  and  thoroughly  ripened 
crop,  for  successive  seasons,  on  low,  imper- 
fectly drained ,  and  rather  compact  soil.  Eisen- 
meyer,  of  Mascoutah,  111.,  finds  summer  prun- 
ing, promptly  performed  at  the  close  of  the 
flowering  season,  very  effective  in  preventing 
rot  and  in  securing  a  fine  crop  of  Herbemont 
grapes.  The  accompanying  illustration  gives 
an  idea  of  the  beauty  and  richness  of  the  bunch. 
Specific  gravity  of  must  about  90°.  The  pure 
juice  pressed,  without  mashing  the  grapes, 
makes  a  white  wine,  resembling  delicate  Rhen- 
ish wines ;  if  fermented  on  the  husks  about 
forty-eight  hours,  it  will  make  a  very  fine  pale 
red  wine.  The  French  wine-judges  at  Montpel- 
lier,  pronounced  it  "assez  agreable,  rappellant. 
le  gout  des  vins  de  Pest  de  la  France." 


Herbemont- 


DESCBIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


-Seedlings.      105 


THE  HERBEMONT  GRAPE. 


It  seems  that  but  very  few  seedlings  of  the 
Herbemont  have  been  raised  ;  at  least  we  know 
-of  none  that  were  disseminated.  One  Herbe- 
mont seedling  is  mentioned  by  Dr.  Warder  in 
his  description  of  the  "  Longworth  School  of 
Vines."  The  Pauline  (see  description)  may 
by  a  seedling  of  Herbemont,  as  also  the  Katfs 
•  Seedling,  from  Kentucky,  and  the  Muskogee, 
'but  little  is  positively  known  of  these  varieties. 

The  McKee  was  looked  upon  as  a  Herbemont  seed- 
ling, with  fruit  larger  than  Herbemont  and  bearing 


about  a  week  earlier,  but  now,  after  careful  compari- 
son, it  is  pronounced  as  identical  in  every  point  with 
Herbemont.  Onderdonk  does  not  pronounce  it  to  be 
the  Herbemont  itself,  showing  some  difference  between 
the  two,  such  as  by  starting  later  in  spring ;  but  even  if 
this  difference  were  permanent,  and  not  produced  by 
local  circumstances  or  conditions  of  soil,  it  would  not 
be  sufficient  to  make  it  a  distinct  variety. 

If  WE  intended  to  raise  new  seedlings  (which 
we  do  not),  we  would  select  the  Herbemont  as 
one  parent  in  preference  to  almost  any  other 
variety. 


106      Hayes. 


BUSHBERG   CATALOGUE. 


Hayes. 


Hayes.  Syn.,  FRANCIS  B.  HAYES  —  formerly 
Moore's  No.  31.  (Labr.)  This  is  out  of  the  same  lot 
of  seedlings  as  the  Moore's  Early.  It  is  a  very  early 
white  grape,  raised  by  John  B.  Moore,  of  Concord, 
Mass.;  smaller  than  Martha,  but  better  in  quality; 
was  awarded  a  first-class  certificate  of  merit  by  the 


Mass.  Hort.  Society  ,^Sept.  14,  1880.  Vine  claimed  to 
be  hardy  and  a  vigorous  grower,  prolific,  free  from 
mildew:  "wood  short-jointed;  bunch  longer  than 
Prentiss,  moderately  compact,  partly  shouldered; 
berry  medium,  globular,  with  a  fine  amber-yellow 
color  ;  skin  very  firm  ;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  of  a  delicate 
texture  and  fine  flavor,  free 
from  all  foxiness.  Ripens 
from  7  to  8  days  before 
Concord,  yet  holds  its  leaves 
after  those  of  most  other 
varieties  are  killed  with 
frost." 

This  new  white  grape  will 
be  offered  for  sale  for  the  first 
time  in  the  fall  of  1884,  al- 
though it  was  first  fruited  in 
1872,  and  was  first  exhibited 
in  1874  at  Boston,  where  it 
has  attracted  special  notice 
for  excellent  quality  and 
earllness.  The  originator 
now  introduces  it  with  the 
following  remarks:  ''It  is 
our  endeavor  to  place  before 
the  fruit  growers  of  the 
country,  a  grape  of  quality, 
possessing  certain  desirable 
and  distinct  characteristics 
which  are  rare  exceptions  in 
grapes  of  this  class.  This 
grape  is  a  pure  native,  pos- 
sessing hardiness  and  vigor 
to  a  degree  seldom  attained 
by  other  white  varieties,  and 
•  especially  adapting  it  for  cul- 
tivation in  northern  and  east- 
ern sections.." 

"  It  seems  proper  at  this 
time  to  offer  a  word  of  warn- 
ing to  purchasers  of  new  va- 
rieties of  fruits,  etc.  Since 
1876  thousands  of  vines  of 
the  Concord  have  been  sold 
throughout  the  country  for 
the  Moore's  Early. 

"The  like  thing  was  done  at 
the  time  of  the  introduction 
of  the  Worden,  and  such  has 
been  the  case  with  other  new 
varieties  of  fruits,  and  un- 
doubtedly will  occur  here- 
after. 

"  Therefore  it  is  absolutely 
necessary  that  purchasers, 
to  avoid  disappointment, 
should  send  directly  to  the 
introducer  for  new  fruits,  or 
else  to  long-established  and 
reliable  nurserymen." 


THE  HAYES  (OK  FRANCIS  B.  HAYES). 


Hermann. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Hermann.      107 


Hermann.  (^Est.) 
A  seedling  of  Nor- 
ton's Virginia,  rais- 
ed by  F.  Langen- 
doerfer,  near  Her- 
mann, Missori.  In 
1863  the  original 
vine  fruited  abund- 
antly with  its  origi- 
nator, and  grafts  of 
it  bore  a  large  crop 
in  18b4.  It  has  been 
fully  tested  in  vari- 
ous places  &  proved 
as  to  growth,  foliage 
and  fruit.  On  trying 
the  must  on  Oech- 
sle's  scale  it  showed 
94°  to  105°.  Bunch 
long  and  narrow, 
seldom  shouldered, 
compact,  often  nine'i 
inches  long;  the 
shoulders,  if  there 
are  any,  having  the 
appearance  of  a  sec-  S 
ond  bunch  ;  berry 
small,  about  same 
size  as  Norton  's, 
round,  black  with 
blue  bloom,  moder- 
ately juicy,  rarely 
rots  or  mildews,  and 
ripens  very  late, 
several  days  later 
than  the  Norton's. 
The  juice  is  of  a 
brownish -ye  How, 
making  a  wine  of 
the  color  of  Brown 
Sherry  or  Madeira, 
of  great  body,  and 
of  fine  flavor ;  satis- 
factory in  the  south 
central  States.  Our 
friend  Sam.  Miller 
says  :  There  is  a  pe- 
culiar fragrance 
about  the  wine  of 
the  Hermann  that 
no  other  American 
grape  possesses; 
and,  were  I  a  teeto- 
taler in  drinking,  I 

should  like  to  have  wine  of  it  just  for  the 
pleasure  of  smelling  it."  The  French  judges 
at  the  Congres  Montpellier  pronounce  the  Her- 
mann "  bien  droit  de  gotit,  particulierement 
bon  et  corse." 


THE  HERMANN  GRAPE. 

Vine  a  strong  grower  and  very  productive, 
resembling  the  Norton's  in  foliage ;  but  the 
leaves  are  of  a  lighter  color,  the  stems  covered 
with  peculiar  silvery-white  hair-like  threads, 
and  the  leaves  somewhat  more  deeply  lobed. 


108      Highland. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


//  ffhlaiirl. 


Hermann. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Highland.      109 


It  is,  like  its  parent,  very  difficult  to  propa- 
gate from  cuttings  in  the  open  ground.  Boots 
wiry,  very  tough,  with  a  smooth,  hard  liber, 
defying  all  attacks  of  the  Phylloxera.  Canes 
of  medium  thickness,  great  length  and  vigor, 
and  a  moderate  number  of  laterals  ;  the  canes 
often  branch  off  with  a  fork,  having  a  double 
bud  at  the  base — a  freak  of  more  frequent  oc- 
currence with  this,  than  any  other  variety  we 
know  of.  Wood  very  hard,  with  a  small  pith. 

The  Hermann  was  considered  an  important 
addition  to  our  list  of  wine  grapes.  If  produc- 
tiveness, general  hardihood  and  health,  can 
entitle  a  variety  to  consideration,  this  variety 
certainly  deserves  it  at  the  hands  of  our  vint- 
ners. Its  wine  is  entirely  different  and  distinct 
from  anything  else  we  have ;  but  the  predic- 
tion "that  it  will  produce  a  true  American 
sherry,  equal  if  not  superior  to  anything  the 
old  world  can  produce,"  has  proven  idle  talk 
and  bombast.  So  far  the  Hermann  has  not 
grown  in  favor  or  popularity,  and  it  will  never 
be  extensively  planted. 

For  our  locality  and  farther  south  it  may  be 
desirable,  but  much  farther  north  it  will  hard- 
ly attain  the  perfection  requisite  to  make  a 
superior  wine,  as  it  ripens  so  very  late.  It  will 
be  found  specially  adapted,  we  think,  to  south- 
ern slopes  and  limestone-soil.  It  is  a  true  .53s- 
tivalis  in  leaf  and  habit. 

Langendoerfer  has  also  raised  a  a  white  feed- 
ling  of  the  Hermann,  which  is  very  vigorous  and 
productive,  resembling  its  parent  in  growth, 
and  in  form  of  bunch  and  leaf ;  the  latter,  how- 
ever, is  of  lighter  green.  It  is  one  of  the  first  of 
that  class  ( JSstivalis)  with  WHITE  berries.  The 
wine  made  from  this  variety  is  as  excellent 
in  quality  as  the  grape  is  remarkable  for  its 
color.  Some  good  judges  who  tasted  the  wine 
said,  "it  is  exceedingly  smooth  and  fine,  in 
bouquet  plainly  showing  Hermann  origin." 

The  originator  does  not  intend  to  disseminate 
this  new  variety,  and  has  not  decided  upon  a 
name  for  this  grape,  as  the  very  small  size 
and  very  late  ripening  of  its  berries  would  be 
unfavorable  to  its  introduction.  In  south-west 
Missouri  and  Arkansas,  however,  it  seems  to 
have  given  satisfactory  results,  and  H.  Jaeger, 
of  Neosho,  is  now  propagating  it. 

Herbert.  (Rogers'  No.  44.)  Labrusca  impreg- 
nated by  Black  Hamburg.  This  is  probably 
the  best  of  the  black  varieties  of  Rogers.  Among 
all  the  hybrids  none  proved  of  greater  merit 
than  this  one.  The  vine  is  very  vigorous, 
healthy,  and  hardy  ;  bunch  -large,  beautifully 
shouldered,  rather  long,  and  moderately  com- 
pact ;  berry  large  size,  round,  sometimes  a  lit- 
tle flattened,  black ;  flesh  very  sweet  and  ten- 


der, purely  flavored  and  free  from  coarseness 
or  foxiness  either  as  to  the  taste  or  smell.  Early 
and  productive. 

Campbell  says  :  "  It  has  so  many  good  qual- 
ities, it  should  be  better  known  and  more  ex- 
tensively planted  both  for  home  use  and  for  a 
showy  and  excellent  market  grape.  If  I  were 
asked  to  name  another  black  grape,  hybrid  or 
native,  that  I  consider  equal  in  all  respects  to 
the  Herbert,  I  could  not  do  it !" 

Highland.  (Ricketts'  No.  37.)  One  of  the 
largest  and  finest  looking  of  Ricketts'  Seedling 
Grapes ;  a  hybrid  produced  by  fertilizing  the 
Concord  with  Jura-Muscat  ;  resembling  the 
Concord  in  vine  and  foliage.  A  vigorous  grow- 
er, with  short-jointed,  dark  brown  wood ;  large, 
thick,  coarsely  serrated  leaves,  and  very  pro- 
ductive. Bunch  large,  long,  moderately  com- 
pact and  heavily  shouldered  ;  well-grown  clus- 
ters sometimes  weigh  one  pound.  Berry  large, 
round,  black  with  a  thick  blue  bloom ;  flesh 
soft,  slight  pulp,  juicy,  sweet,  slightly  vinous, 
and  very  good.  A  promising  market  grape. 
Ripens  between  Concord  and  Catawba. 

Its  foliage  has  so  far  been  free  from  mildew, 
and,  considering  the  superior  quality  and 
beauty  of  this  grape,  it  is  justly  regarded  as 
one  of  the  most  promising  hybrids. 

II  inc.  Labr.}  A  seedling  of  the  Catawba,  raised 
by  Jason  Brown  (son  of  John  Brown,  the  abolitionist), 
at  Put-in-Bay,  Ohio.  It  makes  a  good  sized,  compact, 
slightly  shouldered  bunch  ;  berry  medium,  of  a  dark 
rich  claret  brown  with  a  purplish  bloom  ;  skin  of  me- 
dium thickness  ;  flesh  juicy,  sweet,  and  almost  without 
pulp ;  leaf  large,  thick,  and  whitish  underneath ;  canes 
reddish-brown,  short-jointed;  buds  prominent.  Ri- 
pens with  the  Delaware,  which  it  somewhat  resembles. 
It  took  the  first  premium  as  the  best  new  seedling 
at  the  Ohio  State  Fair,  1868.  We  cannot  recommend 
it  except  as  an  interesting  grape  to  amateurs. 

Holmes.  A  new  chance  seedling  (Hybr.)  which 
appeared  in  a  garden  in  Galveston,  Texas.  Onder- 
donk  kindly  furnished  us  with  the  following  descrip- 
tion of  this  grape  for  the  Bushberg  Catalogue  :  "The 
Holmes  combines,  in  its  growth  and  appearance,  both 
jEstivalis  and  Labrusca  blood.  Its  fruit  is  about  the 
size  and  color  of  Lindley.  I  believe  it  to  be  a  cross 
between  the  Southern  JEstivalis  of  the  Herbemont 
Division  and  a  Labrusca,  and  that  it  will ,  possibly, 
combine  the  hardiness  of  our  JEstivalis  with  the  pulp 
of  the  Labrusca" — just  the  combination  we  have  been 
looking  for.  The  original  vine  is  enormously  produc- 
tive and  has  been  so  for  many  years.  It  has  not,  so  far, 
been  propagated. 

Howell.  (Labr.)  Origin  unknown.  Bunch  and 
berry  medium ;  oval,  black ;  skin  thick ;  flesh  with 
firm  pulp,  pleasant.  Good.  Middle  of  Septenber.  — 
Downing. 

Huberts  Seedlings.  T.  Huber,  at  Rock 
Island,  111.,  an  amateur  grape-grower,  has  sent 


110      Humboldt. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Isabella* 


us  a  number  of  new  grapes,  of  fair  quality, 
said  to  be  perfectly  hardy  and  good  bearers  ; 
he  named  them  Margerith  (No.  6),  Illinois  City 
(No.  8),  and  Braendly  (No.  14). 

Humboldt.  (Rip.  X)  A  very  interesting  seed- 
ling of  the  Louisiana,  raised  by  Fr.  Muench, 
who  observed  himself  that  it  has  no  resem- 
blance to  Louisiana ;  it  has  much  more  of  the 
Riparia  character,  and  most  probably  is  an 
accidental  cross  between  a  Louisiana  and  some 
belated  Riparia  blossom.  Fine  of  very  vigor- 
ous growth,  healthy  and  hardy,  free  from  rot 
or  leaf  blight ;  bunch  below  medium;  berries 
medium,  of  light  green  color,  changing  to  a  rose- 
tint,  almost  like  Delaware,  when  fully  ripe  and 
exposed  to  the  sun.  It  is  sufficiently  produc- 
tive and  of  fine  quality. 


I.JYINC. 


Huntingdon.  ( Rip.)  A  grape  of  the  Clinton 
class.  Bunch  small,  compact,  shouldered  ;  berry 
small,  round,  black,  juicy  and  vinous.  Ripens 
early.  Vine  a  vigorous  grower,  healthy,  hardy 
and  productive,  but  unworthy  of  propagation. 

Hyde's  Eliza.     See  "York  Madeira." 

Imperial.  (Hybr.)  A  white  seedling*  from  lona 
and  Sarbelle-Muscat,  by  Ricketts,  of  Newburgk,  X.  Y. 
Bunch  large  with  slight  shoulder;  berry  very  large, 
white  with  considerable  bloom  ;  no  pulp ;  no  seeds(?) ; 
splendid  flavor  with  traces  of  the  lona-Muscat  aroma. 
Vine  a  vigorous  grower,  hardy  ;  ripens  about  time  of 
the  Isabella.  The  finest  white  grape  of  Ricketts'  col- 
lection, according  to  Williams,  editor  Horticulturist. 

Irving.    (Underbill's  8-20.)   (Hybr.)    A  fine, 
most    showy    and     attractive    white    grape, 
grow-n  from  Concord  seed  crossed  with  White 
Frontignan,  which  was    planted    by 
Steph.  W.  Underbill,  of  Croton  Point, 
N.  Y.,  in  the  spring  of  1863;   fruited 
first  in  1866. 

The  character  of  the  very  large  clus- 
ter is  seen  by  the  engraving  (about 
one-half  reduced  in  size).  The  berry 
is  large,  considerably  larger  than 
Concord,  of  a  yellowish-white  color, 
slightly  tinged  with  pink  when  very 
ripe.  The  vine  is  a  moderately  vigorous 
grower  ;  has  large,  thick  foliage,  with 
"down"  on  the  under-side.  Fruit 
ripens  rather  late,  between  the  Isa- 
bella and  Catawba,  and  keeps  well  in 
winter ;  it  has  a  vinous  flavor,  and  is 
quite  fleshy  when  perfectly  ripe.  We 
consider  this  far  more  deserving  of 
dissemination  than  his  "Croton." 

Isabella.  Syn.,  PAIUN'S  ISABELLA,  WOOD- 
WARD, CHRISTIE'S  IMPROVED  ISABELLA, 
PAYNE'S  EARLY,  SAKBORTOX(?).  (Labrusca.) 
Probably  a  native  of  South  Carolina.  About 
the  year  1816  it  was  brought  to  the  north  and 
introduced  to  the  notice  of  cultivators  by 
Wm.  Prince,  who  obtained  it  from  Mrs.  Isa- 
bella Gibbs,  in  honor  of  whom  it  was  named. 
In  the  East,  its  great  vigor,  hardiness,  and 
productiveness  have  caused  it  to  be  widely 
disseminated  ,  but  in  the  West  it  was  found 
to  ripen  unevenly,  and  to  be  very  liable  to 
mildew,  rot  and  leaf-blight.  It  has  justly,  we 
think,  been  discarded  by  our  western  grape- 
growers  since  better  and  more  reliable  varie- 
ties have  taken  its  place.  Bunches  large, 
loose,  shouldered ;  berries  oval,  large,  dark 
purple,  nearly  black  when  fully  ripe,  and 
covered  with  a  blue-black  bloom.  Flesh 
juicy,  with  a  rich,  musky  aroma;  tough 
pulp,  and  a  great  deal  of  acidity.  Ripens 
irregularly,  and  the  leaves  seem  to  fall  just 
at  the  time  when  they  are  needed  to  aid  in 
ripening  the  fruit. 


lona. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Ives.      Ill 


In  some  localities  it  is  still  a  favorite  market  grape. 
Must  at  Hammondsport  600-79°;  acid  12)^  to  8  per  m. 

The  Isabella  has  a  host  of  children,  few  of  whom, 
it  seems,  have  survived  her.  Those  of  her  seedlings 
which  acquired  some  repute  are  described  under  their 
proper  names  in  this  Catalogue — see  Adirondac,  Eure- 
ka, Hyde's  Eliza,  Israella,  Mary  Ann,  To-Kalon,  Union 
Village. 

Many  of  her  seedlings  differ  so  little  in  form,  size,  or 
quality  of  fruit,  in  growth  and  productiveness  (some 
differ  only  in  name),  that  we  prefer  to  class  them  as 
sub-varieties.  They  are  Aiken,  Baker,  Hague's  Eureka, 
Brown,  Cloanthe,  Carter(t),  Hudson,  Louisa,  Lee's  Isa- 
bella, Payne's  Early,  Pioneer,  Nonantum,  Sanbornton, 
Trowbridge,  Wright's  Isabella,  &c. 

J  011:1.  Originated  by  Dr.  C.  W.  Grant,  of  lona 
Island,  near  Peekskill,  N.  Y.  It  is  a  seedling 
of  the  Catawba,  and  the  leaf  somewhat  resem- 
bles that  variety.  Wood  soft,  short-jointed, 
with  a  pith  above  average  size  ;  vine  a  strong 
grower,  but  not  very  hardy ;  roots  very  few, 
straight,  of  medium  thickness,  and  of  no  very 
firm  texture.  Canes  straight,  not  inclined  to 
ramble,  and  of  medium  thickness,  with  few 
laterals.  Here  it  is  subject  to  mildew  and  rot, 
and  requires  careful  protection  in  winter. 

The  lona  is  a  fine  grape  for  the  garden,  and 
suited  only  to  specially  sheltered  and  protected 
localities  ;  it  requires  rich  soil  and  good  cultiva- 
tion ;  in  regions  which  are  not  subject  to  mil- 
dew (or  leaf-blight,  as  it  is  sometimes  called), 
the  lona  will  yield  a  fine  crop  of  large,  splendid 
and  well-developed  clusters,  especially  when 
trained  against  buildings.  We  ar«j  sorry  to 
know  that  in  open-field  culture  it  does  not  ripen 
uniformly,  and  in  some  years  entirely  fails,  in 
many  localities.  Wherever  it  will  succeed,  it 
is  a  most  desirable  variety,  also  for  the  vine- 
yard. 

Bunch  usually  large,  long,  and  shouldered, 
not  very  compact ;  berries  medium  to  large, 
slightly  oval;  skin  thin,  but  tenacious ;  pale 
red,  with  numerous  deep  red  veins,  which  be- 
come quite  dark  when  fully  ripe ;  fine  bloom. 
Flesh  tender,  with  uniform  character  and  con- 
sistence to  the  centre.  Flavor  rich,  sweet, 
vinous  ;  quality  BEST,  equalling  the  Delaware. 
Ripens  with  or  a  few  days  after  Concord,,  con- 
tinues a  long  time  in  use,  and  does  not  dete- 
riorate in  keeping  as  most  other  grapes  will ; 
with  proper  care  it  can  be  kept  until  spring, 
and  still  be  good.  Magnificent  specimens 
were  grown  in  a  cold-house  by  Saunders,  at 
the  Experimental  Gardens  at  Washington. 
Must  88°  to  92°,  and  some  recorded  as  high  as 
101°;  acid  6r%. 

Iowa-Excelsior(?).  Raised  by  Prof.  Mathews, 
of  Iowa,  six  or  eight  years  ago.  Sam.  Miller 
describes  it  to  us  as  "a  LARGE  BED  grape,  fair- 


sized  bunch,  ripens  before  Concord,  and  to 
my  taste  as  good  as  Rogers  No.  15  (Agawam), 
which  it  slightly  resembles."  This  grape 
might  become  valuable  for  the  West,  and  we 
are  surprised  that  no  effort  has  been  made  to 
introduce  it. 

Israella.  Originated  with  Dr.  C.  W.  Grant,  who 
claimed  for  it  that  it  was  ' '  the  earliest  good  grape  in 
cultivation";  but  later  he  himself  admitted  that  it  was 
not  as  good  as  his  "  Eumelan."  With  us  it  proved 
later  than  Hartford  Prolific.  Vine  a  moderate  grower ; 
foliage  subject  to  mildew  ;  bunches  large,  shouldered, 
compact,  and  very  handsome  when  well  ripened:  berry 
black  with  beautiful  bloom,  rather  large,  slightly  oval, 
pulpy,  not  above  second-rate  in  quality.  It  is  now 
generally  discarded. 

The  Israella  is  probably  a  seedling  of  the  Isabella, 
which  it  resembles  in  habit  of  growth  and  character 
of  fruit. 

Ithaca.  A  Hybr.  seedling,  raised  by  Dr.  S.  J.  Par- 
ker, Ithaca,  N.  Y.;  described  by  its  originator  as  larger 
than  Walter  in  bunch  and  berry  ;  a  pure  greenish- 
yellow  ;  a  rose-like  smell,  a  high,  Chasselas-Musque- 
like  flavor,  and  claimed  to  be  a  cross  of  Chasse- 
las  on  Delaware,  ripening  before  Delaware.  Said 
to  be  hardy,  healthy  and  vigorous.  Not  disseminated. 
We  only  place  it  on  record  as  one  of  the  new  varieties 
likely  to  be  brought  forward. 

Ives.  Syn.,  IVES'  SEEDLING,  IVES'  MADEIRA, 
KITTREDGE.  (Labr.)  Raised  by  Henry  Ives,  of 
Cincinnati  (probably  from  the  seed  of  a  Hart- 
ford Prolific,  certainly  not  from  a  foreign 
grape  as  supposed).  Col.  Waring  and  Dr.  Kit- 
tredge  were  the  first  to  make  wine  from  it — 
about  eighteen  years  ago  (1865) — and  now  it  is 
a  popular  red  wine  in  Ohio.  While  we  do  not 
deem  it  entitled  to  the  first  prize  "as  the  best 
wine-grape  for  the  whole  country"  (awarded 
to  the  Ives  at  Cincinnati,  Sept.  24,  1868),  we  do 
accord  to  it  the  great  merit  of  having  given 
a  new  impulse  to  grape-growing  in  Ohio,  at  a 
time  when  the  repeated  failures  of  the  Catawba 
vineyards  made  it  most  desirable  that  a  more 
reliable  and  productive  grape  should  be  in- 
troduced. 

Bunches  medium  to  large,  compact,  often 
shouldered  ;  berries  medium,  slightly  oblong, 
of  a  dark  purple  color,  quite  black  when  fully 
ripe.  Flesh  sweet  nnd  juicy,  but  decidedly 
foxy,  and  rather  pulpy.  Not  desirable  as  a 
table  grape,  being  of  very  poor  quality,  but 
nevertheless  a  popular  mai  ket  grape,  as  it  bears 
transportation  better  than  most  other  kinds. 

It  colors  very  early,  but  its  period  of  ripening 
is  later  than  the  Concord.  The  vine  is  remarka- 
bly healthy  and  hardy ;  generally  exempt  from 
mildew  and  rot ;  a  strong,  coarse  grower,  in 
general  habit  and  appearance  closely  resem- 
bling the  Hartford  Prolific.  Hoots  abundant, 


112      Ives. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Janesville. 


THE  IVES  GRAPE. 

thick-spreading,  and  of  tolerably  hard  texture. 
Liber  thick  but  firm  ;  pushes  new  spongioles 
rapidly  and  offers  good  resistance  to  the  Phyl- 
loxera ;  it  nevertheless  did  not  succeed  at  all 
in  southern  France.  It  does  not  seem  to  be  an 
early  bearer,  four-year  old  vines  of  this  variety 
producing  the  first  crop ;  however,  it  bears 
profusely  when  older.  The  Ives  wine  has  a 
most  beautiful  deep  red  color,  but  a  foxy  taste 
and  odor.  Must  80°. 

Jaeger's  selected.  i;stiv;ilis  varieties.  Fif- 
teeA  years  ago,  Herman  Jaeger,  of  NEOSHO,  southwest 
Missouri,  sent  to  Frederick  Muench  some  grafts  of 
V.  .ZEstivalis  which  he  had  selected  from  among  those 
growing  wild  in  that  region.  Encouraged  by  the  favor 
with  which  our  late  friend  Muench  viewed  them  (espe- 


cially the  NEOSHO  and  the  FAR  WEST),  and  desirous  of 
finding  or  producing  some  superior  varieties  of  this 
hardy  and  healthy  class  of  grapes  (belonging  to  what 
we  call  the  northern  group  of  V.  jEstivalis),  Jaeger 
continued  to  select  some  wild  vines  remarkable  for 
their  quality  or  size,  and  to  cultivate  them,  as  also  to 
grow  vines  from  their  seed.  They  are  as  yet  only  desig- 
nated by  numbers  ;  and  he  has  kindly  furnished  us 
(Aug.,  1883)  the  following  brief  notes  on  those  which 
he  considers  the  most  promising : 

No.  9  —  bunch  large ;  berry  below  medium,  fine, 
juicy,  pure  sweet;  very  prolific;  rots  in  sultry 
weather. 

No.  12 — medium  sized  bunch  and  berry,  very  sweet, 
with  a  peculiar,  very  fine  flavor ;  fruit  healthy, 
so  far. 

No.  13  —  size  of  bunch  and  berry  like  Ives  ;  a  marvel 
of  health  and  productiveness;  fruit  of  peculiar  fla- 
vor and  not  pleasant  to  eat,  yet,  with  same  treat- 
ment that  will  make  a  fair  wine  from  Concord 
grapes,  a  decidedly  better  wine  can  be  produced 
from  this  (No.  13). 
No.  17 — bunch  large  ;  berries  medium,  good,  sweet, 

and  healthy. 

No.  32 — bunch  and  berry  of  medium  size,  very  sweet, 

healthy ;  dark  brown  wine,  of  Sherry  character. 

No.  42— bunch  of  Norton  size,  berry  larger;  best  in 

quality;    very   sweet,  and    juicier    than    most 

.     JSstivalis,  with  a  delicious   vanilla-like   aroma. 

The  finest  flavored  grape  I  know;    productive 

and  healthy. 

No.  43 — bunch  and  berry  of  Concord  size  ;  very  pro- 
ductive and  healthy  ;  may  prove  a  valuable  wine 
and  market-grape. 

No.  52— of  still  larger  size ;  promising. 
H.  Jaeger,  in  a  letter  to  V.  Pulliat  (July,  1883),  writes 
that  he  also  cultivates  some  hybrids  of  Cordifolia 
crossed  with  Rupestris;  and  that  he  succeeded  in  cross- 
ing the  wild  jEstivalis  with  Rupestris,  which  promises 
some  meritorious  varieties;  He  thinks  that  by  cross- 
ing the  sweet  Cinerea  with  a  well-selected  Rupestris,  a 
grape  could  be  produced  which,  though  small  in  size 
of  the  berries,  would  be  good  enough  in  quality  to  sat- 
isfy even  the  European  taste,  and  at  the  same  time 
would  be  perfectly  resisting  to  the  Phylloxera.* 
We  wish  him  best  success. 

Jacques.  Syn.,  Jack,  Slack  Spanish  (Ohio, 
Cigar  Sox,  &c.)  See  LENOIB. 

Janesville.  (Labr.  X  Rip.),  by  some  supposed  to 
be  a  cross  of  Hartford  and  Clinton.)  An  early  black 
grape,  largely  planted  in  Iowa  and  Wisconsin,  but 
now  generally  discarded  for  better  varieties.  Vine  a 
vigorous  grower,  hardy,  healthy,  and  productive; 
bunch  medium,  compact;  berry  medium  to  large,  black ; 
skin  thick ;  flesh  pulpy ;  quality  about  like  Hartford ; 
colors  even  earlier  than  this  variety,  but  fully  ripe  at 
about  same  time. 

*  M.  Mares,  a  distinguished  member  of  the  French 
Phylloxera  Commission,  reports  that  among  his  Rupes- 
tris he  found  one  which  the  third  season  produced  1  kil. 
grapes,  of  magnificent  color,  ripe  on  the  2d  of  August, 
the  must  of  which  had  an  excellent  taste,  weighing  11° 
Beaume  (83°  Oechsle)  scale,  and  made  a  very  good  wine. 
This  variety  may  become  the  starting-point  for  many 
interesting  seedlings  or  hybrids;  it  is  of  remarkably 
vigorous  growth  and  unharmed  by  Phylloxera.  The 
fibrous  roots  of  the  Rupestris  are  long  and  strong,  and 
defy  drought  even  in  less  than  ordinary  soils. 


Jefferson. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Lama. 


Jefferson.  (Labr.  X)  This  new,  haiidsome, 
and  excellent  red  grape  was  raised  by  James 
H.  Ricketts,  Newburgh,  N.  Y.  It  is  a  cross 
between  the  Concord  and  lona.  The  foliage 
seems  strong  and  healthy,  not  liable  to  mil- 


lona  grape  upon  a  Concord  vine,  it 
is  an  achievement  whose  value  can 
hardly  be  over-estimated." 

Jessica.  A  new  very  early  white  grape 
mentioned  in  Gardner's  Monthly,  Nov.  1882, 
coming  from  D.  W.  Beadle ;  apparently 
promising  well.  Not  yet  known. 


dew  ;  the  vine  is  vigor- 
ous in  growth  and 
very  hardy ;  wood 
rather  short-jointed ; 
leaves  large,  thick  and 
downy ;  said  to  be 
very  productive. 

Bunch  large,  shouldered,  some- 
times double-shouldered,  com- 
pact ;  berry  above  medium, 
roundish-oval;  skin  rather  thick; 
LIGHT  BED  with  a  thin  lilac 
bloom;  flesh  meaty  yet  tender, 
juicy,  sweet,  slightly  vinous, 
aromatic.  The  berries  adhere 
strongly  to  the  peduncle,  and 
the  fruit  maintains  its  freshness 
long  after  being  gathered.  It  is 
of  fine  quality  ;  clusters  large, 
handsome,  closely  resembling 
the  lona,  which  variety  it  also 
equals  in  quality  and  flavor.  The  annexed 
illustration  shows  the  form  of  the  bunch,  con- 
siderably reduced  in  size. 

It  is  one  of  the  finest  red  grapes,  and  VERY 
PROMISING  either  for  market  or  for  home  use. 
It  ripens  about  the  time  of  the  Concord  or  soon 
after.  Its  beauty  and  very  high  character  make 
it  worthy  of  extensive  trial.  M.  P.  Wilder, 
in  hi&  address,  as  President  of  the  Am.  Pomol. 
Society,  session  of  1881,  said,  "the  Jefferson  of 
Ricketts  might  with  propriety  be  denominated 
and  may  yet  be  distinguished  as  the  Muscat 
of  America."  Campbell,  of  Ohio,  wrote  in  his 
paper  on  the  '•'•Improvement  of  our  native  Grapes 
by  Crossing,1'  "Concord  and  lona  are  said  to  be 
the  progenitors  of  this  grape,  which  has  all  the 
beauty,  and  I  think  more  than  the  excellence, 
of  the  charming  lona.  If  we  really  have  the 


JEFFERSON.    Reduced 


Kalamazoo.  (Lair.)  Raised  from 
seed  of  Catawba  by  a  Mr.  Dixon,  an 
Englishman,  at  Steuhenville,  Ohio. 
The  fruit  is  larger  than  the  Catawba, 
and  grows  in  bunches  larger  than 
those  of  that  variety,  and  more 
marked  in  the  peculiar  richness  of  its 
deep  blue  bloom ;  skin  thick ;  flesh 
soft,  not  quite  tender  all  through; 
sweet,  but  not  as  rich  as  Catawba. 
According  to  the  Amer.  Pomological 
Society  Report  (1871),  it  is  said  to 
ripen  ten  days  earlier,  and  according 
to  the  Dep't  of  Agriculture  Report, 
1872  (p.  484),  it  is  said  to  ripen  ten 
days  later  than  the  Catawba !  We  do 
not  know  which  is  correct,  as  we  did 
not  try  this  variety  ourselves.  The 
vine  is  said  to  be  a  vigorous  grower, 
hardy,  and  very  productive. 

Kay's  Seedling.  See  Herbe- 
mont. 


Kilvitigtoii(?).  Origin  unknown.  Bunch  medium, 
tolerably  compact ;  berry  small,  round,  dark  red  with 
abloom;  flesh  pulpy,  half  tender,  vinous.— Downing. 

Kingsessing.  (Labr.)  Bunch  long,  loose,  shoul- 
dered; berry  medium,  round,  pale  red  with  abloom; 
flesh  pulpy.— Downing. 

Kitcben.  (Rip.)  Seedling  of  Franklin;  bunch, 
and  berry  medium ;  berry  round,  black ;  flesh  acid, 
j  uicy . — Downing. 

l,abe(?).  Bunch  rather  small,  short,  oblong;  berries 
medium,  loosely  set,  black  ;  flesh]  half  tender,  pulpy, 
sharp,  sweet. — Downing. 

Lama.  A  cross  between  Eumelan  and  some  va- 
riety of  the  Labrusca,  lately  originated  by  D.  S.  MAR- 
VIN, Watertown,  N.  Y.  Berries  black ;  clusters  small ; 
of  fine  high  flavor,  vinous.  A  vigorous  grower,  with 
strong,  healthy  foliage  ;  ripens  about  same  time  as 
Delaware.  Not  yet  disseminated. 


114      Lady. 


BUSHBERG   CATALOGUE. 


Lady. 


'LADY. 


"Lady."  (Labr.)  A  fine  early  white  grape, 
purchased  by  Geo.  W.  Campbell  from  a  Mr. 
Imlay,  of  Muskingum  county,  O. ;  first  offered 
to  the  public  in  the  fall  of  1874,  and  now  de- 
servedly popular  as  a  grape  to  be  planted  for 
family  use  and  for  near  markets.  It  is  unsuited 
for  distant  shipping  or  rough  handling. 

It  is  a  pure  Concord  seedling,  and  has  almost 
the  vigor,  health  and  hardiness  of  its  parent ;  is 
like  it  free  from  mildew,  but  also  subject  to  rot. 
The  vine,  in  its  habit  of  growth,  foliage,  and 
general  appearance,  is  very  similar  to  the  Con- 


cord. It  is  unquestionably  an  improvement 
on  the  Martha  grape,  being  larger  in  size,  ear- 
lier, more  productive,  and  better  in  quality, 
having  less  of  that  foxiness  which  renders  the 
Martha  objectionable  to  many.  It  will  succeed 
perfectly  in  all  localities  where  the  Concord  can 
be  grown  with  good  success.  By  reason  of  its 
early  ripening  it  will  be  found  specially  adap- 
ted to  northern  localities  where  Concord  does 
not  always  mature.*  In  size  of  berry  it  is  some- 

*  The  vines  endured  without  injury  the  severe  cold  of 
the  winter  of  1872-73,  32°  below  zero. 


Lenoir, 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


or  Jacques.      115 


LENOIR.     (Syn.,  Black-Spanish,  Jacques,  etc.) 


times  even  larger  than  Concord  ;  in  size  of  clus- 
ter, rather  small.  In  quality  it  is  better  flavored 
and  more  delicate  than  Concord.  In  color,  light 
greenish-yellow,  covered  with  white  bloom. 
Seeds  few  and  small ;  skin  thin  ;  pulp  tender  ; 
flavor  sweet  and  rich,  slightly  vinous,  and  the 
foxy  aroma  of  its  class  considerably  chastened 
down.  Although  very  early  in  ripening,  it  is 
late  in  starting  its  buds  in  spring,  and  thereby 
escapes  the  evil  effects  of  late  spring  frosts. 


Lenoir.  Syn.,  BLACK 
SPANISH,  EL  PASO,  BUB- 
GUNDY,  JACK  or  JACQUES. 
(^Est.)  A  southern  grape  of 
the  Herbemont  class,  from 
Lenoir  Co.,  N.  C.  Bunch  me- 
dium to  large,  shouldered ; 
under  unfavorable  circum- 
stances, or  on  badly  pruned, 
overloaded  vines  the  bunch- 
es are  loose  and  not  shoul- 
dered ;  berries  small,  round, 
dark  bluish-purple,  nearly 
black,  covered  with  light 
bloom;  flesh  tender,  no  pulp, 
juicy,  sweet  and  vinous  ; 
very  rich  in  coloring  matter ; 
a  magnificent  grape  for  the 
south,  but  too  tender  and 
too  late  in  ripening  for  the 
north.  In  favorable  locali- 
ties it  will  be  found  desira- 
ble for  wine  and  table.  Vine 
a  fine  grower,  but  a  tardy 
bearer;  foliage  deeply  lobed. 
This  variety  is  mainly 
cultivated  in  Texas  under 
different  names,  as  BLACK 
SPANISH,  EL  PASO.  BURGUN- 
DY. Many  years  ago  (about 
1859),  some  few  vines,  under 
the  name  of  JACQUEZ  or 
Jacques,  were  sent  to  France 
by  Berckmans,  of  Georgia. 
In  1869  and  following  years, 
when  the  Phylloxera  com- 
menced to  devastate  the 
vineyards  of south 'n  France, 
these  few  Jacques  vines  con- 
tinued in  luxuriant  growth 
and  perfect  health.  This 
caused  a  great  demand  for 
Jacques  vines,  the  more  so 
as  its  grape,  on  account  of 
its  pure  vinous  taste  and 
deep  rich  color,  pleased  very 
much  the  French  vignerons. 
But  in  vain  did  they  apply 
to  American  grape-growers 
and  nurseries  for  vines  of  this  variety.  Berck- 
mans himself  stated  (in  1871)  that  he  had  none, 
and  that,  so  far  as  he  knew,  the  culture  of  this 
variety  had  been  entirely  abandoned  in  this 
country.  No  one  then  knew  that  the  Lenoir 
and  the  Black  Spanish,  cultivated  in  Texas, 
were  identical  with  the  Jacques. 

After  considerable  research  for  this  variety, 
WE  found  that  G.  Onderdonk,  describing  in  his 
Catalogue  the  Lenoir,  made  the  following  re- 


116       Lenoir. 


BUSHBERG   CATALOGUE. 


Lady  Charlotte. 


mark:  "the  leaf  and  habit  exactly  resemble 
those  of  the  Black  Spanish."  From  this  re- 
mark, and  from  the  description  of  the  "  Ohio" 
in  Downing^  "Fruits  and  Fruit-trees  of  Amer- 
ica," we  were  strongly  inclined  to  believe  "Le- 
noir," "Black  Spanish,"  "Ohio,"  "Jacques" 
identical,  and  the  very  variety  which  our 
friends  in  France  were  looking  for.  We  so  de- 
clared in  the  former  edition  of  our  Catalogue 
(1874-5,  p.  70),  although  even  Berckmans  and 
Onderdonk  then  considered  them  distinct  va- 
rieties, as  may  be  seen  from  the  following, 
written  to  us  in  August,  1876,  by  Onderdonk : 

"I  had  been  diligently  collecting  every  ^Esti- 
valis  grape  of  promise  I  could  find  or  hear  of, 
believing  that  from  this  family  must  come  our 
grapes  in  Texas.  I  had  a  grape  called  LENOIB. 
I  found  that  Berckmans  had  a  different  grape 
under  the  same  name,  and  that  he  insisted 
upon  my  Lenoir  being  the  "Black  July"  (or 
Devereux) ;  so  I  sent  for  his  Lenoir,  and  found 
that  it  resembled  in  growth  and  habit  the 
Black  Spanish — so  much  so,  that  I  supposed  a 
mistake  must  have  been  made  and  that  he 
had  sent  me  the  Black  Spanish  instead  of  the 
Lenoir." 

"I  had  somehow  got  the  idea  that  the  Lenoir 
originated  in  Lenoir  county,  S.  C.  I  wrote  to 
Berckmans  for  further  information  and  re- 
ceived his  reply  under  date  of  Aug.  17,  1875,  in 
which  he  says  :  'The  Lenoir  and  Black  Span- 
'  ish  are  both  native  seedlings  of  the  ^Estivalis 
'  type ;  both  have  colored  juice.  The  Lenoir 
'  has  its  bunches  compact  and  shouldered ;  the 
'  Black  Spanish,  on  the  contrary,  has  the  bunch 
'  very  loose,  cylindrical,  growing  to  a  length  of 
'  18  inches.  Of  the  two,  it  makes  the  darkest 
'  colored  wine.  Both  are,  perhaps,  the  best 
'  red-wine  grapes  we  have.  *  *  *  The  Lenoir 

I  originated  in  South  Carolina,  the  Black  Span- 
'  ish  in  Natchez,  Miss.' 

"I  would  say,"  continues  Mr.  Onderdonk, 
"  that  here  (in  S.W.  Texas)  the  bunches  of  the 
Black  Spanish,  though  remarkably  long,  have 
never  yet  reached  a  length  of  more  than  10  or 

II  inches.    I  also  found  that,  under  a  care- 
ful system  of  summer  pruning,  the  bunches 
became  shouldered  and  grew  as  compact  as 
the  Lenoir ;   and  I  have  sometimes  thought 
whether  the  difference  in  the  fruit  between 
these  two  varieties,  on  my  premises,  is,  after 
all,  any  greater  than  even  my  Black  Spanish 
differs  from  itself,  or  rather  that  the  crops  of 
different  years  differ  as  much  from  each  other 
as  they  do  from  the  Lenoir  itself." 

But  while  we  announced  the  identity  of  these 
varieties  as  a  probability  only,  a  well-known 
French  importer,  less  cautious  and  merely  on 


the  strength  of  our  supposition,  at  once  ordered 
thousands  of  cuttings  from  the  Black  Spanish, 
and  offered  them  in  France,  at  an  exhorbitant 
price,  as  the  Jacques,  claiming  its  discovery  for 
himself.  Hundreds  of  thousands  of  cuttings 
of  this  variety  were  then  sent  to  France  and 
planted  there  since  1876,  and  their  success, 
their  immunity  from  Phylloxera,  productive- 
ness, and  quality,  gave  great  satisfaction.  The 
identity  of  the  Jacques,  Slack  Spanish  and  Lenoir 
was  there  also  fully  established  by  Prof.  Plan- 
chon,  Pulliat,  and  other  eminent  ampelographs. 

As  this  variety  cannot  be  successfully  grown 
in  our  vineyards  on  account  of  its  non-resist- 
ance to  mildew  and  to  frost,  we  requested  our 
friend  Onderdonk  to  test  and  observe  it,  and 
he  now  writes  us  (August,  1883),  "I  am  solid 
on  this  Lenoir  matter  now,  and  have  at  last  be- 
come settled  in  the  belief  that  Jacques,  Leiioir 
and  Black  Spanish  are  identical  beyond  doubt  : 
this  variety  is  capable  of  very  great  variations 
under  various  special  conditions." 

In  France,  also,  the  success  and  especially 
the  productiveness  of  the  Jacques  varies  very 
much  ;  in  dry  soils  it  yields  far  less  wine,  un- 
less irrigation  is  resorted  to.  Of  late  years,  the 
Jacques  (as  it  is  there  still  called)  has  suffered 
in  some  sections  from  the  anthracnose.  France 
has  now  more  bearing-vines  of  this  variety 
than  can  be  found  growing  in  the  United  States, 
and  there  is  no  more  demand  for  cuttings  of 
this  variety  from  that  country. 

Jacques  wine  now  sells  in  France  at  60  to  70 
francs  per  hectolitre,  while  their  Aramon  wine 
brings  only  30  francs  at  the  same  places.  It  is 
very  rich  in  alcohol  and  in  color. 

Of  late,  however,  California  grape-growers 
have  directed  their  attention  to  this  remarkable 
grape,  and  are  now  planting  thousands  of  the 
same  variety,  under  its  proper  name  "  Lenoir." 
It  succeeds  there  very  well,  and  is  much  liked 
both  on  account  of  the  fine  dark  color  of  its 
vinous  juice  and  for  its  Phylloxera-resisting 
roots.  This  old,  almost  abandoned  grape  seems 
destined  to  become  one  of  the  leading  varieties 
of  both  hemispheres. 

The  annexed  engraving  represents  a  medium 
sized  bunch  of  the  Lenoir,  rather  smaller  than 
usual,  especially  much  shorter. 

Lady  Charlotte.  This  promising  white  grape 
was  raised  by  Pringle,  of  Vermont,  in  1869,  from  the 
Delaware  fertilized  by  the  lona.  It  is  described  by  the 
originator  as  follows:  "Color  light  green,  becoming 
amber  or  golden,  with  a  reddish  tinge  in  the  sun ;  bunch 
large,  very  broadly  shouldered,  narrow  and  pointed 
below,  compact ;  berry  of  medium  size,  globular.  Flesh 
with  some  pulp,  but  juicy  and  very  sweet,  without  the 
least  acidity  in  the  centre  or  harshness  or  foxiness 
in  its  flavor.  Vine  a  rampant  grower  and  a  great 


Lady  Washington. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Lindley.      117 


bearer,  healthy  :  leaves  very  large,  bearing  much  re- 
semblance to  those  of  the  lona.  Time  of  maturity 
about  with  the  lona." 

Lady  Dunlap.  One  of  Ricketts'  new  Seedlings, 
first  exhibited  in  1881.  Berry  medium,  amber,  vinous, 
quality  very  good.  (Report  on  New  Fruits,  Am.  Pom. 
Society,  1881.) 

Lady  Washington.  (Hybr.)  One  of  Ricketts' 
choicest  and  most  promising  seedlings  (%  for- 
eign), produced  by  crossing  Concord  (/)  with 
Allen's  hybrid  (m).  Vine  very  vigorous,  short- 
jointed;  leaves  large,  roundish,  coarsely  ser- 
rated, occasionally  lobed,  thick  and  downy, 
luxuriant  and  healthy.  Bunches  very  large, 
shouldered,  often  double-shouldered,  moder- 
ately compact;  berries  fully  medium  in  size, 


round  ;  skin  pale  amber,  yellowish  with  a  deli- 
cate rosy  tint  where  exposed  to  the  sun,  having 
a  thin  whitish  bloom ;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  sweet, 
of  very  good  quality  and  delicate  aroma.  The 
berries  adhere  well  to  the  peduncle,  and  the 
fruit  continues  a  long  time  in  use.  Ripens 
about  the  same  time  as  Concord,  or  soon  after. 
A  most  beautiful  and  promising  variety. 

We  have  some  vines  of  the  Lady  "Washing- 
ton fruiting  for  the  first  time  this  season.  We 
found  it  a  strong  grower,  hardy,  the  foliage 
very  good ;  but  the  fruiting  season  was  very 
unfavorable  for  all  varieties. 

Laura.  (Hybr,)  One  of  Marvin's  new  grapes, 
hardly  as  good  as  most  of  his  other  seedlings.  Bunch 
small,  not  very  compact ;  berry  small,  light  amber, 
pulpy.  (Am.  Pomol.  Society,  New  Fruit  Rep.,  1881.) 


Lindley.  (Rogers' No.  9.)  This 
beautiful  and  valuable  grape 
originated  by  hybridizing  the 
wild  Mammoth-grape  of  New 
England  with  the  Golden  Chas- 
selas.  Bunch  medium,  long, 
shouldered,  somewhat  loose; 
berries  medium  to  large,  round ; 
color  quite  peculiar,  and  distinct 
from  any  other  variety,  rather 
more  of  a  brick-red  than  Cataw- 
ba  color ;  flesh  tender,  sweet, 
with  scarcely  a  trace  of  pulp, 
possessing  a  peculiar,  rich,  aro- 
matic flavor.  Pres't  Wilder  de- 
nominates this  and  the  Jefferson 
grape  the  Muscats  of  America.  It 
resembles  the  Grizzly  Frontig- 
nan  in  appearance  of  bunch,  and 
is  regarded  by  some  as  fully 
equal  to  the  Delaware  in  quality. 
The  engraving  represents  a  me- 
dium sized  bunch  of  this  variety. 

Soots  long  and  straight,  with 
a  smooth  liber  of  medium  firm- 
ness ;  canes  slender  for  their 
length,  with  few  laterals,  and 
large,  prominent  buds ;  vine  of 
very  vigorous  growth,  making 
rather  long-jointed  wood,  medi- 
um in  hardness  and  size  of  pith. 
The  foliage  when  young  is  of  a 
reddish  color;  the  fruit  ripens 
very  early  and  drops  from  the 
bunch.  It  makes  a  splendid 
white  wine.  Specific  gravity  of 
must  80°. 

We  recommend  It  as  a  fine 
table  grape — one  of  the  best  of 
the  red  Hybrids. 


LINDLEY.     (Rogers'  No.  9.) 


118      Lincoln. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Mariners  Seedlings. 


Lincoln.  Syn.,  HART-GRAPE.  Has  been  supposed 
to  be  identical  with  DEVEREUX,  but  J.  F.  Hoke,  of 
Lincolnton,  N.  C.,  where  it  has  been  largely  grown  for 
many  years,  emphatically  states  that  it  is  not  the  Dev- 
ereux  or  Black-grape  (Le  Noir),  but  was  formerly 
known  as  the  Hart -grape.  Sam.  Miller,  who  got  cut- 
tings of  this  variety  from  Col.  Hoke,  tried  it  and  re- 
ported that  it  is  different  from  Devereux,  and,  to  his 
taste,  superior.  We  could  not  get  a  proper  description 
sufficiently  clear  to  distinguish  it  from  Lenoir,  of  which 
see  description  and  figure. 

Linden.  (Labr.)  One  of  Miner's  Seedlings  (see 
page  121),  described  as  a  black  grape  ripening 
several  days  before  Concord,  with  very  large  bunches, 
which  hang  on  the  vine  a  month  after  ripening. 

Logan.  (Labr.)  A  wilding  of  Ohio.  Supposed 
to  be  a  great  acquisition,  on  its  introduction,  and 
recommended  by  the  Am.  Pomological  Society  as 
promising  well ;  but  it  has  sadly  failed  to  meet  public 
expectation,  and  is  now  more  generally  discarded 
than  the  Isabella,  to  which  it  was  deemed  preferable. 
Bunches  medium,  shouldered,  compact;  berries  large, 
oval,  black';  flesh  juicy,  pulpy,  insipid  in  flavor.  Vine 
a  slender  grower,  early  and  productive. 

Long.    See  Cunningham. 

Louisiana.  Introduced  here  by  that  eminent 
pioneer  of  western  grape  culture,  Frederick 
Munch,  of  Missouri.  He  received  it  from  M. 
Theard,  of  New  Orleans,  who  asserts  that  it 
was  imported  from  France  by  his  father,  and 
planted  on  the  banks  of  Pontchartrain,  near 
New  Orleans,  where  for  thirty  years  it  has 
yielded  abundant  and  delicious  fruit.  Miinch 
firmly  believed  it  to  be  of  European  origin.  Fr. 
Hecker  was  just  as  positive  that  it  was  nothing 
else  than  the  Clavner-grape  of  his  native  coun- 
try, Baden,  Germany.  Husmann  and  others 
hold  that  it  is  a  true  native  American,  belong- 
ing to  the  southern  division  of  the  ^Estivalis 
class,  of  which  the  Herbemont  and  Cunning- 
ham may  serve  as  types,  and  of  which  they 
consider  it  a  valuable  variety,  yielding  a  most 
delicious  fruit,  and  making  a  very  fine  wine. 

After  many  years'  experience  with  this  va- 
riety, we  feel  unable  to  form  a  decided  opinion 
as  to  its  proper  classification.  It  may  be  an 
accidental  cross  between  an  imported  and  a 
native  grape ;  between  JEstivalis  and  Vinifera. 

Bunch  medium  size,  shouldered,  compact, 
very  fine;  berry  small,  round,  black;  flesh  with- 
out pulp,  juicy,  sweet  and  vinous ;  quality  best. 
Vine  a  good  grower,  moderately  productive  ; 
canes  very  stout,  of  moderate  length,  short- 
jointed,  having  few  large  laterals,  with  heart- 
shaped  (not  lobed)  foliage;  requires  winter 
protection.  Ripens  late.  Roots  wiry  and  very 
tough,  with  a  hard  liber  ;  wood  very  hard,  with 
a  small  pith  and  firm  outer  bark. 

The  Louisiana  and  Rulander  (or  rather  what 
we  here  call  Rulander)  so  closely  resemble  each 


other  in  general  appearance,  growth,  and  foli- 
age, that  we  are  unable  to  distinguish  them. 
If  not  identical,  they  are  undoubtedly  closely 
related  to  each  other.  It  is  claimed  that  there 
is  a  difference  in  the  wine  of  these  two  varie- 
ties ;  that  Louisiana  makes  the  better  of  the 
two — in  fact,  the  finest  white  wine,  of  Hock 
character,  that  we  have. 

ROBESON'S  SIEEDLING  so  closely  resembles  Louisiana 
as  to  consider  it  identical.  CASPER,  said  to  be  a  new 
Seedling,  raised  by  Caspar  Wild,  of  New  Orleans,  also 
resembles  Louisiana,  and  if  not  identical,  belongs 
certainly  to  the  Rulander  division  of  the  Southern 
jEstivalis  class. 

l.y<li;i.  (Labr.)  Originated  by  Carpenter,  of  Kel- 
ley's  Island,  Lake  Erie;  supposed  to  be  an  Isabella 
seedling.  Bunch  short,  compact ;  berries  large,  oval, 
light  green,  with  salmon  tint  where  exposed  to  the 
sun ;  skin  thick ;  pulp  tender,  sweet,  of  fine  flavor, 
slightly  vinous.  In  habit  of  growth  the  vine  is  not 
unlike  the  Isabella,  but  is  much  less  productive.  Ri- 
pens a  few  days  later  than  the  Delaware. 

Lyman.  (Rip.)  Origin  unknown.  A  northern  va- 
riety, said  to  have  been  brought  from  Quebec  upwards 
of  40  years  ago ;  hardy  and  productive.  Bunch  small, 
rather  compact;  berry  round,  medium,  or  below; 
black,  covered  with  a  thick  bloom  ;  similar  in  flavor  to 
Clinton,  and  ripens  about  the  same  time. 

Sherman  and  McNeil  are  varieties  grown  from  the 
above,  but  hardly  to  be  distinguished  from  it.-Downing. 

Luna.  (Labr.)  One  of  Marine's  beautiful  seed- 
lings; probably  lost  by  the  decease  of  its  originator. 
It  was  the  largest  hardy  white  grape  we  had  seen  be- 
fore the  appearance  of  the  Pocklington  and  Niagara. 

Maguire  is  like  Hartford,  but  more  foxy. — Strong. 

Manhattan.  (Labr.)  Originated  near  New  York. 
A  poor  bearer.  Bunches  small ;  berries  medium,  round, 
greenish-w/u'te  with  a  bloom ;  flesh  sweet,  rather  pulpy. 
— Downing. 

Mansfield.  (Labr.  x).  Raised  in  1869  by  C.  G. 
Pringle,  of  Vermont,  a  well-known  and  successful  hy- 
bridizer, from  seed  of  Concord  fertilized  by  pollen  of 
the  lona ;  said  to  combine  the  more  valuable  charac- 
ters of  both  these  popular  sorts.  Vine  a  rampant  grow- 
er, with  broad  and  thick  leaves,  densely  woolly  be- 
neath ;  bunch  large,  often  shouldered,  sufficiently 
compact ;  berry  of  purplish-black  color  under  a  slight 
bloom  ;  large,  somewhat  oval ;  flesh  tender,  with  but 
little  pulp  of  a  remarkably  rich  flavor.  Season  earlier 
than  Concord.  It  is  predicted  that  {his  will  prove  a 
valuable  acquisition  to  the  northern  parts  of  our  coun- 
try as  a  very  early  variety. 

Marine's  Seedling's.  These  grapes  are  crosses  be- 
tween purely  native  varieties  claimed  to  be  produced 
by  a  new  and  very  simple  process  :  diluting  the  pollen 
of  the  male  flower  with  rain  water  and  then  applying 
it  to  the  pistils  of  the  variety  which  he  selects  as  the 
female  parent.  Among  the  seedlings  thus  raised  there 
are  some  which  are  quite  peculiar  and  very  interest- 
ing ;  some  are  of  the  JEstivalis  family,  but  with  berries 
of  quite  a  large  size:  1.  Nerlutvn — line  large  bunch; 
berries  above  medium,  black ;  leaf  very  large  and 
leathery,  strong.  '2.  Gfeencastle—same  as  the  former, 


Martha. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Martha.      119 


THE   MARTHA   GRAPE. 


berries  even  larger.  3.  Luna — white,  in  appearance  al- 
most like  Martha,  but  the  gain  in  size  seems  to  be  cou- 
pled with  a  loss  in  quality,  compared  to  our  delicious, 
juicy,  small  ^Estivalis  grapes.  A  larger  number  of  his 
seedlings  are  of  the  Labrusca  type,  and  among  these 
his  "  U.S.,"  black ;  Mianna  and  King  William,  white, 
•seemed  to  us  well  worthy  of  trial. 

In  fall  of  1874,  a  year  or  two  before  his  death,  Marine 
wrote  :  "Now  that  I  have  reached  my  three  score  years 
a  nd  ten,  I  am  admonished  to  yield  the  further  prosecu- 
tion of  this  branch  of  progress  to  others,  more  skilled, 
and  to  those  coming  after  our  time,  believing  as  I  do 
that  much  greater  results  are  looked  for  in  the  future." 
His  seedlings  were  not  disseminated. 

Martha.  (Labr.}  A  white  seedling  of  the 
€oncord,  raised  by  our  friend  Samuel  Miller, 
formerly  of  Lebanon,  Pa.,  now  of  Blufffcon,  Mo. 
One  of  the  most  popular  among  the  WHITE  varieties. 


Bunch  medium,  smaller  than  the  Concord, 
moderately  compact,  shouldered ;  berry  medi- 
um, round,  greenish- white  — when  fully  ripe 
pale  yellow  covered  with  white  bloom ;  skin 
thin  ;  flesh  very  tender,  and  of  a  remarkable 
sweetness  unmixed  with  acidity  and  without 
vinous  flavor ;  somewhat  pulpy,  often  contain- 
ing but  a  single  seed.  Odor  decidedly  foxy, 
but  this  character  is  much  more  apparent  in 
the  fruit  than  in  its  wine. 

The  vine  is  very  healthy  and  hardy,  resem- 
bling the  Concord,  but  not  quite  as  vigorous  a 
grower,  and  the  leaf  is  of  a  somewhat  lighter 
green,  yet  quite  as  healthy  and  the  fruit  less 
liable  to  rot  than  the  Concord.  Roots  of  aver- 
age texture  and  liber,  throwing  out  young 
spongioles  readily.  Canes  generally  more  up- 


120      Marion, 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Maxatawney. 


right  than  Concord,  with  fewer  laterals,  but  not 
so  much  inclined  to  ramble.  Wood  firm,  with 
a  medium  pith.  Very  productive,  and  the  ber- 
ries hang  well  to  the  bunch.  Ripens  earlier 
than  the  Concord  and  will  therefore  suit  even 
northern  localities.  In  New  York,  New  Jer- 
sey, Pennsylvania  and  Connecticut  it  is  grown 
largely  for  market,  succeeds  well,  is  profita- 
ble, though  not  very  good  in  quality,  and  is 
far  surpassed  in  appearance  by  some  new  va- 
rieties. Must  85°  to  90°,  at  least  10°  higher  than 
Concord.  The  wine  is  of  a  light  straw  color,  of 
delicate  flavor. 

The  French  commission  at  the  Exposition  of 
Amer.  wines  at  Montpellier,  1874,  pronounced 
the  Martha  as  "approaching  the  wines  of  Pique- 
poul,  produced  in  the  He"rault." 

Seedlings  have  of  late  been  raised  from  the 
Martha,  but  are  not  disseminated. 

(See  also  "Lady.") 

Marion.  (Rip.)  A  variety  brought  to  us  from 
Pennsylvania  by  that  indefatigable  horticul- 
turist, Sam'l  Miller,  who  got  it  from  Dr.  C.  W. 
Grant.  It  probably  came  from  "Longworth's 
famous  school  of  vines";  valuable  for  a  dark 
red  wine.  Bunch  medium,  compact ;  berry  me- 
dium, but  considerably  larger  than  Clinton, 
round,  black,  juicy,  sweet  when  fully  ripe ;  ri- 
pens late,  long  after  coloring,  but  hangs  firmly 
to  the  bunch.  Blooms  early,  with  Clinton, 
which  variety  it  resembles,  yet,  in  our  opin- 
ion, far  surpasses  —  so  much  so,  that  it  almost 
appears  a  transition  from  the  Riparia  to  the 
JEstivalis  species.  Vine  a  very  vigorous  grower, 
rambling  but  not  so  straggling  as  the  Clinton. 
Wood  firm  with  a  medium  pith.  Foliage  large, 
strong  and  abundant ;  when  young,  of  a  pecu- 
liar golden  hue,  and  the  branches  of  a  beauti- 
ful red  color.  Roots  wiry  and  firm,  with  a 
smooth,  hard  liber,  enjoying  in  the  fullest  de- 
gree the  immunity  from  Phylloxera  belonging 
to  its  species. 

Our  recommendation  of  this  variety  for  the 
French  wine-grower  had  been  long  overlooked. 
The  Vigne  Americaineof  March,  1883,  contains 
the  following :  "  With  regard  to  intense  color- 
ing, without  any  foxy  taste,  nothing  equals  the 
wine  made  of  the  Marion  grape  ;  one-twentieth 
partis  sufficient  to  give  to  water  even  a  su- 
perior wine  color ;  the  somewhat  violet  shade 
is  easily  transformed  into  a  lively  red  by  add- 
ing some  acid  wine  or  a  very  small  quantity  of 
tartaric  acid.  This  grape  is  a  loyal  Fuchsin." 
One  vine-grower  of  Bordeaux  reports  that  he 
is  about  to  plant  500  Marion  vines  this  year. 

OTary(?),  raised  by  Chas.  Carpenter,  Kelly  Island. 
Vine  hardy,  strong  grower.  Fruit  ripens  too  late  for 
the  north.  Bunch  medium,  moderately  compact;  ber- 


ries medium,  round,  greenish- white  with  a  bloom. 
Flesh  tender,  slight  pulp,  juicy,  sweet,  brisk  flavor. — 
Downing. 

Another  Mary,  an  early  grape,  is  described  by  Fuller* 

Mary  Ann.  (Labr.)  Raised  by  J.  B.  Garber,  Co- 
lumbia, Pa.  Bunch  medium,  moderately  compact, 
shouldered  ;  berry  medium,  oval,,  black,  pulpy,  foxy, 
resembling  the  Isabella.  Very  early,  ripening  a  day 
or  two  before  the  Hartford  Prolific,  and  therefore  for- 
merly esteemed  as  an  early  market  grape,  though  of 
an  inferior  quality.  Now  superseded. 

Mason  Seedling.  (Labr.)  A  new  white  grape 
raised  by  B.  Mason,  of  Mascoutah,  Ills.,  from 
Concord  seed.  Bunch  medium  to  large ;  berry 
nearly  as  large  as  Concord,  round,  greenish- 
white,  becoming  yellowish  when  fully  ripe, 
with  a  fine  white  bloom ;  skin  thin ;  flesh  melt- 
ing, with  little  pulp  ;  sweet  with  just  sufficient 
acid  to  give  it  a  sprightly,  vinous,  refreshing 
taste ;  almost  entirely  free  from  foxiness.  In 
quality  this  is  one  of  the  best  of  all  the  White 
Concord  seedlings.  Vine  a«moderately  vigor- 
ous grower,  perfectly  hardy,  with  heavy  and 
healthy  foliage;  not  subject  to  mildew.  While 
it  has  not  proved  free  from  rot,  this  variety  has 
suffered  less  from  this  disease  than  Concord 
itself,  proving  decidedly  more  healthy  and  of 
better  quality  than  MARTHA,  which  is  gener- 
ally taken  as  a  standard  of  the  White  Concord 
varieties.  The  Mason  grape  ripens  a  few  days- 
before  Concord ;  it  hangs  a  long  time  and  keeps 
remarkably  well  on  the  vine.  The  foliage  of  the 
Mason  resembles  that  of  its  parent,  but  is  of  a 
lighter  green  and  has  a  more  whitish  down  on 
the  under  side  of  the  mature  leaves.  We  confi- 
dently recommend  this  grape  for  testing  in  all 
regions  where  the  Concord  succeeds. 

Massnsmt.  (Rogers'  Hybrid  No.  3.)  A  fine- 
early  grape  for  table  and  market.  We  copy  the 
following  description  by  Mr.  Wilder,  our  cele- 
brated veteran  of  American  pomology : 

Bunch  rather  short,  medium  size,  shouldered; 
berry  medium  to  large,  color  brownish -red. 
Flesh  tender  and  sweet,  with  a  little  of  the  na- 
tive flavor  when  fully  ripe.  Season  very  early, 
same  as  the  Hartford  Prolific.  Sufficiently  vig- 
orous and  productive.  In  favorable  localities 
(free  from  rot)  this  is  a  very  profitable  grape. 

Maxatawney.  (Labr.)  A  chance  seedling,, 
originated  in  Montgomery  Co.,  Pa.,  in  1844. 
First  brought  into  notice  in  1858.  Bunch  me- 
dium, long,  occasionally  compact,  not  usually 
shouldered ;  berry  above  medium,  oblong,  pale 
yellow  with  slight  amber  tint  on  the  sunny 
side.  Flesh  tender,  not  pulpy,  sweet  and  deli- 
cious, with  fine  aroma,  few  seeds  ;  quality  best 
both  for  table  and  wine.  Ripens  rather  late* 


Maxatawney. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Missouri.      121 


MAXATAWNEY  (half  diameter). 

for  northern  localities ;  but  where  it  fully  ri- 
pens, as  here  in  Missouri,  it  is  one  of  the  finest 
of  our  native  white  grapes,  much  like  the  Eu- 
ropean white  Chasselas.  Boots  slender,  soft  in 
texture  and  liber.  Canes  light  and  of  moder- 
ate length,  with  average  number  of  laterals. 
Wood  soft  with  a  large  pith.  Vine  healthy  and 
hardy,  needs  no  protection  in  winter,  but  not 
a  strong  grower  nor  very  productive,  and  in 
bad  seasons  subject  to  mildew  and  rot ;  foliage 
large,  deeply  lobed. 

We  recommend  it  only  for  garden  culture,  in 
good  rich  ground. 

Medora.  (JEst.)  A  seedling  of  the  Lenoir  probably 
crossed  with  the  Croton,  as  the  clusters  from  which  the 
seed  was  taken  came  from  a  Lenoir  vine  interlaced 
with  the  branches  of  a  Croton  vine  in  Onderdonk's 
experimental  vineyard.  Dr.  Thomas  R.  Cocke,  an  old 
esteemed  amateur  horticulturist  and  friend  of  Onder- 
donk,  living  about  twenty  miles  below  Victoria,  Tex. , 
towards  the  Gulf,  carefully  planted  that  seed,  and  se- 
lected this  one  as  the  most  promising  of  those  seed- 
lings. The  foliage  is  like  the  Lenoir,  except  that  its 
young  terminals  show  little  or  no  pink  tinge,  which  is 
almost  characteristic  in  the  Lenoir ;  the  berries  are 
white,  medium,  round,  translucent  enough  to  see  the 
seed,  and  of  delicious  flavor — pronounced  by  good 
judges  "the  nicest  and  sweetest  grape  they  had  ever 
tasted";  the  bunches  are  medium  to  large,  about  the 
same  as  the  Warren ;  the  vine  not  a  very  vigorous 
grower  and  inclined  to  over-production. 

Onderdonk  thinks  this  will  prove  the  happiest 
acquisition  to  the  grapes  of  the  Gulf  States  since  the 


Herbemont  and  Lenoir ;  he  is  now  propagating  it,  and 
suggested  the  name  MEDORA.,  being  that  of  a  daughter 
of  Dr.  Cocke. 

Merrimack.  (Rogers'  No.  19.)  Regarded  by 
some  as  the  finest  grape  in  the  collection  of 
Rogers' hybrids.  M.  P.  Wilder  says : 

It  is  one  of  the  most  reliable  varieties  in  all 
seasons.  Vine  very  vigorous,  free  from  disease ; 
bunch  usually  smaller  than  his  other  black 
sorts ;  berry  large,  sweet,  tolerably  rich.  Season 
about  the  20th  September  (in  Massachusetts). 

We  prefer  his  No.  4,  the  "Wilder";  it  is  like 
it  in  quality,  with  by  far  larger  and  heavier 
bunches,  and  mt>re  profitable. 

Miles.  (Labr.)  Origin  Westchester  Co.,  Pa.  Vine 
a  moderate  grower,  hardy  and  productive ;  bunch 
small,  rather  compact;  berry  small,  round,  black. 
Flesh  tender,  slight  pulp  at  centre ;  brisk,  vinous, 
pleasant.  Ripens  among  the  earliest,  but  does  not  hang 
long.  We  cannot  recommend  it  for  vineyard  culture 
as  a  profitable  market  grape,  but  rather  for  family  use 
as  a  good  early  table  grape,  especially  lor  the  North. 

Minor's  Seedling-.     (See  Venango.) 

Miner's  Seedling's.  (Not  to  be  confounded  with 
Minor's  Seedling  or  Venango.)  Produced  by  the  late 
T.  B.  Miner,  at  Linden,  Union  Co.,  N.  J.  The  follow- 
ing have  been  selected  out  of  1500  seedlings  grown  by 
him  in  central  New  York  :  Adeline,  Antoinette,  Augus- 
ta, Belinda,  Carlotta,  Eugenia,  Ida,  Lexington,  Linden, 
Luna,  Rockingham,  and  Victoria.  Most  of  them  are 
white  grapes. 

Minnesota.  Mammoth.  Origin  unknown ;  in- 
troduced in  fall  of  1879  by  L.  W.  Stratton,  Excelsior, 
Minn. ;  said  to  be  a  very  prolific  and  hardy  native 
grape,  the  berries  of  which  are  as  large  as  pigeons' 
eggs,  and  to  have  a  fine  delicate  flavor.  We  have  been 
unable  to  obtain  any  definite  information  about  it. 

Mrs.  McLure.  One  of  Dr.  Wylie's  hybrids ;  a 
cross  between  Clinton  and  Peter  Wylie.  Bunch 
medium,  not  very  compact,  shouldered ;  berries 
medium,  white,  very  vigorous,  quality  good  as 
a  table  variety,  and  probably  valuable  also  as 
a  white- wine  grape.  Foliage  resembling  Clin- 
ton, growth  very  rampant. — Berckmans. 

Missouri.  Syn.,  MISSOURI  SEEDLING.  Mentioned 
by  Buchanan  and  Downing,  but  now  unknown  even  in 
Missouri.  According  to  Downing :  Probably  a  seed- 
ling from  one  of  the  Pineau  or  Burgundy  grapes,  which 
— about  forty  years  ago — was  considerably  cultivated 
in  the  vineyards  of  Cincinnati.  It  was  received  there 
from  the  East  under  this  name.  It  has  short-jointed, 
grayish  wood,  spotted  with  dark  brown  specks ;  buds 
in  clusters,  double  and  triple;  leaves  deep-cut,  tri- 
lobed. 

Bunches  loose  and  of  moderate  size ;  berries  small, 
round ;  skin  thin,  almost  black,  with  little  bloom ; 
flesh  tender  with  little  pulp,  sweet  and  pleasant; 
not  very  productive  nor  of  vigorous  growth. 

It  certainly  never  came  from  Missouri. 


Missouri  Riesling. 

page  103.) 


(See  Grein's  Seedlings, 


122      Monroe. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Mottled. 


Monroe.  A  cross  between 
the  Delaware  and  the  Concord; 
raised  by  Elwanger  and  Barry 
and  described  by  them  as  fol- 
lows: 

"  Bunch  medium  to  large, 
shouldered,  —  something  like 
Concord :  berries  large,  round  ; 
skin  rather  thick  ;  black  cover- 
ed with  a  white  bloom ;  very 
handsome.  Flesh  juicy,  sweet 
(sub-acid),  vinous,  sprightly ; 
a  pleasant,  refreshing  table 
grape.  The  vine  is  vigorous, 
with  firm,  short-jointed,  hardy 
wood,  which  always  ripens 
well;  fine,  healthy  foliage, 
which  has  never  shown  a  trace 
of  mildew.  Ripens  with  Hart- 
fordProlific."  "TheMoNKOEis 
likely  to  prove  one  of 'our  best 
table  sorts,  prolific  and  excel- 
lent."— P.  J.  Berckmans. 

Moore's  Early.  (Labr.}  Ori- 
ginated at  Concord,  Mass.,  by 
John  B.  Moore,  from  Concord 
seed.  The  illustration  is  an 
exact  copy  from  a'  photograph 
of  the  bunch,  and  it  could  not 
be  better  described  than  by 
calling  it  an  Early  Concord. 
(See  "Concord,"  page  68.) 

Bunch  smaller  and  rarely 
shouldered,  but  berries  some- 
what larger.  It  is,  in  similar 
soils  and  localities,  as  healthy 
and  hardy  as  its  parent ;  it  is 
equal  to  the  Concord  in  qual- 
ity, but  ripens  about  two 
weeks  earlier.  Being  better 
than  "Hartford,"  "Champi- 
on," or  "  Talmau,"  and  quite 
as  early,  it  is  recommended  to 
supersede  these  undesirable 
varieties.  It  has  been  awarded  k 
first  premiums  at  many  horti- 
cultural exhibitions. 

~M»I 1 1 <><i .  Originated  with  Chas. 
Carpenter,  Kelly's  Island.  A  seed- 
ling of  the  Catawba.  Earlier  in 
ripening  and  less  disposed  to  mil- 
dew and  rot  than  its  parent.  Charles  Downing  says : 

"A  profuse  bearer,  ripening  with  Delaware.  It  will 
hang  a  long  time  after  ripe,  and  keeps  unusually  well." 

Bunch  medium  size,  very  compact,  slightly  shoul- 
dered ;  berries  medium  to  large,  round,  distinctly  mot- 
tled when  held  to  the  light,  with  diiferent  shades  of  red 
or  maroon  while  ripening,  but  nearly  a  uniform  dark 
Catawba  color  when  fully  ripe.  Flesh  sweet,  juicy, 
vinous;  of  brisk,  sprightly  flavor,  always  rather  pulpy 
and  acid  at  the  centre.  Skin  thick.  Season  late,  ripen- 


MOORE'S   EARLY. 

ing  with  Norton's  Virginia.  Hangs  well  to  the  bunch, 
and  improves  by  being  left  long  on  the  vine  ;  more 
desirable  as  a  wine  than  as  a  table  grape.  Vines 
healthy,  hardy,  moderately  vigorous,  and  productive ; 
foliage  abundant ;  wood  short-jointed. 

It  is  recorded  by  three  competent  judges,  George 
Leick  being  one,  that  its  must  weighed  94°,  with  acid 
4  per  mille. 

We,  in  Missouri,  as  well  as  Dr.  E.  Van  Kewren,  at 
Hammondport,  found  it  a  poor  grower  and  bearer. 


Montefiore. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Neosho.      123 


Monteflore.  Rommel's  Taylor-Seedling 
No.  14.  The  most  promising  red -wine 
grape  of  this  class.  Vine  moderately  vig- 
orous in  growth,  but  very  healthy  and 
hardy  ;  sufficiently  productive.  Both 
wood  and  foliage  show  considerable  ad- 
mixture of  Labrusca  with  Riparia.  Bunch 
small  to  medium,  compact,  sometimes 
shouldered  as  in  annexed  engraving ; 
berries  of  small  medium  size,  round  ;  skin 
thin  but  firm,  black  with  a  delicate  blue 
bloom,  and  rich  in  coloring  matter  ;  flesh 
melting,  vinous,  sweet,  with  a  delicate 
aroma  and  a  delicious  flavor  ;  ripening  (a 
few  days)  after  Concord,  and  before  Nor- 
ton's Va.  Seedling. 

This  unostentatious  grape  attracted 
the  attention  of  our  senior  when  Rommel 
first  exhibited  it  at  Rochester,  New  York, 
where  the  Am.  Pomol.  Society  met,  Aug. 
1879,  and  we  at  once  secured  the  wood  of 
the  original  vine  for  the  next  three  years. 
With  consent  of  the  originator,  we  have 
given  it  the  name  of  the  great  Jewish  phi- 
lanthropist MONTEFIORE,  which  name 
denotes  at  the  same  time  a  "  Mountain- 
flower.'1'1  It  has  fruited  for  several  years, 
in  various  localities,  with  quite  satisfac- 
tory results.  The  demand  for  vines  of 
this  new  variety  is  far  in  advance  of  the 
supply. 

At  the  Hermann  fair,  1882,  this  grape 
was  awarded  an  extra  premium  as  the 
best  new  Seedling  for  Red  Wine. 

Must  80°. 


Mount  Lebanon.    (Labr.)    Originated  by 
George  Curtis,  of  the  United  Society  of  Mount 
Lebanon,  Columbia  Co.,  N.  Y.  ;  supposed   to 
be  a  cross  of  Spanish  Amber   and    Isabella. 
Bunch  larger  than  Northern  Muscadine  ;  berry 
round,  reddish.    Flesh  pulpy,  tough,  thougli  sweet, 
perhaps  a  little    better   than    Northern    Muscadine. 
Not  tried  here. 

Neoslio.  (JEst.)  Pound  growing  wild  on  the  farm 
of  E.  Schoenborn,  near  Neosho,  S.W.  Missouri.  In 
18C8,  Herman  Jaeger  sent  grafts  of  this  (and  other  va- 
rieties of  wild  summer  grapes)  to  that  pioneer  of  Mis- 
souri vintners,  Hon.  Fred.  Munch,  who,  finding  it  to 
be  of  superior  quality,  recommended  it,  and  called  it 
the  "  Neosho."  Cultivated  since  that  time  in  Warren 
and  Newton  counties,  it  never  failed  at  either  place  to 
produce  large  and  healthy  crops,  and  gained  in  Papa 
Miinch's  favor  every  year. 

S.  Miller  wrote  in  1873 :  "The  fragrance  of  the  Neosho 
grape  is  unsurpassed  by  any  grape  that  ever  tickled  my 
olfactory  nerves.  Neosho  is  a  treasure  to  the  land," 
So  also  thought  our  enthusiastic,  now  lamented,  friend 
Munch ;  but  in  other  localities  it  produced  unsatis- 
factorily, and  the  flavor  and  bouquet  of  its  wine  found 
no  favor.  Munch  described  it  as  follows  : 


MONTEFIORE. 

* 

Bunch  and  berries  are  of  the  same  size  as  Norton's — 
the  bunches  compact,  shouldered,  heart-shaped.  The 
skin  of  the  berries  is  thin,  black  with  blue-  bloom,  very 
dark,  yet  contains  but  very  little  coloring  matter  and 
less  tannin  ;  the  pulp  is  meaty,  very  sweet  and  spicy, 
with  but  little  acidity.  Seeds  rather  large.  The  wood 
of  the  Neosho  is  extremely  hard  and  tough  ;  it  cannot 
be  propagated  from  cuttings.  The  vine  is  a  most  vig- 
orous grower  when  once  established  011  its  own  roots, 
or  successfully  grafted  ;  requires  plenty  of  room,  and 
prefers  spur-pruning  on  old  wood.  It  is  so  hardy 
that  it  may  be  said  to  resist  all  the  extremes  of  our 
changeable  climate  in  Missouri.  The  roots  are  strong, 
wiry,  and  exempt  from  injury  by  Phylloxera.  The 
foliage  is  coarse,  but  of  beautiful  color  —  dark  and 
glossy  green  —  and  retains  its  freshness  till  frost  sets 
in.  The  must,  though  fermented  on  the  husk  for  two 
days,  produces  a  wine  of  a  beautiful  greenish-yellow 
color,  and  has  a  most  peculiar  aroma.  It  ripens  with 
Norton's  Virginia. 


124 


BUSHBERG   CATALOGUE. 


Niagara. 


Naomi,  Ja"*  hybrid  of 
Clinton  and  one  of  the 
Muscats  produced  by 
J.  H.  Ricketts.  Down- 
ing describes  it  as  fol- 
lows : 

Vine  very  vigorous, 
very  productive,  long- 
jointed;  leaves  very  large, 
deeply  lobed,  coarsely 
serrated ;  bunch  large, 
shouldered  ;  berry  me- 
dium, roundish-oval, 
pale  green,  often  with 
a  tinge  of  red  in  the 
sun,  covered  with  a  thin 
whitish  bloom ;  flesh 
juicy,  melting,  rather 
crisp,  sweet  and  spright- 
ly, and  with  a  trace  of 
muscat  flavor ;  quality 
very  good.  Ripens  with 
Concord. 

Ricketts  pronounces 
it  one  of  the  most  mag- 
nificent grapes  for  the 
table  that  ever  grew. 
With  us  it  does  not  suc- 
ceed, suffering,  as  most 
hybrids  do,  from  mildew 
(  Peronospora ) ;  where 
this  disease  is  unknown, 
or  but  seldom  prevails, 
this  grape  is  certainly 
most  desirable. 

The  annexed  illustra- 
tion is  reduced  to  two- 
thirds  its  natural  size. 

Ne*f.  (Ldbr.)  Syn.,  KEF- 
KA.  Origin  on  the  farm  of 
one  Mr.  Neff,  near  Keuka, 
on  Crooked  Lake,  N.  Y. 
Bunch  medium  ;  berry  me- 
dium, dark,  copper-red. 
Flesh  pulpy  and  somewhat  foxy.  Good  native,  early. 

Newark:.  A  hybrid  of  Clinton  and  Vinifera,  raised 
in  Newark,  N.  J.  Vine  of  vigorous  growth,  hardy  and 
very  productive.  Bunches  long,  loose,  shouldered ; 
berries  medium,  dark,  almost  black,  sweet,  juicy  and 
vinous,  of  pleasant  taste;  but,  however  promising  for 
a  few  years,  it  becomes  soon  diseased,  its  fruit  subject 
to  rot,  and  perishes,  like  its  European  parent.  It  can 
not  be  recommended. 

Newport.  (JEst.)  Said  to  be  a  seedling  from  and 
similar  to  Herbemont. 

Niagara.  (Labr.  X)  This  new  grape,  "  heralded 
like  Niagara  herself  as  one  of  the  wonders  of  the  world, " 
originated  in  1868-72  with  Hoag  &  Clark,  of  Lockport, 
N.  Y.,  who  gave  the  following  description  of  it : 

Vine  a  cross  of  Concord  andCassady,  hardy,  healthy, 
very  vigorous  and  very  productive  ;  wood  rather  long- 


THE   NAOMI   GRAPE.    Reduced 


jointed;  leaves  large,  thick,  leathery,  downy,  lobed, 
sometimes  double-lobed,  much  like  Hartford  Prolific. 
Bunch  medium  to  large,  from  8  to  14  ounces  in  weight, 
compact,  occasionally  shouldered ;  berry  large,  round- 
ish slightly  inclining  to  oval,  quite  uniform  in  size ; 
skin  thin  but  .tough,  pale  green  at  first,  but  changing 
to  pale  yellow  when  fully  ripe,  with  a  thin  whitish 
bloom  ;  flesh  soft,  tender,  sweet,  pleasant,  and  in  qual- 
ity about  the  same  as  Concord,  ripening  with  it  or 
soon  after ;  it  has  quite  a  foxy  odor  when  first  gath- 
ered, but  loses  much  of  this  when  fully  ripe,  and  has 
then  a  flavor  and  aroma  much  liked  by  those  who 
have  tasted  this  grape. 

The  proprietors  of  this  new  grape  refused,  until 
lately,  to  sell  any  vines  thereof,  and  still  jealously 
guard  against  its  being  propagated  by  others.  They 
expect  that,  from  the  fine  appearance  of  its  fruit  at 


Niagara. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Noah.      125 


Exhibitions  and  on  the  markets  of  great  cities,  a  desire 
"will  spring  up  to  grow  the  same,  and  thus  enable 
them  to  introduce  it  011  a  large  scale,  at  a  high  price, 
with  far  greater  success.  For  this  purpose,  and  to  still 
further  test  this  grape,  the  proprietors  now  propose  to 
furnish  vines  for  vineyard  planting  on  special  terms, 
"payment  for  95  per  cent,  of  the  cost  of  such  vines 
made  contingent  on  one-half  the  net  sales  of  fruit 
therefrom,  and  all  the  wood  to  be  returned  to  them  up 
to  and  including  1888."  While  these  terms  are,  in 
one  point  of  view,  very  liberal,  we  doubt  that  they  will 
have  the  desired  result.  We  believe  that  the  Pockling- 
ton,  which  equals  the  Niagara  in  quality,  size  and 
beauty,  and  is  now  liberally  disseminated  without 
restrictions,  promises  to  become  a  more  popular  grape 
and  to  make  the  introduction  of  the  Niagara  hereafter 
less  called  for. 


Noah.  (Rip.X)  Raised  from  TAYLOR  seed 
by  Otto  Wasserzieher,  Nauvoo,  Ills.,  in  1869; 
then  twice  transplanted,  sent  to  us  for  testing, 
and  fruited  first  in  1873. 

Bunch  medium,  shouldered,  compact  (yet  not 
too  closely  compact,  well-filled,  but  not  over- 
crowded) ;  berry  medium  to  above  medium  in 
size,  being  but  slightly  smaller  than  Con- 
cord ;  of  green  color,  turning  yellowish  when 
fully  ripe;,  skin  thin  but  firm,  transparent; 
not  very  juicy,  pulp  firm  yet  melting,  and  of 
excellent  quality.  Its  must-weight  is  10°  above 
that  of  Concord  grown  and  pressed  in  same  lo- 
cality ;  time  of  ripening  about  ten  days  after 
the  Concord.  Foliage  large  and  firm,  glossy, 


126      Noah. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Norton. 


with  a  very  slight  down  underneath  and  ad- 
hering well  teethe  vine  until  frost. 

From  this  description  it  will  be  seen  that  it 
resembles  Elvira  in  many  respects,  which  is 
quite  natural,  being  of  same  parentage  (but  is 
not  a  seedling  of  Elvira,  as  incorrectly  stated  in 
several  Nursery  Catalogues).  It  is  quite  dis- 
tinct even  in  appearance,  and  there  is  no  diffi- 
culty in  distinguishing  the  two  in  foliage  and 
fruit.  The  originator  of  the  Noah  claims  for 
his  seedling  greater  firmness  of  the  bud  or  eye, 
which  enables  it  the  better  to  resist  severe 
cold  in  winter ;  a  firmer  skin,  which  will  not 
crack  as  that  of  the  Elvira.  These  character- 
istics may  be  inherent,  or  may  be  modified  by 
growing  in  a  more  southern  latitude.  Both 
grapes  are  excellent  for  white- wine. 

The  Noah  was  first  disseminated  by  us  in 
1876,  and  has  now  already  gained  great  popu- 
larity and  a  place  on  the  Catalogue  of  the  Am. 
Pomol.  Society.  At  a  test  of  the  must,  made 
by  impartial  experts,  the  Noah  stood  100°  on 
Oechsle's  scale  with  7.50  per  mille  acid,  whilst 
at  the  same  time  the  Elvira  weighed  88°  with 
5  per  mille  acid. 

Reports  from  most  parts  of  this  country,  in 
regard  to  growth,  health,  &c.,  are  very  favora- 
ble, while  in  some  localities  the  fruit  mildews 
in  unfavorable  seasons  ;  it  is,  so  far,  less  liable 
to  rot  than  other  varieties. 

In  the  fall  of  1881,  E.  A.  JRiehl,  of  Alton,  111., 
after  a  long  tramp  among  the  vineyards  of  Illi- 
nois and  Missouri,  wrote :  "Of  the  NOAH,  I 
predict  that  it  will  grow  well,  bear  well,  keep 
well  on  the  vines,  ship  well,  sell  well,  and 
make  lots  of  money  for  its  growers.  In  fact,  it 
will  be  a  white  grape  for  the  million." 

J.  Balsiger,  of  Highland,  Ills.,  gladdens  us 
with  the  following  lines:  "I  am  very  thank- 
ful to  you  for  having  sent  me  this  valuable 
variety.  Too  much  cannot  be  said  of  its  good 
qualities,  according  to  my  observations." 

In  France,  also,  the  Noah  has  become  a  fa- 
vorite, and  is  largely  planted.  Louis  REICH, 
the  eminent  viticulturist  at  Armeillier,  Bouche 
du  fihone,  who  has  cultivated  the  "Noah"  since 
1878,  finds  it  more  vigorous  and  productive 
than  Elvira,  but  thinks  that  the  strawberry- 
taste  of  its  grapes  is  not  very  pleasant,  and  that 
it  makes  no  good  wine  ;  others  find  that  most 
of  the  foxiness  disappears  soon  and  the  wine 
improves,  and  that  its  strawberry- taste  is  quite 
acceptable. 

The  accompany  ing  illustration  is  copied  from 
a  photograph  taken  during  the  very  unfavora- 
ble fruiting  season  of  1882,  and  represents 
two  bunches,  below  average  size,  of  this  valua- 
ble variety.  The  size  is  reduced ;  the  single 
berry  shows  the  full  natural  size. 


Norfolk.  (Labr.)  A  new  grape,  originated  by 
White,  of  Norwood,  Mass.  It  so  nearly  resembles  the 
Cataivba  that  it  would  be  taken  for  nothing  else,  if  it 
did  not  ripen  even  before  the  Concord.  At  least,  the 
originator  showed  to  a  committee  of  the  Mass.  Horti- 
cultural Society  that  the  Norfolk  was  fully  ripe  on  his 
place  while  his  Catawbas  had  barely  begun  to  color. 
The  vine  is  said  to  be  an  abundant  bearer  of  remarka- 
bly showy  fruit,  heavily  covered  with  lilac  bloom,  and 
to  have  withstood  a  temperature  of  18  degrees  below 
zero  without  protection  and  without' injury. 

North  America.  (Labr.)  Bunch  medium,  shoul- 
dered ;  berry  round,  black,  juicy  but  foxy.  Ripens 
about  with  Hartford  Prolific.  Vine  vigorous,  unpro- 
ductive. 

Northern  Muscadine.  (Labr.)  A  seedling  raised 
by  the  Shakers  of  Xew  Lebanon,  N.  Y.  Opinions  dif- 
fer widely  about  its  value.  Papa  Munch  (as  we  called 
our  venerable  friend,  the  Hon.  Fred'k  Munch),  placed 
it  as  a  table  grape  next  to  the  Diana,  and  as  a  wine  grape 
far  above  the  Venango.  Bunch  medium,  very  com- 
pact, almost  round ;  berry  medium  to  large,  dark  am- 
ber-colored or  brownish-red,  flesh  pulpy  and  foxy, 
sweet,  skin  thick.  Berries  apt  to  drop  from  the  bunch 
when  ripe.  Ripens  early,  about  two  weeks  before  Ca- 
tawba.  Vine  of  luxuriant  growth,  hardy  and  produc- 
tive. Its  must  will  probably  be  found  valuable  to- 
mix,  in  small  proportion,  with  some  other  variety,  to 
which  it  would  impart,  we  believe,  a  fine  Muscat  flavor. 

North  Carolina.  (Labr.)  This  seedling  origina- 
ted with  that  veteran  pomologist,  J.  B.  Garber,  of  Co- 
lumbia, Pa.;  it  belongs  to  the  Isabella  type,  and  is  a 
showy  market  grape  of  poor  quality ;  not  recommend- 
ed. Bunch  medium  to  large,  occasionally  shouldered, 
moderately  compact ;  berries  large,  with  a  slight  blue 
bloom  ;  flesh  pulpy  but  sweet ;  skin  very  thick ;  hangs 
well  to  the  bunch,  and  will  keep  well  and  carry  to  mar- 
ket in  good  condition.  Ripens  early,  coloring  a  few 
days  before  the  Concord.  Vine  a  rambling  grower, 
hardy  and  very  productive  ;  requires  long  pruning  and 
"plenty  to  do."  Roots  abundant,  thick,  firm,  with 
a  tolerably  hard  liber ;  is  a  good  resistant  to  Phyl- 
loxera, but  much  subject  to  rot.  Canes  of  medium 
thickness,  long  and  rambling,  with  an  average  com- 
plement of  laterals.  Wood  firm  with  a  medium  pith. 
The  initiated  can  also  make  a  good  Muscatel  wine  of 
it,  Must  84°: 

Norton  or  Norton's  Virginia.  A  native  wild 
grape  found  on  Cedar  Island,  James  river, 
about  four  miles  above  Richmond  ;  discovered 
there  in  1835  by  Dr.  F.  A.  Lemosq  and  recom- 
mended as  a  wine  grape  by  Dr.  D.  N.  Norton, 
an  amateur  horticulturist,  and  one  of  the  pio- 
neers in  horticulture  near  Richmond,  Va.,  who 
transplanted  layers  from  the  original  vine  to 
his  garden  and  introduced  it  to  public  notice. 
It  made  but  little  progress  until  about  thirty 
years  ago,  when  Mr.  Heinrichs  and  Dr.  Kehr 
brought  it  (each  a  few  sprigs)  to  our  Hermann 
vine-dressers. 

This  little  insignificant-looking  grape,  pro- 
nounced worthless  by  Long  worth,  the  father 
of  American  grape  culture,  has,  nevertheless. 


Norton. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Ohio.      127 


become  the  great  and  leading  variety  for  red    [ 
wine  not  merely  in  Missouri,  where  its  superior 
qualities  were  first  appreciated  and   brought    | 
out  in  full  splendor,  and  in  its  native  State, 
Virginia,  where  it  is  of  late  receiving  great  at- 
tention,  hundreds  of  acres   being  planted  in 
the  years  1880-83,  with  this  most  valuable  va- 
riety for  wine, — but,  far  and  near,  in  many  sec- 
tions of  this  country,  and  even  in  some  parts  of 
France  where  American  vines  are  planted. 

The  Norton,  with  its  twin-sister,  the  Cynthi- 
ana,  is  now  recognized  by  all  experienced 
grape-growers  as  the  most  reliable  and  best  red 
wine  grape  of  America.  It  is  alao  found  excel- 
lent in  some  parts  of  France ;  in  others  it  does 
not  succeed  as  well,  and  its  yield  is  considered 
insufficient.  Except  in  size  of  berry,  it  has  also 
most  qualities  of  a  very  good  table  grape  ;  it  is 
sweet  and  spicy,  and  is  unexcelled  as  a  long 
keeper. 

The  illustration  of  the  Cynthiana,  page  89, 
equally  serves  as  a  good  representation  of  the 
Norton-grape. 

The  bunch  of  the  Norton  is  long,  compact, 
and  shouldered;  berry  small,  black,  with  dark 
bluish-red  juice,  almost  without  pulp  when 
fully  ripe ;  sweet  and  brisk.  Ripens  late,  in 
October.  Vine  vigorous,  healthy,  hardy,  and 
productive  when  well-established,  but  very 
impatient  of  transplanting,  and  exceedingly 
difficult  to  propagate.  Boots  tough  and  wiry. 
Liber  thin  and^hard,  of  great  resistance  to  the 
Phylloxera.  Canes  vigorous,  of  medium 
thickness  and  good  length.  Wood  very  hard, 
with  a  small  pith  and  firm  outer  bark. 

Whenever  the  season  will  admit  of  a  thor- 
ough and  perfect  ripening  of  its  fruit,  the  Nor- 
ton will  succeed  here  in  almost  any  soil ;  but, 
when  the  wood  and  buds  have  not  fully  ripened 
in  the  fall,  the  vine  is  liable  to  suffer  from  se- 
vere cold  during  the  succeeding  winter.  In 
rich  bottoms  it  comes  early  into  bearing  and  is 
enormously  productive  ;  on  high  hills  with 
rather  poor  soil  and  southern  aspects  it  is  tardy 
in  coming  into  bearing,  but  produces  there  the 
richest  wine,  of  great  body  and  superior  medi- 
cal qualities.*  It  has  quite  a  peculiar  coffeine 
flavor,  which  at  first  seems  unpleasant  to 
many,  but  which,  like  coffee,  endears  itself  to 
our  taste.  Must  105°-110°. 

From  Norton's  seed  two  promising  white 
grapes  have  been  raised  almost  simultaneous- 
ly :  one  by  Langendorfer,  sen.,  at  Hermann, 
Mo.;  the  other  by  J.  Balsiger,  of  Highland,  111. 
These  and  the  white  Hermann  seedling  (see 
Hermann)  are  the  first  white  ./Estivalis  we 
know  of ;  Balsiger's  seems  a  cross  with  La- 

*  It  is  the  fjreat  remedy  here  for  dysentery  and  dis- 
eases of  the  bowels. 


brusca.  They  are  very  late,  ripening  even  later 
than  Norton's,  and  thus  will  not  be  adapted 
to  locations  north  of  St.  Louis,  but  may  be 
the  more  valuable  for  the  south. 

Norwood.  (Labr.)  A  new  grape,  owned  by  Rev. 
J.  W.  TALBOT,  of  Norwood,  Mass.,  but  originated,  we 
believe,  by  Mr.  White,  of  same  place ;  first  exhibited 
in  the  fall  of  1880,  before  the  Mass.  Horticul.  Society  ; 
it  received  a  first-class  certificate  of  merit  for  some 
very  fine  bunches.  It  is  said  to  make  a  larger 
cluster  and  larger  berry  and  to  ripen  a  little  earlier 
than  Concord  ;  is  claimed  to  be  a  strong  grower,  more 
hardy  than  any  of  Rogers'  hybrids,  and  in  quality 
from  good  to  best,  much  superior  to  the  Concord.  Not 
yet  tested  by  us. 

Ohio.  Syn.,  SEGAR-BOX,  LONGWORTH'S  OHIO,. 
(BLACK  SPANISH  ALABAMA?),  is  now  supposed  to  be 
identical  with  the  "Jacques"  or  "Jack"  introduced 
and  cultivated  near  Natchez,  Miss.,  by  an  old  Span- 
iard of  the  name  of  Jacques.  It  used  to  be  grown  in 
Ohio,  where  the  stock  originated  from  a  few  cuttings 
left  in  a  segar-box.  by  some  unknown  person,  at  the 
residence  of  Longworth,  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  This  va- 
riety attracted  a  good  deal  of  attention  for  some  time 
on  account  of  its  large,  long  bunches  (often  ten  to  fif- 
teen inches  long,  rather  loose,  tapering,  shouldered), 
and  its  good  quality  ;  its  berries  are  small,  round;  skin 
thin ;  purple  with  a  blue  bloom  ;  flesh  tender,  melting, 
without  pulp,  brisk  and  vinous.  The  wood  is  strong, 
long-jointed,  lighter  red  than  that  of  the  Norton's 
Virginia,  and  smooth,  with  peculiarly  pointed  buds. 
Leaves  large,  tri-lobed.  At  first  it  was  also  a  good 
bearer,  but  soon  mildew  and  rot  affected  it  so  badly 
that  it  was  of  no  use,  even  when  grown  upon  walls 
with  protection.  Downing  ( "  Fruit  &  Fruit-trees  of 
Am.")  said,  "  it  is  most  likely  a  foreign  sort,  and,  ex- 
cept in  a  few  locations,  a  sandy  soil,  and  a  mild  cli- 
mate, it  is  not  likely  to  succeed."  Geo.  W.  Camp- 
bell, whom  we  have  to  thank  for  valuable  information 
on  this  and  many  other  varieties,  says,  "I  always  con- 
sidered the  Ohio  or  Segar-Box,  from  its  fruit,  habit  of 
growth,  and  foliage,  as  of  the  same  FAMILY  as  Herbe- 
mont,  Lenoir,  Elsinburgh,  and  that  class  of  small, 
black,  southern  grapes."  Samuel  Miller,  of  Bluffton, 
Mo.,  writes  us :  "The  Segar-box,  or  Longworth's  Ohio, 
I  had  in  the  East  for  years,  but  never  grew  a  perfect 
bunch.  It  was  not  hardy  in  vine,  and  the  fruit  both 
mildewed  and  rotted." 

When  ripe  it  is  an  excellent  grape.  A  few  vines  sent 
years  ago,  under  the  names  of il  Jacques  or  Ohio,"  to 
France,  by  P.  J.  Berckmans,  of  Georgia,  proved  very 
fine  and  valuable,  perfectly  resisting  Phylloxera, 
having  remained  healthy  in  the  midst  of  vineyards 
destroyed  by  the  root-louse.  (See  Lenoir.) 

In  Aug.,  1876,  G.  Onderdonk  gave  us  the  subjoined 
information  concerning  the  supposed  identity  of  the 
Black  Spanish,  Ohio,  and  Jacquez  : 

"There  lived  at  Natchez,  in  Mississippi,  an  old 
Spaniard  by  the  name  of  Jacquez.  He  originated  a 
grape  to  which  he  gave  no  name.  Some  persons  got 
hold  of  it  and  called  it  the  Jacquez  grape,  not  as  a  name 
but  simply  to  designate  it  as  old  Jacquez's  nameless 
grape;  others  called  it  the  Spanish  or  Slack  Spanish 
grape,  as  it  came  from  the  old  Spaniard's  garden.  Then 


128       Ohio. 


BUSHBERG   CATALOGUE. 


Othello. 


.a  traveler,  whose  name  was  never  obtained,  carried 
some  cuttings  of  this  grape  to  Cincinnati,  where  he 
left  them  with  a  nurseryman  (Mr.  Longworth !)  there, 
packed  in  a  cigar-box  ;  thus  it  came  that  they  were  de- 
signated as  the  '  Cigar-box  grape,'  not  as  a  name,  but 
to  designate  it  till  its  true  name  would  be  known. 
This  nameless  variety  circulated  about  Ohio,  and,  car- 
ried from  that  State  without  yet  a  name,  took  the  name 
-of  Ohio  with  those  thus  obtaining  it.  Finally,  as  no 
authoritative  name  appeared,  each  called  it  the  Black 
Spanish.  Jacquez,  Cigar-box,  or  Ohio,  according  to  the 
several  temporary  designations. 

"  I  at  first  got  it  from  a  neighbor,  who  obtained  it 
from  Berckmans,  in  Georgia,  as  the  Cigar-box.  I  af- 
terwards heard  of  the  Black  Spanish  as  a  wonderful 
grape,  and  procured  it  from  Gonzales,  Texas,  and  sev- 
eral other  Texan  sources.  I  soon  found  it  identical 
with  the  Cigar-box.  I  got  afterwards  information  from 
different  sources  that  these  four  names  represented  the 
same  grape.  I  cannot  now  remember  from  whom  I 
got  the  history  of  the  old  Spaniard  Jacquez  and  of  the 
various  names  having  originated  as  I  have  stated ;  but 
I  am  altogether  satisfied  (from  examining  the  matter 
for  several  years)  of  the  identity  of  Black  Spanish, 
Jacquez,  Cigar-box,  and  Ohio. 

"  If  there  is  any  valuable  difference  between  the 
Black  Spanish  and  Lenoir,  it  is  in  favor  of  the  latter." 

In  August,  1882,  however,  Onderdonk  wrote  us  that, 
having  obtained  from  Campbell  a  plant  of  the  "Ohio" 
or  "Cigar-box,"  he  can  testify  that  his  "  OHIO"  is  dis- 
tinct from  the  variety  cultivated  in  Texas  under  the 
names  of  Black  Spanish,  El  Paso,  Jacquez,  &c. 

Oneida.  Said  to  be  ahybr.  seedling  of  MEREIMACK 
{Rogers'  No.  19),  raised  by  Thacker,  of  Oneida  Co.,  N. 
Y.,  who  states  that  the  vine  bore  its  first  fruit  in  the 
fall  of  1875,  when  four  years  old,  and  is  a  strong,  healthy 
grower,  free  from  disease  of  any  kind  thus  far  ;  wood 
short-jointed,  and  ripens  well;  a  good  bearer;  bunches 
medium  size,  evenly  shouldered,  sufficiently  compact ; 
berries  large,  twice  the  size  of  Delaware,  which  it  re- 
sembles in  color ;  skin  brittle,  with  a  delicate  bloom. 
It  ripens  on  the  original  vine  gradually  from  the  10th 
to  the  25th  September.  Keeps  well  and  does  not  drop 
from  the  stem.  A.  M.  Purdy,  Palmyra,  N.  Y.,  who  in- 
troduces this  new  sort  on  subscription,  to  be  delivered 
in  the  spring  of  1884,  thinks  that  the  Oneida  will  prove 
the  best  and  longest  winter-keeping  grape  yet  introduced. 

Onondaga.  A  seedling  originated  in  Fayette- 
ville,  OnondagaCo.,  N.  Y.  ;  a  cross  between  the  Diana 
and  the  Delaware ;  said  to  combine  in  some  degree  the 
flavor  of  both,  ripening  at  the  same  time  as  Delaware, 
and  to  be  a  late  keeper.  Its  appearance  is  certainly 
very  fine,  resembling  Diana.  Should  it  prove  as  good 
and  healthy  as  its  originator  claims,  it  would  indeed 
be  a  valuable  acquisition  as  a  market  grape.  Not  dis- 
seminated. 

Oporto.  (Rip.)  Of  the  same  character  as  Clinton ; 
a  true  native  with  a  foreign  name.  Bunches  small,  usu- 
ally very  imperfect ;  berries  small,  black,  harsh,  and 
very  acid.  Considered  a  very  poor  variety  by  Fuller. 
"Of  no  value,  a  complete  humbug." — Husmann. 

Regarded  as  a  valuable  wine  grape  by  Gov.  R.  W. 
Furnas  of  Nebraska,  who  says  (Report  to  Am.  Pomol. 
Society,  1871),  "  My  vines  (of  Oporto)  have  never  failed 


to  give  a  fine  crop  ;  last  year  I  picked  eleven  hundred 
good  bunches  from  one  vine  five  years  old.  It  is  an 
exceedingly  rampant  grower,  and,  as  a  rule,  the  bunch 
not  compact,  bearing  the  fruit  on  until  after  first  frosts 
in  fall.  I  have  found  the  Oporto  to  give  a  first-class 
yield  of  very  good  wine — greatly  improved  by  age." 

The  difference  of  opinion  is  attributable,  no  doubt, 
to  differences  in  soil,&c.;  in  a  granitic,  shistose  (slaty) 
soil  the  Oporto  flourishes  best,  while  in  alluvial  soil  it 
loses  its  foliage.  In  some  parts  of  France  it  is  used  as 
a  Phylloxera-resisting  grafting  stock. 

Othello.  (Arnold's  Hybrid  No.  1.)  A  cross 
from  Clinton,  or  what  is  called  Clinton  in  Ca- 
nada, fertilized  hy  the  pollen  of  Black  Ham- 
burg. Described  as  follows :  "Bunch&nd.  berry 
very  large,  much  resembling  the  Black  Ham- 
burg in  appearance.  Black  with  a  fine  bloom. 
Skin  thin,  the  flesh  very  solid  but  not  pulpy; 
flavor  pure  and  sprightly,  but  in  the  specimens 
we  have  seen  rather  acid.  Ripening  with  the 
Delaware." 

The  "  Ampelographie  Americaine,"  of  which  we 
have  just  received  the  first  number,  describes  the 
OTHELLO  as  follows  :  (Translation,) 

Vine  vigorous,  of  half-erect  growth.  Cane  of  medium 
length,  somewhat  slender,  round,  shining,  and  but  lit- 
•tle  wrinkled  ;  of  yellowish-brown  color  when  the  wood 
is  ripe,  darker  on  the  nodes  and  portions  exposed  to 
the  sun ;  with  elongated  internodes,  heavily  striated ; 
intermittent  2-forked  tendrils.  Buds  covered  with  rus- 
set hair,  not  numerous  and  falling  early.  In  opening 
the  buds  become  whitish  and  show  the  flower-bunches 
fringed  by  a  fine  wooly  down  with  a  carmine  border 
on  the  surrounding  foliage,  which  opens  and  expands 
rapidly  ;  these  leaves  are  distinctly  three-lobed,  some- 
times five-lobed,  whitish  on  their  lower  face  with  iso- 
lated rosy  points  on  their  outline,  deeply  dentate  and 
glandular.  Foliage  large  when  full  grown,  three-lobed 
with  a  narrow  bay  at  the  leaf-stalk  (sinus  petiolaire), 
the  borders  of  the  lobes  overlapping;  with  two  series 
of  very  sharp  teeth  ;  upper  face  dark  green,  lower  face 
of  a  whitish-green  with  a  wooly  down  arranged  in 
small  tufts  on  the  lower  veins.  Leaf-stalk  very  short, 
robust,  and  forming  an  obtuse  angle  with  the  plane  of 
its  limb  or  cane. 

Then  follows  a  description  of the  flowers  or  blossoms 
in  terms  which  we  are  scarcely  able  to  translate ;  then 
qfthe  bunch  with  its  peduncles  and  pedicels;  of  the 
berries,  their  size,  shape,  color,  skin,  pulp,  juice,  taste, 
aroma,  &c. ,  with  a  minuteness  and  exactness  which 
may  interest  the  scientific  specialist,  but  for  which  we 
have  not  the  space,  nor,  as  practical  grape-growers, 
the  time  to  study  them.  To  us  it  would  be  more  im- 
portant to  know  the  conditions  of  soil  and  climate 
which  the  variety  demands,  whether  it  inclines  to  or 
resists  diseases,  where  and  how  it  succeeds,  &c. 

Our  experience  with  it  has  not  been  as  favor- 
able as  we  expected.  The  vines  proved  good 
growers,  with  beautiful,  large,  deeply-lobed 
smooth  foliage,  but  not  very  productive,  and 
what  fruit  it  produced  was  often  destroyed  by 
rot.  Here  the  bunches  by  no  means  resemble 
the  Black  Hamburg  in  appearance,  nor  are 


Othello. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Poughkeepaie.      129' 


they  with  us  as  good  in  quality  as  Arnold's 
other  hybrids. 

In  France,  however,  the  Othello  does  exceedingly 
well,  is  enormously  productive,  and  pleases  so  well  in 
quality  and  appearance  that  it  is  largely  propagated 
and  in  demand;  at  Nimes,  with  M.  Guiraud,  it  has 
resisted  for  the  last  eight  years  in  the  midst  of  a  Phyl- 
loxera-infested district,  and  wherever  tried  it  has  so  far 
proved  sufficiently  resistent  to  the  insect. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Agricultural  Society  of  the  He- 
rault,  held  on  the  5th,  6th  and  7th  of  March,  18^3,  at 
Montpellier,  M.  SABATIER  stated,  that  eight  years  pre- 
viously he  had  received  from  Bush  &  Meissner  one 
dozen  OTHELLO  plants  (for  $5) ;  his  neighbors  had 
taken  some,  which  also  had  succeeded  admirably,  and 
of  those  which  he  kept  for  himself  he  was  offered  last 
year  1500  francs  per  1,000  cuttings  ;  such  offers  he  could 
not  well  refuse,  and  the  purchasers  thanked  him  be- 
sides ! 

M.  PIOLA  also  stated  that  his  Othellos  were  prosper- 
pering ;  300  vines,  the  third  summer,  gave  him  200 
litres  wine.  Some  consider  the  Othello  wine  the  most 
remarkable  of  American  wines  ;  that  it  is  destined  to 
take  the  place  of  the  Malbec  in  the  Bordelais ;  others 
say  that  the  wine  made  of  Othello,  though  at  first  too 
acid,  becomes  very  refreshing  and  agreeable,  equal  to 
the  best  ordinary  wines  of  the  lowlands  of  France. 

M.  GAILLAKD  states :  the  Othello  succeeds  well  not- 
withstanding a  little  mildew ;  the  great  wine  mer- 
chants compare  its  wine  to  the  mountain  wines.  As 
soon  as  the  young  plants  could  be  obtained  at  50  fr. 
the  mille,  our  vintners  would  not  plant  'anything  but 
Othello.  M.  FOEX  and  IM  THUEN  think  this  variety 
not  yet  sufficiently  tested  ;  it  commences  to  fail  at  the 
experimental  gardens  of  the  former  and  are  weaken- 
ing at  GUIKAUD'S.  The  very  high  pi  ice  paid  for  them 
is  not  justifiable,  and  caution  is  advisable. 

Owasso.  (Labr.)  A  chance  seedling,  supposed  to 
be  from  the  Catawba.  Goodhue,  the  originator  of  this 
grape,  claims  that  it  combines  the  following  desirable 
qualities,  viz.:  hardiness,  size,  beauty,  quality,  produc- 
tiveness, and  adaptation  to  the  climate  of  the  northern 
States.  Fruit  clusters  large  and  compact ;  quality  ex- 
cellent ;  has  a  sprightly  taste.  A  good  keeper.  Color 
dark  amber.  Ripens  with  the  Delaware. — Monroe  Co. 
Nurseries. 

Pauline.  (JEst.)  Syn.,  BURGUNDY  OF  GEORGIA, 
RED  LENOIR.  A  southern  grape,  of  the  Lenoir  family. 
Said  to  be  superior  for  both  wine  and  the  table.  Of 
little  value  here  and  at  the  north,  where  it  does  not 
ripen  or  grow  well.  Bunch  large,  long,  tapering,  shoul- 
dered ;  berries  below  medium,  compact,  pale  amber  or 
violet  with  a  lilac  bloom ;  flesh  brisk,  vinous,  sweet 
and  aromatic.  "  The  most  delicious  grape  we  have 
seen." — Onderdonk. 

Growth  moderate  and  peculiar ;  comes  late  into 
bearing ;  sometimes  sheds  a  part  of  its  leaves  too  early. 
Onderdonk  believes  it  to  be  a  hybrid  and  not  a  pure 
JCstivalis.  (See  also  Bottsi.) 

Pearl.  (Rommel's  Taylor  Seedling  No.  10.) 
A  promising  new  variety  both  as  a  table  and 
a  wine  grape.  Bunch  larger  than  his  Elvira, 
shouldered,  compact ;  berry  medium,  round, 


pale  yellow  covered  with  a  delicate  bloom; 
skin  thin  and  transparent ;  pulp  soft  and  melt- 
ing, juicy,  sweet  and  high-flavored.  Vine  a 
very  strong  grower,  of  short-jointed,  grayish 
wood,  with  bright  green  leaves  ;  very  produc- 
tive, healthy  and  h'ardy.  Ripens  immediately 
after  Hartford. 

Peabody,  a  seedling  of  Clinton,  fruited  by  Jas.  H. 
Ricketts  for  about  12  years,  but  not  offered  for  distri- 
bution until  lately.  He  says,  "it  is  hardy  in  vine 
and  fruit ;  bunch  medium  to  large  and  quite  com- 
pact ;  berry  the  size  and  shape  of  lona,  black  with  blue 
bloom  ;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  rich,  and  sprightly,  The 
fruit  is  unlike  that  of  any  other  grape  now  cultivated; 
first-class  in  every  respect." 

Peter  Wylie.   See  Dr.  Wylie's  New  Grapes. 

Pizarro.  (Hybr.)  One  of  Ricketts' Clinton  seed- 
lings crossed  with  foreign  (Vinifera) ;  foliage  resem- 
bling the  Clinton  ;  productive.  Bunch  long,  rather 
loose  ;  berry  medium,  oblong,  black,  very  juicy  and 
spicy,  with  a  very  fine  aroma. 

J.  H,  Ricketts  says  :  "  I  have  fruited  the  Pizarro 
many  years  and  thoroughly  tested  it  for  wine-making 
purposes.  It  makes  a  light  red  summer -wine  of  great 
richness." 

Planet.  (Hybr.)  Mentioned  by  Prof.  Husmanrt 
as  one  of  the  foremost  of  Ricketts'  seedlings,  otherwise 
entirely  unknown  to  us.  Described  in  his  <k  Amer. 
Grape-growing"  as  follows:  Concord  and  Black  Mus- 
cat of  Alexandria  —  healthy  and  productive  ;  bunch 
large,  loose,  shouldered ;  berry  large  intermixed  with 
smaller  ones  which  have  no  seed,  oblong,  very  tender 
pulp,  juicy,  sweet,  fine  flavor  with  slight  taste  of  the 
Muscat. 

Pouglifeeepsie-Red.  This  grape  originated  by 
A.  J.  Caywood  &  Son,  from  lona  crossed  with  mixed 
pollen  of  Delaware  &  Walter.  It  is  an  admirable  grape 
both  for  its  beauty  and  fine  quality ;  and  those  who 
have  seen  it  growing  at  Caywoods'  place  at  Marlboro', 
N.  Y.,  testify  to  its  vigorous  growth.  Cluster  above 
medium,  compact  and  well -shouldered  ;  resembles 
Delaware  more  than  any  other  variety,  but  is  about 
one-third  larger,  rather  darker  red  with  less  bloom  ;. 
quality  best ;  no  pulp,  melting  like  lona.  Claimed  to 
be  very  valuable  as  a  wine  grape.  It  ripens  very  early, 
with  Hartford  Prolific,  and  keeps  a  long  time  after 
being  removed  from  the  vine,  tasting  like  raisins  when 
shrivelled.  As  a  dessert  fruit,  it  is  considered  by  good 
judges  as  equal  to  fine  European  grapes. 

Although  known  on  the  Hudson  for  over  twenty 
years,  and  exhibited  at  New  York  State  fairs,  it  has 
been  but  little  tested  and  not  disseminated  outside. 

Its  parentage  does  not  give  confidence  of  success 
except  where  the  Delaware  and  lona  can  be  success- 
fully grown,  and  that  is— in  localities  few  and  far 
between. 

Putnam,  or  Ricketts'  Delaware  Seedling  No.  2. 
Cross  between  Delaware  and  Concord;  very  early, 
sweet,  rich  and  good.  Must  stood  80Q  saccharometer ;. 
4}£  per  mille  acid.  Not  disseminated,  we  believe. 


130      Perkins. 


BUSHBERG   CATALOGUE. 


Pocklington. 


Perkins.  (Ldbr.)  Origin,  Massa- 
chusetts. A  valuable,  very  early 
market  grape,  as  it  is  showy,  which 
is  more  important  for  our  markets 
than  fine  quality;  besides,  tastes 
differ,  and  to  many  tastes  its  strong 
fox  or  musk  flavor  is  not  disagree- 
able. Bunch  medium  to  large, 
shouldered ;  berries  medium,  ob- 
long, often  flattened  by  their  com- 
pactness ;  greenish-.white  at  first, 
then  of  a  fine,  pale  lilac  or  reddish 
color  when  fully  ripe,  with  a  thin, 
white  bloom ;  flesh  rather  pulpy, 
sweet,  juicy;  skin  thick;  ripens  a 
few  days  after  Hartford  Prolific 
and  before  Delaware  ;  vine  a  vigor- 
ous grower,  with  thick  leathery 
leaves,  healthy  and  productive. 

It  is  one  of  the  surest  grapes  we 
cultivate,  succeeding  remarkably 
well  south  as  well  as  north,  and  is 
more  free  from  rot  than  most  other 
Labrusca  varieties.  It  is  also  not 
without  value  as  a  wine  grape  ;  its 
foxy  taste  and  odor  grow  less  the 
older  the  wine  becomes,  and  can  be 
improved  by  gallizing,  or,  better 
still,  by  blending  with  other  white 
•wines. 

Pollock.  (Labr.)  Raised  by  Mr.  Pol- 
lock, Tremont,  N.  Y.  Bunches  large  as 
Concord,  compact;  berries  large,  dark 
purple  or  black ;  flesh  free  of  pulp,  vi- 
nous, not  too  sweet. — Strong. 

Purple  Bloom,  a  seedling  of  Hart- 
ford Prolific  crossed  with  Gen.  Marmora, 
raised  by  Dr.  Culbert,  Newburgh,  N.Y. 
Vine  hardy  and  vigorous,  a  prolific  hear- 
er ;  its  bunches  are  large  and  showy ;  ber- 
ries of  fair  size  and  good  quality.  Well 
.adapted  to  become  a  good  market  grape. 
Exhibited  1877.  Not  disseminated. 

Pocklington.  (Labr.)  A  seedling  from  Con- 
cord, originated  by  Jno.  Pocklington,  at  Sandy 
Hill,  Washington  Co.,  N.  Y.;  the  largest  and 
most  attractive  white  grape  of  purely  native 
origin  yet  introduced.  Vine  a  strong  grower 
and  very  hardy,  with  large,  leathery,  pubes- 
cent foliage  similar  to  Concord  ;  free  from  mil- 
dew. Clusters  large  and  showy,  weighing 
sometimes  as  much  as  one  pound  each.  Ber- 
ries large,  pale  green  with  yellow  tinge,  round 
and  thickly  set  on  the  bunch ;  flesh  tender, 
juicy  and  sweet,  with  very  little  pulp.  Seeds 
small  for  so  large  a  grape.  Ripens  with  the 
Concord,  and  when  fully  ripe  is  better  than 
Concord.  It  has  less  of  the  Labrusca  charac- 
.ter  (foxiness)  in  the  taste  than  in  the  smell, 


PERKINS. 

and  seems  to  have  better  keeping  and  ship- 
ping qualities  than  the  parent.  Being  consid- 
erably larger  in  bunch  and  berry  than  Martha, 
more  attractive  to  the  eye  and  better  in  quality 
(though  not  best),  and  very  productive,  this  is 
one  of  the  most  promising  new  varieties  for  vine- 
yard culture ;  a  splendid  grape  FOB  MABKET. 
Samuel  Miller  says :  "It  will  also  make  good 
wine  without  doubt  ;  it  will,  however,  be  some 
years  before  much  wine  will  be  made  out  of 
Pocklington,  for  it  will  be  in  too  great  demand 
for  the  table."  He  adds :  "  While  the  Martha 
has  done  nobly — thousands  of  acres  are  planted 
with  it,  and  I  need  not  be  ashamed  of  having 
originated  it — I  now  resign  and  give  the  palm 
to  Mr.  Pocklington." 


Prentiss. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Purity.      131 


Branch  20  inches.  Weighing  7 
pounds.  Exhibited  at  meeting  of 
Am.  Pom.  Society,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 


From  a  Photograph  by 

G.  W,  Godfrey, 

Rochester,  N.  Y 


P.  J.  Berckmans,  on  the  other  hand,  consid- 
ers it  worthless  in  his  locality.  He  writes  us : 
"It  may  do  well  north,  but  is  so  far  of  no  \alue 
here"  (in  Augusta,  Ga.) 

It  was  first  exhibited  at  the  New  York  State 
fair  held  in  Rochester  in  1877,  and  has  been 
justly  awarded  FIRST  premiums  at  various 
exhibitions  every  year  since.  From  what  we 
have  seen  and  heard  of  this  new  grape,  we 
are  satisfied  that  it  will  rapidly  become  a  fa- 
vorite among  grape-growers,  for  market  and 
family  use,  wherever  the  Concord  is  success- 
fully grown. 

"The  Pocklington,  in  size  and  beauty,  is  an 
approach  to  the  Canon  Hall  or  other  Mus- 
cats.— Marshall  P.  Wilder. 

(See  the  chromo-lithograph  illustration  op- 
posite the  title  page.) 

Prentiss.  (Labr.)  One  of  the  best  native 
white  grapes,  where  it  succeeds  ;  raised  about 
16  years  ago,  by  J.  W.  Prentiss,  Pultney,  N.  Y., 
from  seed  of  Isabella.  Vine  hardy,  endur- 
ing uninjured  down  to  20°  below  zero,  and  a 
good  grower,  very  productive,  inclined  to  over- 
bear; wood  rather  short-jointed.  Leaves  large, 
yet  tender  here ;  slightly  downy  ;  as  healthy 
as  those  of  Catawba,  Isabella,  or  Diana,  re- 
sembling the  latter.  Bunch  medium,  not  often 
shouldered,  compact.  Berry  medium  round, 
inclined  to  oval ;  skin  not  very  thin,  but  very 
firm ;  greenish-white,  pale  yellow  when  fully 
mature,  sometimes  with  a  slight  rosy  tint  on 
side  most  exposed  to  the  sun,  with  a  thin  whi- 


tish bloom  ;  seeds  few,  small,  dark ;  flesh  with 
a  slight  pulp,  tender,  juicy,  sweet  and  pleasant; 
a  musky  aroma,  free  from  coarse  foxiness ; 
fruit  very  similar  to  Rebecca,  and  Hubbard 
himself  "thought  it  had  traces  of  Rebecca 
blood  in  it."  The  berries  adhere  well  to  the  pe- 
duncle and  keep  well.  Ripens  at  same  time  as 
Concord.  A  valuable  and  profitable  market 
grape  where  it  succeeds.  Selling  in  large  quan- 
tities at  15  cents  per  pound  in  New  York  mar- 
kets when  Concords  were  selling  at  4  to  Gets. 

T.  S.  Hubbard,  Fredonia,  N.  Y.,  who  intro- 
duced this  grape,  says :  "  We  do  not  expect  it 
will  succeed  everywhere,  nor  do  we  claim  it  to 
be  a  grape  that  will  succeed  over  as  wide  a 
range  of  territory  as  the  Concord,  but  we  re- 
commend it  as  a  VERY  PROFITABLE  market 
grape  for  good  grape  localities." 

How  it  will  succeed  in  vineyards  of  the  lower 
Missouri  and  Mississippi  valleys  we  cannot 
tell,  as  it  has  not  been  sufficiently  tested,  and 
its  parentage  does  not  encourage  extensive  tri- 
als in  this  section.  Testimonials  as  to  the 
growth  and  health  of  tbis  variety  are,  so  far, 
favorable. 

The  annexed  beautiful  chromo-lithograph  of 
the  Prentiss  was  furnished  us  for  this  Illustra- 
ted Catalogue  by  Mr.  Hubbard. 

Purity  —  a  cross  upon  Delaware,  produced  by 
Geo.  "VV.  Campbell,  is  a  small  white  grape  of  the  finest 
quality.  It  is  claimed  to  be  a  stronger  grower  and  to 
have  healthier  foliage  than  the  Delaware.  It  ripens 
its  fruit  a  few  days  earlier  than  that  variety.  Camp- 
bell gave  it  that  name  on  account  of  the  Qiirity  of  its 


132       Quassaick. 


BUSHBERG   CATALOGUE. 


Riesling. 


flavor,  which  he  pronounces  as  even  more  exquisite 
than  that  of  the  Delaware.  He  says  :  so  far  as  quality 
is  concerned  it  is  probably  unexcelled  by  any  variety 
grown,  its  only  fault  being  its  sma'l  size.  The  vine 
seems  to  have  inherited  from  its  parent,  the  Delaware, 
its  remarkable  exemption  from  rot.  We  recommend 
this  new  variety  for  trial  to  all  who  plant  for  their  own 
use  and  pleasure,  and  are  willing  to  compromise  size 
for  fine  quality. 

Quassaick.  A  hybrid  of  Clinton  and  Muscat- 
Hamburg,  by  J.  H.  Ricketts,  of  Newburgh,  N.  Y.  It 
has  a  large  bunch  shouldered  ;  berries  above  medium , 
oval,  black  with  a  blue  bloom  ;  flesh  very  sweet,  juicy 
and  rich  ;  vine  healthy  and  productive. — F.  R.  Elliott. 

One  of  the  prettiest  vines  ever  seen,  filled  with  large 
bunches. — Husmann. 

Raabe.  Some  say  it  is  a  hybrid  between  Labrusca 
and  JEstivalis  or  Vinifera,  but  Strong  describes  it  as  a 
cross  between  Elsinburg  and  Bland,  which  ^is  probably 
correct.  Raised  by  Peter  Raabe,  near  Philadelphia ; 
thought  to  be  hardy,  but  was  only  moderately  vigor- 
ous, and  proved  quite  unprofitable.  Bunches  small, 
compact,  rarely  shouldered ;  berry  below  medium  size, 
round,  dark  red,  thickly  covered  with  bloom ;  flesh 
very  juicy,  with  scarcely  any  pulp;  flavor  saccharine 
with  a  good  deal  of  the  Catawba  aroma ;  quality 
"best." — Ad.  Int.  Rep. 

Racine.  (^Est.)  Of  similar  origin  as  Neosho,  and 
at  first  supposed  to  be  the  same  grape,  but  afterwards 
recognized  as  distinct.  We  cannot  admire  either  of 
these  two  varieties.  They  are  both  healthy  and  hardy, 
and  have  a  beautiful  durable  foliage  which  makes  them 
desirable  for  arbors,  but  we  find  neither  of  them  very 
productive  or  desirable  in  quality.  Its  wine  has  a  me- 
dicinal taste  and  flavor ;  the  small  berries  are  pulpy 
and  full  of  seeds.  They  may  be  better  in  quality  and 
sufficiently  productive  in  some  other  localities. 

Raritan.  Ricketts'  Delaware  Seedling  No.  1.  A 
cross  of  Concord  and  Delaware.  Plant  moderately  vig- 
orous, hardy,  short-jointed  ;  bunch  medium,  shoulder- 
ed, nearly  the  same  form  as  Delaware  ;  berry  small  me- 
dium, round,  black;  leaves  of  medium  size,  lobed, 
veined  or  corrugated ;  flesh  juicy  and  vinous  ;  ri- 
pens about  the  time  of  Delaware,  and  commences  to 
shrivel  as  soon  as  ripe.  Its  originator,  J.  H.  Ricketts, 
of  Newburg,  N.Y.,  claims  that  this  is  a  superior  wine- 
grape,  its  must  coming  up  to  120°  on  Oechsle's  scale  in 
1881,  and  7i  mille  by  Twichell's  acidometer.  In  1871 
Ricketts  reported  to  the  Am.  Pomol.  Society,  105° 
saccharometer,  9>£  acid  ;  "of  course,  too  much  acid." 

The  vine  does  not  grow  vigorously  on  its  own  roots, 
and,  according  to  Ricketts'  experience,  it  grows  best 
when  grafted  on  the  Clinton ;  but,  according  to  our 
experience,  the  invigorating  effect  of  the  stock  is  not  of 
many  summers'  duration  (see  Manual,  page  37)  unless 
care  is  taken  to  prevent  the  graft  from  making  its  own 
roots. 

Bay's  Victoria.    See  Victoria. 

Rebecca.  (Lab.)  An  accidental  seedling, 
found  (1856)  in  the  garden  of  E.  M.  Peake,  of 
Hudson,  N.  Y.  It  is  a  very  fine  white  grape, 
but  unfortunately  very  tender  in  winter  and 


subject  to  mildew  in  summer,  of  weak  growth, 
deficient  foliage,  not  productive.  On  south 
walls,  in  well  protected  situations,  with  dry 
soil  and  good  culture,  it  succeeds  very  well, 
and  produces  most  delicious  white  grapes  in 
some  localities. 

Bunches  medium,  compact,  not  shoulder- 
ed ;  berries  medium,  obovate ;  skin  thin,  pale 
green,  tinged  with  yellow  or  pale  amber  color 
at  full  maturity,  covered  with  a  thin  white- 
bloom,  considerably  translucent.  Flesh  tender, 
juicy,  free  from  pulp,  sweet  with  a  peculiar 
musky  and  luscious  aroma  distinct  from  any 
other  grape ;  seeds  small ;  leaves  of  scarcely 
medium  size,  very  deeply  lobed,  and  sharply 
serrated.  Suited  to  amateur  culture,  but,  when 
tried  on  a  large  scale,  in  ordinary  vineyard 
culture,  as  a  hardy  profitable  grape,  great  dis- 
appointment followed  and  produced  a  decline 
in  grape-growing. 

Reliance.  Parentage  unknown.  Exhibited  in 
fall  of  1881  by  J.  G.  Burrows,  Fishkill,  N.  Y.  Resem- 
bles Delaware  in  size  and  color. 

Rentz.  (Labr.)  A  Cincinnati  seedling,  produced 
by  the  late  Sebastian  Rentz,  a  most  successful  vintner. 
Claimed  to  be  equal,  if  not  superior,  to  Ives.  A  large, 
rather  coarse  black  grape,  very  vigorous  and  healthy 
in  vine,  and  foliage,  free  from  mildew,  and  very  produc- 
tive. Bunch  large,  compact,  often  shouldered ;  berry 
large,  round,  black;  flesh  rather  pulpy  and  musky, 
with  abundant  sweet  juice.  Ripens  earlier  than  Ives 
.Seedling,  but  is  not  good  enough  to  be  recommended. 
Berries  drop  from  stem  when  ripe.  Valuable  as  a  stock 
for  grafting.  Roots  thick,  with  a  smooth,  firm  liber, 
readily  pushing  young  rootlets,  of  strong  resistance  to 
Phylloxera;  canes  thick,  but  not  very  long,  nor  ram- 
bling. 

Requa.  (Rogers'  No.  28.)  A  fine  table  grape.  M. 
P.  Wilder,  who  had  a  better  opportunity  than  most 
men  to  form  an  accurate  opinion  of  the  merits  of  these 
hybrids,  described  it  in  the  Grape  Culturist  as  follows  : 

"  Vine  tolerably  vigorous  and  quite  productive ; 
bunch  large,  shouldered;  Jerry  medium  size,  roundish ; 
skin  thin  ;  flesh  tender  and  sweet  with  a  trace  of  the 
native  flavor;  color  bronzy-green,  assuming  a  dull 
brown  red  at  maturity  ;  season  middle  of  September. 
A  grape  of  fine  quality,  but  subject  to  rot  in  unfavora- 
seasons." 

Riesenblatt.  (Giant-leaf.)  A  chance  seedling  of 
some  ^Estivalis  grape  that  grows  on  M.  Poeschel's 
vineyard  at  Hermann,  Mo.  The  vine  is  hardy,  healthy 
and  productive ;  a  strong  grower,  with  a  truly  gigantic 
leaf.  A  small  quantity  of  wine  made  from  its  grapes 
by  Poeschel  &  Sherer  has  a  Madeira  character  resem- 
bling Hermann ;  color  dark  brown. 

This  variety  has  not  been  disseminated,  and  conse- 
quently has  not  been  extensively  tried  outside  of  Her- 
mann, Mo. 

Riesling  or  Missouri  Riesling  (not  Reissling, 
as  some  incorrectly  spell  it).  See  Grein's  Seed- 
lings. Page  103. 


Hicketts\ 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Rammers.      133 


Ricketts'  Hybrids.  Our  Index  contains  a  list  cf 
the  very  remarkable  seedlings  raised  by  J.  H.  Ricketts 
at  Newburg,  N.  Y,,  as  far  as  named  and  disseminated 
by  him.  He  has  given  his  attention,  for  nearly  twenty 
years,  to  raising  new  varieties  by  crossing,  and  by  his 
long-continued,  carefully  and  skillfully  conducted 
labors  has  produced  the  most  wonderful  collection 
of  hybrid  grapes,  embracing  many  hundred  different 
sorts,  mostly  as  yet  unnamed  and  designated  only  by 
numbers.  The  American  Pomological  Society  repeat- 
edly awarded  him  its  "  WILDER  SILVER  MEDAL."  At 
the  Centennial  Exhibition,  1876,  he  was  awarded  me- 
dal and  diploma  with  a  most  flattering  report  of  the 
judges ;  and  hundreds  of  premiums,  from  Horticultu- 
ral Societies  all  over  the  country,  have  been  awarded 
to  Mr.  Ricketts  for  his  seedling  grapes. 

There  is  no  question  about  the  beauty  or  the  excel- 
lence of  many  of  these  grapes,  and,  though  some  have 
proved  entire  failures  with  us  and  others,  especially  in 
the  Mississippi  valley,  the  very  fact  that  he  brings 
for  exhibition  every  year  his  magnificent  specimens  is 
evidence  that  they  can  be  grown  successfully  in  great 
perfection.  His  location  may  be  specially  favorable, 
but  there  must  be  other  places  equally  so,  where  the 
same  care  and  attention  will  produce  the  same  splen- 
did results.  The  soil  of  his  vineyard  is  a  medium 
loam,  possessing  a  moderate  degree  of  fertility,  facing 
the  east,  sloping  towards  north-east,  and  sheltered  by 
hills  on  the  west.  His  vines  are  not  pampered  nor 
covered  with  glass,  as  some  suppose,  but  merely  laid 
down  without  covering  for  winter,  pruned  long  and 
cultivated  with  but  ordinary  care.  We  have  therefore, 
no  reason  to  doubt  that  some  of  these  excellent  new 
varieties  will  become  valuable  acquisitions  to  our 
finest  and  most  useful  grapes,  especially  those  which 
have  the  Concord  for  the  pistillate  parent,  as  the  LADY 
WASHINGTON,  EL  DORADO,  JEFFERSON,  for  the  Atlantic 
and  north  central  States ;  and  those  which  are  crosses 
on  the  Clinton,  as  the  BACCHUS  and  EMPIRE  STATE,  for 
the  middle  and  south  central  States,  usually  (though 
wrongfully)  called  the  "  western  States." 

Geo.  W.  Campbell  justly  remarks :  "  While  much 
improved  over  the  purely  native  varieties  and  suc- 
ceeding well  in  some  places  —  as'  Mr.  Ricketts  has 
abundantly  demonstrated  —  in  other  and  less  favored 
localities  they  were  injured  by  severe  winter-freezing 
and  suffered,  in  common  with  many  of  our  natives,  by 
mildew  and  rot  in  variable  and  unfavorable  seasons. 
I  have  always  hoped  and  believed  that  some  of  these 
remarkable  grapes,  or  their  successors,  would  be  found 
adapted  to  general  cultivation ;  and,  even  if  they  re- 
quire a  little  more  careful  treatment  than  our  hardiest 
natives  of  coarser  mould,  they  are  well  worth  the  extra 
trouble,  and  their  greater  value  will  abundantly  pay 
for  it.  A  judicious  selection  of  soil  and  situation,  and 
perhaps  protection  during  winter,  and  care  as  to  train- 
ing and  pruning  adapted  to  the  habits  of  different  va- 
rieties, may  be  necessary  for  complete  success.  Mri 
Ricketts  claims  that  his  later  productions  are  crosses 
between  hardy  natives,  leaving  out  the  foreign  ele- 
ment.1' 

Rochester.  (Labr.)  One  of  Ell wanger  &  Bar- 
ry's seedlings.  Not  having  as  yet  any  vines 
in  bearing  of  this  new  variety,  we  give  their 


description  of  it :  "  Vine  a  remarkably  vigorous 
grower ;  wood  short-jointed  and  hardy ;  foli- 
age large,  yet  resembles  that  of  Delaware  ;  the 
habits  of  the  vine  are  similar  to  those  of  the 
Diana,  and  it  requires  ample  room  and  rather 
long  pruning.  Bunch  large  to  very  large, 
shouldered,  frequently  double -shouldered, 
very  compact;  berries  medium  to  large  size, 
round,  dark  purple  or  purplish-lilac ;  peculiar, 
with  thin  white  bloom  ;  flesh  very  sweet,  vi- 
nous, rich,  and  aromatic.  Ripens  usually  the 
first  week  in  September;  has  never  failed  to 
ripen  well  in  the  worst  of  seasons  since  it  first 
bore."  This  description  refers,  of  course,  to 
the  locality  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  where  it  was 
raised.  We  admired  the  fruit  there,  and  con- 
sider this  variety  a  valuable  addition  to  the 
grapes  of  the  Labrusca  class. 

Rommel's  Seedlings.  No  person  has  been  more 
successful  in  the  production  of  valuable  hardy  and 
healthy  seedling-grapes,  adapted  to  general  cultiva- 
tion in  a  very  large  section  of  this  country,  than  Jacob 
Rommel,  of  Morrison,  Mo.  His  grapes  cannot  rival 
those  of  Rogers  or  Ricketts  in  beauty  and  in  fine  qual- 
ity as  a  fruit  for  the  table  or  for  family  use,  but  they 
far  surpass  them  in  vigor  and  productiveness,  and  are 
of  fair  to  very  good  quality,  especially  for  wine  and 
brandy.  Those  named  and  disseminated  are  described 
in  this  Catalogue.  See  AMBER,  BEAUTY,  BLACK  DELA- 
WARE, ELVIRA,  ETTA,  FAITH,  MONTEFIORE,  PEARL, 
TRANSPARENT,  WILDING. 

But,  besides  these,  he  has  raised  and  fruited  for  sev- 
eral seasons  quite  a  large  number  of  seedlings,  from 
which  he  selects  and  recommends  the  following  as 
fully  tested  and  worthy  of  cultivation  and  dissemina- 
tion : 

(A)  TAYLOR  SEEDLING  No.  9— Vine  vigorous,  healthy 

and  hardy,  moderately  productive,  free  from 
mildew  and  rot ;  bunch  medium,  shouldered; 
berry  medium  to  above  medium,  round ;  color 
black  ;  ripens  early,  before  Concord ;  quality 
excellent  for  a  dark  red  wine. 

(B)  TAYLOR  SEEDLING  No.  18— Vine  vigorous,  healthy 

and  hardy,  very  productive  ;  bunch  meflium  ; 
berry  above  medium,  amber  color ;  quality  ex- 
cellent ;  ripens  at  same  time  as  Catawba. 
(c)  TAYLOR  SEEDLING  No.  16— Vine  a  moderate 
grower,  but  healthy  and  sufficiently  produc- 
tive;  bunch  small;  berry  medium,  very  firm, 
of  cream  color;  quality  very  good  ;  ripens  ear- 
ly, before  Concord. 

(D)  ELVIRA  SEEDLING  No.  5— Vine  vigorous,  healthy 

and  hardy,  very  productive  ;  bunch  above 
medium  ;  berry  medium,  straw-color ;  quality 
good ;  ripens  later,  soon  after  Concord. 

(E)  ELVIRA  SEEDLING,  No.  6— Vine  healthy  and  har- 

dv,  very  productive ;  bunch  medium  to  large  ; 
berry  medium,  color  yellowish  tinctured  with 
red  ;  of  very  fine  quality. 

(F)  ELVIRA  SEEDLING  No.  8— Vine  vigorous,  healthy 

and  productive  ;  bunch  large ;  berry  medium  ; 
red,  transparent,  and  of  good  quality  ;  ripens 
just  after  Concord. 


134       Rogers'  Hybr. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Rulander. 


(G)  DELAWARE  SEEDLING  No.  3 — Vine  very  healthy, 
free  from  mildew  and  rot,  perfectly  hardy; 
bunch  above  medium,  very  compact;  berry  very 
firm,  round,   above  medium  in  size,  black; 
quality  very  good ;   promises  to  be  a  valuable 
early  market  grape,  ripening  before  Hartford. 
(H)  DELAWARE  SEEDLING  No.  4 — Vine  a  moderate 
grower,  quite  healthy  and  hardy ;   bunch  and 
berry  medium  in  size  ;  in  color  like  Delaware ; 
quality  very  good  ;  ripens  before  Hartford. 
Rutland.    Probably  a  cross  between    Eumelan 
and  Adirondac.   A  new  grape  originated  by  D.  S.  Mar- 
vin, Watertown,  N.  Y.  Berry  and  bunch  medium,  com- 
pact, not  shouldered  ;  color  blue-black;  fleshy,  spright- 
ly, vinous ;  skin  thin  ;  very  good. — Am.  Pomol.  Society 
Reports  on  New  Fruits,  1881. 

Rogers*'  Hybrids.  These  were  produced 
in  a  small  garden  in  Roxbury,  near  Boston, 
Mass.  When  first  fruited  (in  1856),  and  long 
afterwards,  they  were  designated  by  numbers 
only.  Those  of  Rogers'  valuable  seedlings  to 
which  he  has  given  names  in  place  of  num- 
bers, by  which  they  have  hitherto  been  desig- 
nated, have  been  placed,  in  alphabetical  or- 
der, in  their  appropriate  places,*  but  there 
are  some  remaining  numbers  yet  unnamed 
which  deserve  a  name. 

TVo.  2.  One  of  the  largest  of  all  his  hy- 
brids. Bunch  and  berry  very  large,  dark  purple, 
nearly  black ;  thick-skinned  and  somewhat 
acid  (ripening  imperfectly  with  us,  from  loss 
of  foliage,  before  maturing  its  fruit) ;  late  in 
ripening,  and  in  flavor  somewhat  like  the  Ca- 
tawba.  Vine  a  vigorous  grower  and  very  pro- 
ductive, but  here  subject  to  rot. 

No.  5.  One  of  the  finest  of  Rogers'  hybrids, 
and  deserving  to  be  better  known.  Bunch  me- 
dium to  large,  moderately  compact ;  .  berries 
large,  round,  red,  sweet  and  rich  ;  free  from 
foxiness,  ripens  early,  and  in  quality  one  of 
the  very  best.  Vine  hardy  and  heal  thy,  hardier 
and  healthier  than  SALEM,  which  it  resembles, 
but  not  as  strong  a  grower  as  some  others. 

No.  8.  Considered  by  us  as  one  of  Rogers' 
best,  and  valuable  for  wine-making  purposes. 
Bunch  and  berry  large ;  color  pale  red,  but  the 
fully  matured  berries  a  coppery-red  with  fine 
light  gray  bloom ;  flesh  sweet,  juicy,  with 
pleasant  flavor,  and  almost  entirely  free  from 
pulp.  Skin  about  the  same  thickness  as  Ca- 
tawba.  Vine  a  strong,  vigorous  grower,  with 
broad,  thick  and  coarse  foliage ;  hardy  and 
productive.  Its  fruit  is  ripening  later  than 
most  of  his  other  varieties,  and  its  foliage,  un- 
der good  culture,  less  inclined  to  mildew ;  for 
these  reasons  it  is  the  more  appreciated  and 
largely  planted  by  some  experienced  wine- 
growers in  Illinois,  directly  east  of  St.  Louis. 

No.  3O.    Light  red ;  bunch  and  berry  very 
large ;  flavor  very  fine,  much  like  the  foreign 
Chasselas ;    pulp  very   tender.    Vine    vigorous   and 
healthy.    One  of  the  best  flavored  of  all  the  Rogers' 
grapes.    Ripens  early.— Geo.  W.  Campbell. 


Roenbeck.  (Hybrid.)  Parentage  unknown.  A 
chance  seedling,  originated  on  the  grounds  of  Jas.  W. 
Trask  at  Bergen  Point,  N.  J.  First  fruited  in  1870. 

Bunches  long,  compact,  well  -  shouldered  ;  berries 
medium  size ;  color  pale  green ;  skin  thin  and  trans- 
parent; flesh  melting  and  very  sweet,  no  pulp. — 
Ripens  about  same  time  as  the  Concord.  Wood  short- 
jointed  and  light-colored  ;  large  fruit-buds.  Vine 
hardy  and  prolific ;  fruit  needs  thinning  out,  as  the 
vine,  like  Delaware,  has  a  tendency  to  overbear.  The 
foliage  as  well  as  other  characteristics  indicate  Vinlfera 
parentage,  but  its  roots  have,  so  far,  not  been  attacked 
by  the  Phylloxera. 

Fred.  Roenbeck,  of  Centerville,  Hudson  Co.,  N,  J., 
is  propagating  this  variety,  to  sell  after  it  may  have 
been  tried  and  proven  satisfactory. 


*  No.  1,  Goethe; 
N'o.  3,  Massasoit: 
No.  4,  Wilder; 
No.  9,  Llndley; 


No.  14,  Gaertner; 
No.  15,  Agawam: 
No.  19,  Merriiuac; 
No.  28,  Requa; 
No.  39,  Aminla; 


No.  41,  Essex: 
No.  43,  Barry; 
No.  44,  Herbert; 
No.  53,  Salem. 


ROGERS'  HYBRID.     (No.  8.) 

Rulander  or  St.Genevieve.  Syn.,  AMOUREUX. 
RED  ELBEN.  (JEst.  X )  What  we  call  here  the 
Rulander  is  not  the  same  vine  known  by  that 
name  in  Germany,  but  is  claimed  to  be  a  seed- 
ling from  a  foreign  grape  (Pineau)  brought  by 
the  early  French  settlers  to  the  western  bank 


Rulander. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Salem.      135 


of  the  lower  Mississippi  (Ste.  Genevieve). 
Others  consider  it  as  a  native  belonging  to  the 
southern  division  of  the  yEstivalis  class  ;  and, 
while  we  ourselves  incline  to  this  view,  we 
must  admit  that  its  short-jointed  growth,  ten- 
derness, and  liability  to  suffer  from  diseases 
and  Phylloxera,  support  the  claim  of  its  hav- 
ing originated  from  foreign  ( Vinifera)  seed. 

Bunch  rather  small,  very  compact,  shoulder- 
ed ;  berry  small,  dark  purplish-black,  without 
pulp,  juicy,  sweet  and  delicious.  Vine  a  strong, 
vigorous,  short -jointed  grower,  with  heart- 
shaped,  light  green,  smooth  leaves,  hanging 


THE  SECRETARY  GRAPE. 


on  till  late  in  November ;  very  healthy,  but  re- 
quires covering  in  winter.  It  has  very  tough, 
strong  roots,  with  a  firm,  smooth  liber,  but 
seems  nevertheless  subject  to  injury  by  Phyl- 
loxera ;  wood  hard,  with  a  small  pith  and  firm 
outer  bark ;  and  although  it  will  not  bear  big 
crops,  it  makes  up  in  quality  as  a  wine  grape 
what  it  may  lack  in  quantity.  It  makes  an 
excellent  pale  red  or  rather  brownish  wine 
closely  resembling  sherry,  which  was  repeat- 
edly awarded  a  first  premium  as  "the  best  light 
colored  wine.  Must  100°-110°. 
(See  also  LOUISIANA,  page  118.) 

St.  Catherine.  (Labr.)  Raised  by  Jas. 
W.  Clark,  Framingham,  Mass.  Bunch  large, 
rather  compact ;  berries  large,  chocolate  col- 
or, rather  sweet,  toygh,  foxy.  Not  of  much 
value . — Downing. 

Secretary.  Obtained  by  J.  H.  Ricketts, 
Newburgh,  N.  Y.,  by  crossing  the  Clinton 
with  Muscat-Hamburg.  It  was  considered 
the  finest  new  grape  at  the  Massachusetts 
Horticultural  Exhibition  of  1872,  and  pro- 
nounced by  Downing  to  be  one  of  Ricketts' 
best  in  quality  :  but,  being  very  much  in- 
clined to  mildew,  it  will  remain  a  superb 
amateur  variety  only. 

Vine  vigorous,  hardy  ;  bunch  large,  mod- 
erately compact,  shouldered,  with  a  large, 
roundish-oval  berry,  black  with  handsome 
bloom ;  its  peduncle  red  at  the  base  when 
drawn  from  the  berry ;  flesh  juicy,  sweet, 
meaty,  slightly  vinous.  Must  93°  sacchar- 
ometer  ;  7}^  per  mille  acid.  Foliage  like 
Clinton  but  thicker,  and  of  about  the  same 
size. 

Salem.  (Rogers'  No.  53.)  Like 
Agawam  (No.  15)  and  Wilder  (No.  4), 
this  is  a  hybrid  between  a  native 
(Wild  Mammoth),  the  female,  and 
the  Black  Hamburg,  the  male  pa- 
rent. This  is  the  most  extensively 
planted  and  probably  one  of  the 
finest  among  the  Rogers  hybrids;  it 
has  proven  satisfactory  where  the 
hybrid  grapes  succeed,  and,  under 
favorable  circumstances,  produces  a 
fine  grape  of  excellent  quality. 
*  Bunch  full  medium  to  large,  compact, 
and  shouldered ;  berry  large  as  Ham- 
burg, f  inch  in  diameter,  of  a  dark 
chestnut  or  catawba  color ;  flesh  toler- 
ably tender,  sweet,  with  rich  aroma- 
tic flavor ;  a  little  foxiness  to  the  smell, 
which  is  not  perceptible  to  the. 
taste ;  considered  in  quality  one  of  the 
best ;  skin  rather  thick ;  seeds  large ; 
ripens  nearly  as  early  as  Concord ; 


136      Salem. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Scuppernong. 


SCUPPERNONG. 

it  also  keeps  well.  Vine  very  vigorous  and 
healthy ;  foliage  large,  strong,  and  abundant ; 
wood  of  lighter  color  than  most  of  the  Rogers 
grapes.  The  roots  are  of  medium  thickness, 
branching,  with  smooth,  firm  liber,  and  have 
more  of  the  native  character  than  most  other 
hybrids ;  they  seem  to  resist  the  Phylloxera  as 
well  as  most  Labrusca  varieties.  The  Salem 
can  be  propagated  from  cuttings  with  remark- 
able ease,  and  its  vigor  of  growth  in  the  shoots 
has  hardly  a  parallel  among  hybrids  ;  it,  nev- 
ertheless, generally  fails  in  the  valley  of  the 
Mississippi  and  wherever  mildew  prevails. 

The  SALEM  grape  was  originally  numbered 
22 ;  a  spurious  sort  having  been  put  into  mar- 
ket under  that  number,  it  was  changed  by  the 
originator  to  No.  53.  But  this  did  not  help  the 
confusion,  and,  to  make  it  worse,  he  was  report- 
ted  to  describe  it  once  as  of  black  color  (Journal 
of  Hort.  vol.  5,  page  264),  and  at  another  time 
as  of  chestnut  or  Catawba  color,  the  latter 
generally  adopted  as  the  color  of  the  true 
Salem. 

Schiller.  One  of  Muench's  seedlings  of  the 
Louisiana.  Vine  hardy,  a  vigorous  grower,  healthy, 
and  productive.  Fruit  of  a  purplish-blue  color,  but 
light  juice  ;  otherwise  quite  similar  to  his  Humboldt. 
Not  disseminated. 

Seneca.  Very  similar  to  Hartford,  if  not  identical 
with  it.  First  exhibited  at  Hammondsport,  N.  Y., 
in  October,  1867,  by  R.  Simpson,  of  Geneva,  N.  Y. 
Not  recommended. 


Scuppernoiifr.  Syn.,  YELLOW  MUSCADINE, 
WHITE  MUSCADINE,*  BULL,  BULLACE  or  BUL- 
LET, ROANOKE  (Vitis  Rotundifolia) .  This  is 
purely  and  exclusively  a  southern  grape ;  in 
South  Carolina,  Florida,  Georgia,  Alabama, 
Mississippi,  and  in  parts  of  Virginia,  North 
Carolina,  Tennessee,  and  Arkansas,  it  is  quite 
a  favorite,  producing  annually  large  and  sure 
crops,  requiring  scarcely  any  care  or  labor.  It 
is  entirely  exempt  from  mildew,  rot,  or  any  of 
the  diseases  so  disastrous  to  the  northern 
species — entirely  exempt  also  from  Phylloxera  ; 
but  it  cannot  be  grown  north  of  the  Carolinas, 
Tennessee*,  and  Arkansas,  nor  even  in  Texas. 

G.  Onderdonk,  whose  nurseries  are  farther 
S  south  than  any  other  in  the  United  States,  says 
about  the  Scuppernong  grape,  "wehaverepeat- 
\  >^  edly  tried  it,  and  as  frequently  failed." 

In  California  also  the  Scuppernong  refused  to 
respond  favorably.  There  "the  vine  makes  a 
good  growth,  blossoms  abundantly  in  June  and 
July  without  setting  a  berry,  and  late  in  the 
season  the  leaves  get  rusty."—/.  Strenzel. 

We  are  aware  that  southerners  deem  it 
unjust  partiality,  if  not  an  insult,  to  say  any- 
thing against  their  favorite,  the  Scuppernong — 
"o  Divine  gift," 

"  Sent  in  the  night  time  of  sorrow  and  care 
To  bring  back  the  joy  that  the  South  used  to  wear," 

Most  heartily  wishing  that  joy  be  brought  back  to  our 
afflicted  South,  we  would  therefore  refrain  from  any 
remarks  in  derogation  of  this  Divine  gift,  and  shall 
quote  none  but  southern  authorities  and  cultivators 
of  the  Scuppernong. 

P.  J.  Berckmans,  of  Georgia :  "I  could  not  say 
too  much  in  praise  of  the  Scuppernong  as  a  wine- 
grape.  Jt  is  one  of  those  things  that  never  fail.  O/ 
course  I  do  not  compare  it  with  the  Delaware  and  other 
fine  flavored  grapes  ;  but  the  question  is — where,  where 
shall  we  find  a  grape  that  will  give  us  a  profit  ?  We 
have  it  in  the  Scuppernong.  It  cannot  be  grown  as 
far  north  as  Norfolk." 

J.  H.  Carleton,  El  Dorado,  Ark.:  "The  fruit  is 
so  healthy  that  it  has  never  been  known  to  make 
anyone  sick,  unless  he  swallowed  the  hulls,  which 
are  very  indigestible.  I  made  some  Scuppernong 
wine  last  year  with  very  little  sugar  (lj^  Ibs.  to 
the  gallon  must),  and  although  the  grapes  were  not 
near  so  ripe  as  they  should  have  been,  it  has  a  fine 
•body.  *  *  *  It  is  called  by  some  the 'lazy  man's 
grape.'  I  admit  the  charge,-  and  prize  it  the  more  on 
that  account." 

JohnR.  Eakin,  Washington,  Ark.:  "I  scarcely  know 
what  to  say  of  this  nondescript  which  is  called  a  grape. 
It  is  a  coarse,  tough-skinned  berry,  with  a  sweetish, 
musky  flavor.  The  vine  takes  care  of  itself ;  does  not 
require  and  will  not  suffer  pruning  ;  bears  abundantly 
and  has  no  diseases.  I  scarcely  think  it  a  grape,  but 
still  a  most  useful  fruit  sui  generis,  and  I  hope  will  be 
cultivated  by  those  who  have  no  inclination  for  the 
more  troublesome,  and,  I  must  say,  the  more  exqui- 
site '  bunch  grapes,'  as  it  is  the  habit  of  its  friends  to 

*  The  black  or  purple  grapes  of  this  class  are  often 
incorrectly  called  "Black  Scuppernong."  Southern  hor- 
ticulturists designate  them  by  different  names :  Flowers, 
Mish,  Thomas,  etc. 


Scvppernong. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Scuppernong  Hybr.      137 


call  the  Herbemont,  the  Catawba,  and  others.   Each  to 
his  taste." 

The  Scuppernong  grape  was  discovered  by  the  col- 
ony of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  in  1554,  on  the  Island  of 
Roanoke,  N.C.,  and  the  original  vine  is  said  still  to 
exist  there,  being  over  300  years  of  age.  In  appear- 
ance, wood,  fruit,  and  habit,  it  is  entirely  distinct,  or  , 
'•  unique  "  as  Mr.  Van  Buren  calls  it,  saying:  "  There 
is  a  resemblance  between  the  V.  Vinifera,  Labrusca, 
^Estivalis,  Cordifolia ;  they  will  all  intermingle,  pro- 
ducing hybrids,  but  none  of  them  can  ever(?)ibe  crossed 
with  the  V.  Rotundifolia,  which  blooms  two  months 
later  than  either  of  the  foregoing  varieties.  The  odor 
of  the  Scuppernong  when  ripeYiing  is  delicious,  and  en- 
tirely distinct  from  the  nigger-stink  of  the  Fox-grape 
family."  The  growth  of  the  vine,  or  rather  the  space 
over  which  its  branches  extend  in  a  series  of  years, 
is  almost  fabulous.  The  bark  of  the  Scuppernong  is 
smooth,  of  a  grayish-ashy  color,  variegated  with  many 
small,  dot-like  specks  of  lighter  hue  ;  the  wood  is  hard, 
close-textured,  firm  •,  the  roots  white  or  creamy.  The 
leaves,  before  dropping  in  autumn,  become  of  a  bril- 
liant yellow. 

Bunch  or  cluster  consisting  usually  of  only  about  4 
to  6,  rarely  more,  large,  thick-skinned,  pulpy  berries; 
these  are  ripening  in  August  and  September,  not  all 
at  the  same  time,  but  fall  off  successively,  when  ripe, 
by  shaking  the  vine,  and  they  are  thus  gathered  from 
the  ground.  Color  yellowish,  somewhat  bronzed  when 
fully  ripe.  The  pulp  is  sweet,  juicy,  vinous,  with  a 
musky  scent  and  flavor — a  delicate  perfume  to  some 
tastes,  repugnant  to  others.  The  French  wine  judges 
at  the  Congres  held  in  1874  at  Montpellier,  pronounced 
all  the  Scuppernong  wines  there  "fort  peu  agreable," 
some  even  "  d'un  gotit  desagreable."  It  has,  however, 
its  warm  advocates  among  American  grape-growers, 
as  will  be  seen  by  the  following,  from  a  letter  of  S.  I. 
Matthews,  of  Monticello,  Ark.,  written  for  this  Cata- 
logue : 

'•  The  Scuppernong  makes  a  splendid  white  wine  ; 
its  fruit,  though  ordinarily  deficient  in  sugar,  is  very 
sweet  to  the  taste,  owing  to  its  having  but  very  little 
acid.  The  saccharine  deficiency  may  also  be  accounted 
for,  in  a  measure,  by  the  fact  that  this  grape  has  been 
hitherto,  for  the  most  part,  grown  upon  arbors,  a  plan 
of  training  that  more  effectually  than  any  other  ex- 
cludes the  sunlight  and  heat  from  the  fruit,  which  it 
is  the  practice  to  gather  by  shaking  down  from  the 
vines,  whereby  a  considerable  proportion  of  but  par- 
tially ripe  fruit  is  obtained.  And  yet,  according  to 
some  tests,  the  Scuppernong  has  registered  88°  on  the 
(Oechsle)  must  scale,  which  would  give  9  per  cent,  of 
alcohol. 

'•  A.  C.  Cook,  who  was  quoted  in  your  Catalogue 
(ed.  1875)  as  saying  that '  the  Scuppernong  is  deficient 
in  both  sugar  and  acid,  as  it  rates  at  about  10  percent, 
of  the  first  and  4  mills  of  the  latter,'  wishes  to  correct 
this,  as  he  found  since  that  time  its  saccharine  proper- 
ties to  range  occasionally  as  high  as  18  per  cent.,  and 
now  thinks  '  the  Scuppernong  is  emphatically  the  grape 
for  the  South.'  Its  juice  is  capable  of  being  converted 
into  the  finest  of  Muscatelle  sweet  wines,  or  in  supe- 
rior light  dry  wines." 

Mr.  Matthews  writes:  "When  it  shall  be  planted 
on  dry  south  hill-sides  instead  of  on  low  moist  bot- 


toms ;  when  it  shall  be  trained  on  trellises,  where  the 
sun-heat,  both  direct  and  reflected  from  the  ground, 
shall  bathe  the  fruit  and  foliage,  instead  of  upon  tall 
umbrageous  arbors  through  which  the  sun's  rays  can 
scarcely  penetrate ;  and  when  only  the  perfectly  ripe 
fruit  shall  be  carefully  hand-picked,  instead  of  being 
rudely  shaken  and  all  berries  that  will  fall  gathered 
and  pressed  together,  there  will  be  little,  if  any,  lack 
of  sugar." 

"  But,  even  admitting  this  deficiency,  it  is  the  only 
demerit  of  this  variety,  and  can  be  remedied  either  by 
adding  pure  sugar  to  the  must,  or  by  evaporating  the 
water  from  a  portion  of  the  must  and  adding  so  much 
of  the  resulting  syrup  to  the  other  as  is  needed  to 
bring  it  up  to  the  proper  standard.  Moreover,  the 
true  Scuppernong  is  the  most  productive  and  reliable 
grape  for  the  south,  and  its  cultivators  plant  therefore 
mainly  of  the  Scuppernong  and  its  class  (the  THOMAS, 
FLOWERS,  MISH,  TENDERPULP),  and  of  other  grapes 
only  a  few,  for  variety  or  as'an  experiment." 

Mr.  Van  Buren  was  evidently  mistaken  in  suppos- 
ing that  Rotundifolia  could  not  be  hybridized  with 
any  of  the  other  specie*,  as  the  experiments  of  Dr.  Wy- 
lie,  of  South  Carolina,  have  proved.  And  it  is  an- 
other, though  an  oft  repeated  mistake,  that  the  Scup- 
pernong will  not  unite  with  grafts  of  other  species.  It 
is  true  that  the  Rotundifolia,  imported  to  Southern 
France  as  a  grafting-stock,  on  account  of  its  phyllox- 
era-free  roots,  did  not  succeed  there ;  but  several  at- 
tempts to  graft  French  vines  on  the  Scuppernong  (also 
on  Tenderpulp  and  Thomas)  were  successful.  The  union 
may  not  be  quite  as  perfect  nor  of  as  long  durability 
as  in  other  species  with  more  affinity  ;  but  the  legend 
of  the  anti-union  character  is  dispelled— as  many  other 
viticultural  and  political  legends. 

Scuppernong  Hybrids.  (See  Wylie's  Seedlings.) 
At  the  meeting  of  the  Am.  Pom.  Society  held  in  Balti- 
more, 1877,  Dr.  A.  P.  Wylie  exhibited  his  remarkable 
hybrids  for  the  last  time  before  his  death;  among 
them,  the  fruit  committee — consisting  of  Chas.  Down- 
ing of  N.  Y.,  Robert  Manning  of  Mass.,  Dr.  John  A. 
Warder  of  0.,  Josiah  Hoopes  of  Pa.,  P.  J.  Berckmans 
of  Georgia,  &c. — noticed  "a  most  promising  and  pro- 
lific Scuppernong-hybrid  (No.  4),  from  whose  seedlings 
valuable  results  may  derive."  Its  originator,  Dr.  A. 
P.  Wylie,  Chester,  S.  C.,  made  of  same  the  following 
note,  Aug.  10,  1877  : 

"Prolific  Scuppernong  Hybrid  Xo.  4.  Grows  in 
pipe-clay  soil.  Wood  peculiarly  slender,  bears  in  clus- 
ters at  each  of  its  joints,  never  rots  or  mildews.  Bunches 
medium,  compact ;  produced  in  wonderful  profusion  ; 
berry  round,  greenish -white,  pulp  half  -  dissolving  ; 
much  juice,  sprightly  vinous  with  a  peculiar  musky 
aroma,  unlike  the  Scuppernong;  quality  good.  Matu- 
rity middle  of  August." 

Solonis.  A  peculiar  form  of  Riparia,  somewhat 
distinguished  from  the  ordinary  form  by  the  longer, 
sharply  incised  teeth  of  its  foliage.  Its  home  is  proba- 
bly in  Arkansas ;  it  is  not  and  never  was  known  or 
cultivated  in  this  country,  but  is  highly  esteemed  in 
France  as  an  excellent  grafting-stock  for  the  reconsti- 
tution  of  their  phylloxera-destroyed  vineyards.  (See 
the  foot  note  on  page  18.)  Of  late  it  seems  much  sub- 
ject to  that  French  rot,  the  anthracnose.  It  is  mainly 
adapted  for  a  moist  sandy  soil. 


138      Senasqua. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Taylor. 


Senasqua.  A  hybrid  raised  by 
Stephen  Underbill,  Croton  Point,  N. 
Y.,  from  Concord  and  Black  Prince. 
Seed  was  planted  in  1863  and  the  vine 
bore  its  first  fruit  1865.  Bunch  and 
berry  varying  from  medium  to  large ; 
the  bunch  is  very  compact,  so  much 
so  as  to  cause  the  berries  to  crack ; 
color  black  with  blue  bloom ;  quality 
best.  The  fruit  has  the  peculiar  fleshy 
character  of  certain  foreign  grapes, 
with  a  brisk,  vinous  flavor.  The  vine 
is  vigorous  and  productive  in  rich  soil ; 
moderately  hardy.  It  is  one  of  the 
latest  to  open  its  buds  in  spring,  and 
thereby  less  subject  to  injury  from 
late  frosts;  it  nevertheless  ripens 
early  enough  (here  a  few  days  later 
than  Concord).  The  leaf  is  very  large 
and  firm,  and  shows  no  trace  of  foreign 
origin,  except  when  it  ripens,  at  which 
time,  instead  of  the  yellow  of  the  Con- 
cord it  takes  on  the  crimson  color  of 
the  mature  leaf  of  the  Black  Prince. 
With  us,  at  Bush  berg,  it  did  not  suc- 
ceed so  well,  and  is  not  near  as  desira- 
ble as  Underbill's  other  grapes,  the 
Black  Eagle  and  Black  Defiance.  Clay 
soil  is  not  the  best  for  Senasqua ;  it 
requires  a  light,  deep  soil.  The  origi- 
nator himself  does  not  recommend 
the  Senasqua  as  a  profitable  grape  for 
market  purposes,  but  only  as  a  fine 
and  valuable  amateur  fruit.  As  such 
it  is  of  first  rank,  "of  the  highest 
quality  to  those  who  appreciate  life 
and  brilliancy  in  a  grape."  In  France 
(Drome  and  Lot-et-Garonne)  this  variety  is 
considered  one  of  the  most  recommendable 
of  American  Hybrids,  provided  it  be  planted 
in  the  right  soil  and  that  it  continues  to  resist 
the  Phylloxera.  We  give  in  annexed  figure, 
the  likeness  of  a  medium-sized  cluster. 

Sharon.  A  fine  new  grape,  originated  with  D.  S. 
Marvin,  Watertown,  N.  Y.  Probably  also  a  cross  be- 
tween Eumelan  and  Adirondac.  Said  to  be  unsur- 
passed for  a  table-grape.  Not  yet  disseminated  nor 
known  outside  of  its  originator's  place. 

Silver-Dawn.  (Hybr.)  A  seedling  of  Israella 
fertilized  by  pollen  of  Muscat-Hamburg,  a  brother  of 
the  Early  Dawn  out  of  the  same  bunch  raised  by  Dr. 
W.  A.  M.  Culbert,  Newburgh,  N.  Y.  A  fine  white 
grape  of  best  quality ;  vine  hardy  and  vigorous. 

Not  disseminated. 

Stelton.  (Hybr.)  Raised  by  Thompson,  of  New 
Brunswick,  and  referred  to  in  Gardeners'  Monthly  of 
Nov.,  1882,  as  one  of  the  many  late  brilliant  appear- 
ances in  the  viticultural  sky.  The  bunches  are  about 
eight  inches  long,  well-shouldered,  rather  loose ;  ber- 
ries white,  about  the  size  of  Croton,  and  "  not  hard  to 


SEXASQUA. 


take";  in  flavor  comparing  favorably  with  Lady  Wash- 
ington.   We  have  never  seen  it. 

Talman's  Seedling-,  or  Tolnian.  Syn :  CHAM- 
PION. (Labr.)  Grown  in  Western  New  York,  as  an 
early  market  grape.  Bunch  medium  to  large,  com- 
pact, shouldered ;  berry  large,  black,  adheres  to  the 
stem.  Skin  thick  and  firm  ;  flesh  sweet,  juicy,  some- 
what pulpy,  with  foxy  flavor ;  vine  a  very  rank  vigor- 
ous grower,  perfectly  hardy  and  healthy,  and  very 
productive ;  said  to  ripen  a  week  earlier  than  Hart- 
ford;  quality  not  good.  The  same  variety  was  sent 
out  under  the  name  of  '•  Champion"  as  a  new  variety, 
but  the  two  are  identical.  (See  Champion,  page  82.) 

Taylor  or  Bullit,  often  called  Taylor's  Bullit. 
(Riparla,  accidentally  crossed  with  Labr.) 

The  often  continuous  tendrils,  or  rather  irregular 
alternation  of  more  than  two  leaves  with  tendrils,  with 
often  only  a  third  or  fourth  leaf  without  such  a  ten- 
dril— further,  the  more  prominent  Labrusca  character 
in  many  of  the  Taylor  seedlings — make  it  almost  cer- 
tain that  the  Taylor  is  a  cross  between  Riparia  and 
Labrusca. 

This  old    variety  was    first   introduced   to 


Taylor. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Transparent.       139 


notice  by  Judge  Taylor,  of  Jericho,  Henry 
County,  Ky.  It  is  generally  considered  very 
unproductive ;  it  seems  that  the  vines  require 
age,  and  spur  pruning  on  old  wood,  to  make 
them  produce  well. 

Samuel  Miller  suggests  to  plant  the  Clinton 
among  Taylor  to  fertilize  them,  but  we  find 
the  benefits  resulting  from  this  system  also  in- 
sufficient to  balance  its  many  inconveniences ; 
and  yet  we  have  seen  Taylor  vines  grown  by 
themselves  on  the  "Souche"  plan  (trained  in 
the  shape  of  a  small  weeping-willow  tree,  al- 
lowing the  canes  to  grow  from  the  short  top  of 
the  main  trunk,  spur  pruning  in  winter  but  not 
suppressing  the  growth  by  summer  pruning) 
produce  from  5  to  10  Ibs.  per  vine.  The  bunches 
are  small  but  compact,  and  sometimes  shoul- 
dered; berry  small,  white  to  pale  amber,  turn- 
ing even  to  pale  red,  like  Delaware  when  per- 
fectly ripe,  round,  sweet  and  without  pulp. 
Skin  translucent,  very  thin  but  tough.  Vine  a 
very  strong,  rampant  grower,  healthy  and  very 
hardy.  It  is  now  largely  and  most  success- 
fully used,  in  France,  as  grafting- stock  for  Eu- 
ropean vines,  as  a  protection  against  the  phyl- 
loxera ;  lately  also  in  California.  The  Duchess 
of  Fitz-James  has  200  hectares  (about  500  acres) 
in  Taylor  grafted  with  different  varieties,  all 
doing  well.  In  some  clayish  limestone  soils 
it  seems  not  to  do  as  well  as  in  sandy  clay,  and 
especially  in  cool,  moist  grounds.  Boots  com- 
paratively few,  wiry  and  very  tough,  with  a 
thin,  hard  liber.  The  young  spongioles  will 
push  as  rapidly  as  the  Phylloxera  can  destroy 
them ;  hence  this  variety  possesses  great 
power  of  resistance  to  the  insect.  Its  wine  is 
of  good  body  and  fine  flavor,  resembling  the 
celebrated  Riesling  of  the  Rhine.  Some  very 
valuable  and  promising  seedlings  of  the  Tay- 
lor are  now  introduced.  See  Elvira,  Noah, 
Grein's  Golden,  Amber,  Pearl,  Transparent, 
Monteflore,  Missouri  Riesling,  Uhland,  &c. 

Telegraph.  (Labr.}  A  seedling  raised  by  a 
Mr.  Christine,  near  Westchester,  Chester  Co., 
Pa.,  named  and  introduced  about  1865  by  P. 
R.  Freas,  editor  of  the  Germantown  Telegraph 
(then  one  of  the  best  agricultural  papers  in 
the  East).  An  attempt  was  afterwards  made 
to  change  its  name  to  Christine,  but  did  not 
prevail.  Sam.  Miller,  of  Bluffton,  once  con- 
sidered it  one  of  the  most  promising  of  all  the 
new  EARLY  grapes,  and  we  still  consider  it  as 
far  better  than  Hartford  Prolific.  Bunch 
medium,  very  compact,  shouldered;  berry 
medium,  round  to  oval,  black  with  blue 
bloom;  flesh  juicy,  with  very  little  pulp,  spicy 
and  of  good  quality  ;  ripens  almost  as  early  as 
Hartford  Prolific.  A  constant  'and  reliable 


bearer,  but  often  lost  by  rot,  especially  in  the 
southwest  ;  and  when  the  rot  spares  our 
crop,  the  birds  destroy  it  in  preference  to 
other  varieties  ripening  at  same  time.  Vine  a 
healthy,  vigorous  grower  in  rich  soil,  and  very 
hardy.  Deserves  more  extensive  planting  in 
northern  States,  where  rot  is  less  destructive. 
Roots  very  abundant,  heavy,  with  thick  but 
rather  firm  liber.  Canes  stout,  of  average 
length,  crooked  at  the  joint,  with  the  usual 
number  of  laterals.  Wood  hard  with  medium 
pith. 

Xlieodosia,.  A  chance  seedling  in  the  grounds  of 
E.  S.  Salisbury,  Adams,  X.  Y.,  said  to  be  an  ^Estivalis. 
According  to  Mr.  S.  the  bunch  is  very  compact ;  berries 
black,  in  size  between  Delaware  and  Creveling,  quite 
tart,  very  early,  and  claimed  to  be  a  good  wine  grape. 
But  at  a  grape  test  held  at  Hammondsport,  October  12, 
1870,  the  report  showed  for  Theodosia  the  lowest 
amount  of  sugar,  G3%°  by  Oechsle's  scale,  with  over 
11  per  mill.  acid. 

Thomas.  (Rotund.)  A  variety  of  the  Scuppernong 
species,  discovered  and  introduced  by  Drury  Thomas, 
of  South  Carolina,  and  thus  described:  "In  color  it 
varies  from  reddish  purple  to  deep  black  ;  has  a  thin 
skin  ;  sweet  and  tender  flesh ;  is  less  in  size  than  the 
Scuppernong,  makes  a  fine  wine,  and  is  superior  for 
the  table.  Ripens  with  the  Scuppernong."  Berckmans, 
of  Augusta,  Ga.,  describes  it  as  follows:  "Bunches 
from  six  to  ten  berries ;  berries  slightly  oblong,  large, 
of  a  slight  violet  color,  quite  transparent ;  pulp  tender, 
sweet,  of  a  peculiar  vinous  flavor,  quality  superior  to 
any  of  the  type.  Maturity  middle  to  end  of  August. 
Has  but  little  musky  aroma  and  makes  a  superior  red 
wine.  A  spurious  variety  is  sold  under  the  name  of 
Thomas ;  this  is  inferior  in  quality  and  produces  a 
deep  black  colored  fruit  of  no  merit  whatever." 

To-lvaloii.  Syn.:  WYMAN,  SPOFFORD  SDLG.,  CAR- 
TKR.  (Labr.)  Originated  at  Lansingburg,  N.  Y.,  by 
Dr.  Spofford,  and  was  at  first  supposed  to  be  identical 
with  the  Catawba.  C.  Downing  showed  that  it  was 
entirely  distinct  and  at  first  highly  recommended  it 
for  general  cultivation,  but  soon  afterwards  found  that 
it  drops  its  fruit,  is  inclined  to  rot,  does  not  ripen  well, 
and  mildews  badly,  an'd  so  stated ;  admitting,  how- 
ever, that  "  this  grape  is  very  fine,  when  you  can  get 
it."  Bunch  medium  to  large,  shouldered,  compact; 
berries  varying  in  form  from  oval  to  oblate,  nearly 
black  in  color,  and  profusely  covered  with  bloom ; 
flesh  sweet,  buttery  and  luscious,  without  foxiness  in 
its  aroma  and  with  but  little  toughness  or  acidity  in 
its  pulp.  An  early  but  a  shy  bearer. 

Transparent.  One  of  Rommel's  Taylor  Seed- 
lings. Bunch  small,  compact  and  shouldered. 
Berry  same  size  as  Taylor,  round,  pale,  green- 
ish-yellow, transparent,  gray  spotted;  skin 
thin,  no  pulp,  very  juicy,  sweet  and  of  fine 
flavor.  Vine  a  very  strong,  rather  long-jointed 
grower,  resembling  its  parent  in  leaf  and 
growth,  but  sets  its  fruit  well ;  supposed  to  be 
free  from  mildew  and  rot,  and  promises  to 
become  a  wine-grape  of  high  character. 


140       Triumph. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Triumph . 


Triumph. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Una.      141 


Triumph.  (Campbell's  Concord  Hybrid  No. 
6.)  Was  justly  pronounced  by  Samuel  Miller, 
to  whom  Campbell  confided  this  new  variety 
for  testing  and  propagation  in  Missouri,  as  the 
most  promising  of  all  the  white  grapes.  It  is  a 
cross  between  Concord  and  Chasselas  Musque. 
(Syn.,  Joslyn's  St.  Albans.)  It  has  retained, 
the  vigor  and  general  habit  of  foliage  and 
growth  of  its  parent;  its  fruit,  however,  is 
wholly  free  from  any  vestige  of  coarseness  or 
fox  flavor,  or  smell.  Bunch  and  berry  are  very 
large ;  color  white,  or,  more  correctly,  pale 
green  to  golden -yellow,  nearly  transparent 
with  delicate  bloom  ;  skin  thin,  no  pulp  ;  flesh 
sweet,  meaty;  in  unfavorable  weather  the 
berries  are  apt  to  crack  (like  Elvira) ;  small 
seeds  and  few  of  them  ;  ripens  later  than  Con- 
cord, nearly  as  late  as  Catawba,  and  on  that 
account  not  recommended  for  the  North  or  for 
any  locality  where  the  season  is  too  short  to 
ripen  the  Catawba  or  Herbemont,  but  the 
more  valuable  farther  South;  quality  first 
rate ;  vine  healthy  and  hardy,  very  productive 
and  free  from  disease,  showing  no  rot  when 
even  Concord  rotted  more  or  less.  Unfortu- 
nately the  vines  of  this  variety  proved  some- 
what tender  with  us,  suffering  during  severe 
winters  if  left  unprotected.  In  the  favorable 
season  of  1880  the  "Triumph"  fully  justified 
its  name  in  our  vineyards  ;  it  is  by  far  the  most 
attractive  of  all  our  white  table  grapes.  Its 
bunches,  grown  by  us  in  open  air,  with  ordi- 
nary vineyard  culture,  are  very  heavy,  and 
those  exhibited  at  the  great  Miss.  Valley 
Fruit  Exhibition,  held  in  Sept.  1880,  at  the 
St.  Louis  Merchants'  Exchange,  were  so  much 
admired  as  to  be  honored  with  the  premium 
for  "  the  best  plate  of  grapes  for  the  table,11  and 
there  were  over  200  varieties  on  exhibition  ! 
This  created  such  a  demand  for  plants  of  this 
splendid  variety  that  it  was  impossible  for 
several  seasons  to  fill  the  orders.  Samuel 
Miller,  of  .Bluffton,  Mo.,  writes  that  it  is  the 
finest  table  grape  we  have  for  open  air  cultiva- 
tion, and  his  vines  of  "Triumph"  stood  the 
hard  winter  1880-81  without  injury.  Yet  we 
cannot  recommend  it  for  general  cultivation  in 
our  variable  climate,  but  only  for  those  who 
will  give  it  proper  care  and  attention.  We 
know  of  no  grape  more  worthy  of  it  than  the 
"  Triumph." 

P.  J.  Berckmans,  Augusta,  Ga.,  writes  us: 
"  Triumph  is  truly  well  named  ;  for  four  years 
past  it  has  proven  to  be  the  handsomest  white 
grape  we  have,  and  of  very  good  quality." 

T.  V.  Munson,  of  Denison,  Texas,  pronounces 
it  a  great  acquisition  to  the  grapes  of  the 
south.  "Had  bunches  weighing  one-and-a-half 


!  pounds  each,  fine  as  Golden  Chasselas  in  qual- 
|  ity,  vigorous  and  productive."  One  of  these 
j  bunches  was  drawn  from  nature  and  painted 
i  by  his  sister,  Miss  M.  T.  Munson,  an  excel- 
lent amateur  artist,  and  kindly  presented  to 
us.  The  annexed  illustration  is  an  exact  copy, 
slightly  reduced  in  size,  showing  also  partly 
two  leaves,  one  upper  and  the  other  lower 
face.  But,  excellent  as  the  engraving  is 
(which  we  had  made  for  this  Catalogue  in  the 
celebrated  art  establishment  of  A.  Blanc,  at 
Philadelphia),  it  can  give  but  a  faint  idea  of 
the  beauty  of  this  most  beautiful  American 
grape.  The  Triumph  has  lately  also  been 
tested  in  France ;  it  succeeds  there  and  pleases 
very  much,  while  the  Concord,  one  of  its 
parents,  does  not  succeed  at  all,  and  displeases 
the  French  taste. 

T.  V.  Munson  has  a  number  of  ye;»rling 
hybrids  between  Triumph  and  Herbemont,  of 
which  he  expects  to  get  something  fine  for  the 
south. 

Uhland.  (Riparia  X)  A  seedling  of  Taylor, 
grown  by  William  Weidemeyer  at  Hermann, 
Mo.  Vine  a  strong  grower;  long-jointed,  gray- 
ish wood,  with  foliage  resembling  Taylor,  but 
less  vigorous ;  in  some  seasons  of  defective  in- 
florescence, in  others  abundantly  productive 
of  excellent  fruit,  richer  in  sugar  and  flavor 
than  most  other  Taylor  seedlings,  thus  making 
a  superior  wine  ;  but  also  considered  more 
delicate,  less  robust,  and  requiring  better  soil 
and  culture  to  obtain  best  results.  Bunch 
medium,  compact,  sometimes  shouldered ; 
berry  medium,  slightly  oblong,  greenish-yel- 
low in  the  shade,  pale  amber  in  the  sun  ;  skin 
thin,  almost  transparent,  pulp  tender,  juicy, 
very  sweet,  of  fine  flavor.  Ripens  a  few  days 
after  Concord. 

Ulster  Prolific.  (Labr.  X)  A  new  grape,  origin- 
ated by  A.  J.  Caywood,  of  Marlboro,  Ulster  Co.,  N.  Y.. 
which  attracted  a  great  deal  of  attention  at  the  meet- 
ing of  the  Am.  Pomol.  Society  just  held  (Sept.  1883)  at 
Philadelphia.  The  one  branch  there  exhibited  held 
fifty  bunches  and  weighed'  twenty-two  pounds.  We 
received  no  description  from  the  originator,  and  he 
does  not  offer  any  plants  for  sale. 

Una.  (Labr.)  A  white  seedling,  raised  by  E.  W. 
Bull,  the  originator  of  the  Concord.  Not  as  good  nor 
as  productive  as  Martha.  Bunch  and  berry  small,  of 
a  very  foxy  flavor  ;  not  desirable. 

But  the  more  desirable  is  the 

Uno  or  Juno,  a  new  grape  which  Geo.  W.  Camp- 
bell has  just  favored  us  with.  It  is  not  yet  to  be  sent 
out,  and  we  -do  not  know  whether  we  are  permitted  to 
say  more  than,  that  "it  is  really  unii/ue,  richer  in 
sweetness  and  better  than  any  grape  i/ou  know";  and 
that  it  seems  to  us  a  most  valuable  addition  to  our  fine 
table  grapes  and  a  new  TRIUMPH  for  friend  Campbell. 


142       Underhill. 


BUSHBERG   CATALOGUE. 


Vergennes. 


Underhill.  Syn:  UNDERBILL'S  SEEDLING,  UN- 
DERBILL'S CELESTIAL.  (Labr.)  Originated  at  Charl- 
ton,  Saratoga  Co.,  N.  Y.,  by  Dr.  A.  K.  Underhill;  pro- 
nounced as  "of  no  more  value  than  many  other  Fox- 
grapes"  by  Fuller,  but  considered  by  G.  W.  Camp- 
bell to  be  "of  more  value  than  the  lona  for  general 
cultivation."  Now  discarded  by  him  also.  Bunch 
medium  to  large,  moderately  compact ;  berries  full 
medium,  round,  of  Catawba  color ;  pulp  tender,  sweet, 
rich  and  vinous,  slightly  foxy ;  ripens  early,  about 
with  the  Concord ;  vine  a  strong  grower,  hardy, 
healthy  and  productive.  Not  recommended  by  us. 

Union  Village.  Syn.,  SHAKER,  ONTARIO. 
(Labr.)  Originated  among1  the  Shakers  at  Un- 
ion Village,  O.  One  of  the  largest  of  the  native 
grapes  we  have,  and  one  of  the  strongest  grow- 


ing  vines.  It  is  said  to  be  a  seedling  of  the 
Isabella,  scarcely  better  in  quality,  but  the 
bunches  and  berries  are  of  the  size  of  the  Black 
Hamburgs.  Bunches  large,  compact,  shoulder- 
ed ;  berries  very  large,  black,  oblong ;  skin 
thin,  covered  with  bloom ;  flesh  quite  sweet 
when  fully  ripe,  and  of  tolerably  good  quality. 
Ripens  late  and  unevenly.  Should  be  used  as 
parent  for  new  varieties  in  preference  to  Isa- 
bella. Vine  is  a  coarse  grower  but  tender ; 
requires  protection  in  severe  winters  ;  often 
unhealthy. 

Urbaiitt.  (Labr.)  Bunch  medium,  short,  shoulder- 
ed ;  berry  medium  to  large,  round,  white-yellowish  in 
the  sun,  juicy,  vinous  acid,  hard  centre,  aromatic  skin. 
Ripens  about  with  Isabella. — Downing. 

Yergennes.  (Labr.)  A 
chance  seedling,  originat- 
ed in  the  garden  of  Wm. 
E.  Green,  Vergennes,  Vt.; 
fruited  for  the  first  time 
in  1874.  Clusters  large ; 
berries  large,  round,  hold- 
ing firmly  to  the  stem ; 
color  light  amber,  covered 
with  a  beautiful  bloom ; 
flavor  rich,  free  from  hard 
pulp  ;  ripening  very  early 
and  possessing  superior 
keeping  qualities.  A  most 
promising  New  England 
grape. 

General  Wm.  H.  Noble 
gives  the  following  recom- 
mendation to  the  Ver- 
gennes : — "  For  hardiness, 
vigor  of  growth,  large 
bounteous  fruitage,  a  fruit 
of  richest  tint  of  blended 
pink  and  purple  bloom; 
for  its  yield  of  wine  with 
the  most  delicate  aroma  ; 
for  its  early  maturity  of 
wood  and  fruit ;  for  its 
long-keeping  quality,  I 
think  this  the  equal  of 
any  American  grape  yet 
grown." 

The  Vergennes  grape 
was  exhibited  at  various 
horticultural  meetings  in 
Dec.  and  Jan.,  1880  and 
1881,  and  was  yet  in  good 
condition  and  highly  com- 
mended as  possessing  valu- 
able qiialities,  an  excellent 
keeper,  and  well  worthy 
of  further  attention. 


THE  VERGENNES  GRAPE. 


Venango. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Wliite.      143- 


This  variety  is,  so  far,  untried  and  unknown 
in  the  West.  It  seems  worthy  of  a  trial,  as  it  is 
very  early,  of  good  quality  ;  the  vine  a  hardy, 
strong  grower ;  the  leaf  large,  downy,  and  free 
from  mildew. 

The  accompanying  engraving  is  a  true  copy 
from  a  photograph  of  a  medium  sized  bunch. 

Venango,  or  Minor's  Seedling1.  (Labr.)  An 
old  variety,  said  to  have  been  cultivated  by  the  French 
at  Fort  Venango,  on  Alleghany  river,  more  than  80 
years  since,  but  should  be  discarded  now,  when  so 
many  superior  grapes  can  be  grown.  Bunch  medium, 
compact ;  berries  medium,  round,  often  flattened  by 
their  compactness ;  color  pale  red,  a  fine  white  bloom ; 
skin  thick  and  tough ;  flesh  sweet  but  pulpy  and  foxy. 
Vine  a  vigorous  grower,  very  hardy,  healthy  and  pro- 
ductive. 

Vialla.  (Rip.)  A  Franco- American  variety, 
recommended  as  a  grafting-stock ;  resembles 
the  Franklin,  and  is  by  some  supposed  to  be 
the  same  variety ;  others  contend  that  it  is  dis- 
tinct from  and  superior  to  Franklin,  as  also  to 
Clinton-  Vialla,  the  foliage  Of  which  is  smaller, 
not  as  dark  green,  and  that  the  Vialla  produces 
more  and  better  fruit.  We  incline  to  ascribe 
these  differences  to  the  effects  of  location,  soil, 
&G.  The  president  of  the  Agricultural  Society 
of  the  Herault,  in  whose  honor  M.  Laliman 
gave  it  that  (his)  name,  does  by  no  means  claim 
the  Vialla  nor  the  Clinton-Vialla  as  his  pro- 
ductions. 

Victor.    See  Early  Victor. 

Victoria,  Ray's.  (Labr.)  This  variety  has  been 
introduced  (1872)  by  M.  M.  Samuels,  of  Clinton,  Ky. , 
who  describes  it  as  follows  :  "Bunches  and  berries  me- 
dium size,  round,  light  amber  color ;  skin  thin  ;  pulp 
tender,  sweet,  and  highly  flavored  ;  vine  perfectly 
healthy,  an  abundant  bearer,  and  a  good  but  not  ram- 
pant grower."  This  grape  has  now  been  tested  for  a 
number  of  years  in  diiferent  parts  of  the  south,  and 
has,  even  under  adverse  circumstances,  been  free  from 
both  mildew  and  rot ;  it  ripens  there  about  the  mid- 
dle of  August  j  and  has  been  pronounced  by  some  an 
excellent  table  grape,  making  also  a  good  wine. 

It  resembles  Venango,  and  belongs  to  the  same  form 
of  Labrusca  as  that  variety  and  Perkins. 

Vivie's  Hybrid,  produced  by  M.  Vivie  in  France, 
and  by  some  called  Vivie's  Hartford ;  said  to  be  of  very 
vigorous  growth,  very  productive,  and  its  grape  of  good 
quality,  making  a  very  good  wine. 

Warren.    See  Herbemont. 

Watertown.  (Hybr,.)  Originated  at  Watertown, 
N.  Y.,  by  D.  8.  Marvin ;  a  very  good  new  white  grape, 
of  medium  size  in  bunch  and  berry  ;  slightly  oblong ; 
flesh  breaking,  sweet.— Am.  Pom.  Society  Report,  1881. 

Waverley.  (Hybr.)  One  of  Ricketts'  first  efforts 
in  the  production  of  seedling  grapes ;  he  has  fruited  it 
for  twelve  years,  but  has  not  propagated  it,  and  now 
offers  only  grafts  of  same,  wishing  it  tried  in  different 
localities.  It  is  a  seedling  of  the  Clinton  and  one  of 


the  Muscats.  Vine  very  vigorous,  hardy,  healthy  and 
very  productive ;  leaves  moderately  large,  rather  thick, 
slightly  lobed,  coarsely  serrated  ;  wood  short-jointed; 
bunch  medium,  long,  shouldered,  compact ;  berry  me- 
dium to  large,  oval,  black  with  thin  blue  bloom  ;  flesh 
crisp,  juicy,  sweet,  vinous,  refreshing.  The  bunches 
want  thinning  out  considerably. 

Ricketts  considers  it  one  of  the  best  black  grapes 
for  amateur  and  family  use. 

Weehawken.  Raised  by  Dr.  Charles  Siedhof,  of 
North  Hoboken,  N.  J.,  from  a  seed  of  a  grape  from  the 
Crimea,  V.  Vinifera.  A  white  grape  of  fine  quality. 
Its  foliage  is  very  handsome,  and  decidedly  foreign  in 
character ;  its  fruit  fine ;  but  only  by  grafting  it  on 
native  roots,  and  careful  nursing  and  covering  in  win- 
ter, can  we  obtain  some  of  it  in  favorable  seasons. 

Welcome.  (Vinifera Hybrid.)  An  exotic  grape, 
raised  by  James  H.  Ricketts,  being  a  cross  between 
Pope's  Hamburg  and  Canon  Hall-Muscat.  Here  it  can 
be  grown  in  a  cold  or  hot  grapery  only  ;  for  southern 
California,  however,  it  may  prove  very  successful.  A 
vine  planted  at  San  Saba  for  testing  shows  a  very  vig- 
orous growth,  and  the  fruit  is  pronounced  the  very 
best ;  the  bunch  large,  compact ;  the  berry  large,  round- 
ish-oval, black  with  a  thick  grayish  bloom  ;  flesh  very 
tender,  juicy,  sweet,  refreshing,  vinous,  rich,  aroma- 
tic. A  first-class  grape  in  every  respect. 

White  Delaware.  A  pure  Delaware  seedling, 
originated  with  George  W.  Campbell,  of  Delaware,  0. 
The  vine  is  in  some  localities  more  vigorous  and  ro- 
bust in  habit  than  the  Delaware  under  the  same  condi- 
tions and  circumstances;  its  foliage  is  large,  thick  and 
heavy,  resembling  that  of  Catawba  more  than  Dela- 
ware. In  flavor  it  seems  equal  to  the  old  Delaware. 
Its  main  fault  is  want  of  size  and  productiveness ;  the 
berries  and  bunches  will  both  rather  fall  below  than  go 
above  the  size  of  Delaware.  Inform  of  bunch  and  berry 
it  is  like  the  Delaware,  compact  and  shouldered  ;  color 
greenish-white  with  thin  white  bloom.  Ripens  early. 
Not  very  productive. 

Another  "White  Delaware"  seedling  has  been  raised 
by  Herman  Jaeger,  of  Neosho ;  while  the  bunch  and 
berries  closely  resemble  the  Delaware  in  shape  and 
size,  it  has  otherwise  every  characteristic  of  a  Labrusca. 

Whitehall.  (Labr.)  An  early  black  grape,  sup- 
posed to  be  a  chance  seedling,  originated  on  the 
grounds  of  Geo.  Goodale,  in  Washington  Co.,  N.  Y., 
and  said  to  be  nearly  three  weeks  ahead  of  the  Hart- 
ford Prolific.  Merrell  &  Coleman,  who  have  intro- 
duced this  grape,  describe  the  fruit  to  be  of  the  size  of 
the  Isabella  ;  bunch  large  and  moderately  compact, 
color  dark  purple  ;  berries  thin-skinned  and  adhering 
well  to  the  stem ;  pulp  tender,  melting,  and  sweet. 
The  vine  is  a  good  grower  and  hardy. 

This  variety  may  be  worthy  the  attention  of  grape- 
growers  in  search  of  very  early  sorts.  With  us,  here,  it 
has  proved  neither  very  productive  nor  as  early  as  was 
claimed  for  it. 

White  Muscat  of  Newburg-.  (Labr.  X)  A  seed- 
ling of  Hartford  Prolific  fertilized  by  pollen  from  lona, 
raised  and  exhibited  in  1877  by  Dr.  W.  A.  M.  Culbert, 
Newburg,  N.  Y.  Vine  hardy  and  a  vigorous  grower ; 
bunch  and  berry  of  fair  size.  It  has  a  fine  Muscat  aro- 
ma, or,  rather,  a  toned-down  foxiness. 


144       Walter. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Walter. 


THE  WALTER   GRAPE. 


Walter. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Woodriver.      145 


Walter.  (Labr.  X)  Raised  by  that  enthusi- 
astic horticulturist,  A.  J.  Caywood,  of  Pough- 
keepsie,  N.  Y.,  crossing  the  Delaware  with  the 
Diana.  From  the  many  premiums  awarded  to 
this  grape,  from  the  favorable  reports  by  all 
who  have  seen  or  tested  it  for  wine,  it  might 
well  claim  to  be  a  first-class  grape,  and  to 
merit  a  trial.  It  labors  yet  under  the  disad- 
vantage of  having  been  represented  as  the  cli- 
max of  perfection  by  its  originator.  In  justice 
to  the  latter,  however,  it  must  be  admitted 
that  he  honestly  believed  all  he  claimed  for 
his  seedling,  and  has  distributed  the  same  with 
a  liberality  and  a  disinterestedness  scarcely 
ever  equaled  by  any  originator  of  a  new  va- 
riety. It  is  now  growing  in  almost  every  soil 
and  location  of  this  Union,  and  the  opinions  on 
•its  true  merits  and  adaptability  for  general 
cultivation  widely  differ  according  to  localities. 
In  those  where  vines  are  much  subject  to  mil- 
dew, the  Walter  cannot  flourish,  it  drops  its 
foliage,  and  is  far  from  desirable ;  but  in  favor- 
able localities,  especially  where  the  Delaware 
succeeds  well,  there  the  Walter  may  also  prove 
desirable  —  a  fair  grower  and  a  good  bearer. 
Even  in  less  favored  localities  it  proved  healthy 
and  gave,  for  a  few  seasons,  splendid  results 
when  grown  on  Concord  or  other  vigorous 
roots,  while  on  its  own  roots  it  failed. 

In  general  appearance  the  characters  of  both 
parents,  the  Diana  and  Delaware,  are  discerni- 
ble. The  bunch  and  berry  are  in  shape  and 
color  similar  to  Delaware,  somewhat  larger  in 
size.  The  illustration  was  made  after  a  perfet 
bunch,  rarely  equaled,  exhibited  by  the  origin- 
ator. Flesh  tender,  rich,  and  sweet,  with  an 
agreeable  spicy  flavor,  strongly  reminding  one 
of  the  Diana.  The  fruit  is  possessed  of  a  most 
exquisite  and  delicate  aroma,  and  a  bouquet 
equaled  by  no  other  American  grape  that  we 
know  of.  Quality  best,  both  for  table  and  for 
wine.  Ripens  very  early,  about  the  same  time 
as  Delaware.  Vine,  in  moderately  rich  sandy 
soil,  where  free  from  mildew,  a  very  fair  grow- 
er, with  dark  brown  short-jointed  wood  ;  large 
tough  leaves,  green  on  the  upper  and  lower 
surface,  not  perceptibly  woolly.  Must  99°  to 
105C ;  acid  5  to  8  per  mill. 

Wilding.  (Rip.  X  Labr.)  One  of  Rommel's 
new  seedlings,  quite  different  from  all  his  other 
grapes.  .  Vine  of  a  vigorous  growth,  hardy  and 
healthy ;  bunch  small  to  medium  in  size,  loose, 
shouldered  ;  berries  very  pale  green,  almost 
white,  transparent,  round,  of  full  medium  size, 
juicy,  very  sweet,  no  pulp  ;  skin  very  thin  and 
tender.  Ripens  with  Concord.  It  is  an  exqui- 
site grape  for  family  use,  yet  unfit  for  market- 
ing ;  it  makes  a  very  good  wine. 


Willis.  Claimed  to  be  from  Delaware  seed  by  its 
originator.  W.  W.  Jones,  Camargo,  Ills.,  who  sent  this 
new  grape  to  the  13th  Ann.  Meeting  of  the  Ohio  State 
Horticul.  Society,  Dec.  1879.  The  bunches  of  fair  to 
good  size,  very  compact,  often  conspicuously  shoul- 
dered, and  the  berry  of  full  medium  proportions,  round, 
and  from  pale  green  to  amber  yellow ;  flavor  good  ; 
flesh  very  tender,  no  pulp,  rich  and  sweet.  It  was  con- 
sidered promising,  though  as  yet  nothing  is  known, 
experimentally,  of  its  behavior  as  to  growth  and  pro- 
ductiveness in  different  soils. 

On  the  fruit  farm  of  the  originator  it  has  now  yield- 
ed the  tenth  crop  without  rot  or  mildew,  and  went 
through  the  severe  winter  of  1880-81  unprotected ;  and 
in  September,  1881,  Prof.  T.  J.  Burrill  testified  that  not 
the  least  appearance  of  injury  could  be  found.  He  de- 
scribed the  Willis,  as  there  seen  :  '*  of  vigorous  growth, 
not  so  rampant  as  Concord  but  producing  about  an 
equal  amount  of  fruit ;  wood  hard,  joints  inclined  to  be 
short ;  leaves  remarkably  thick  and  leathery,  with  a 
dense,  dark-colored  tomentum  beneath.  The  vine  has 
nothing  of  the  appearance  of  foreign  parentage — the 
fruit  certainly  has." 

Wilmington (?).  A  white  grape,  originated  near 
Wilmington,  Del.  Vine  very  vigorous,  hardy ;  bunches 
large,  loose,  shouldered  ;  berries  large,  round  inclining 
to  oval,  greenish-white,  or,  when  fully  ripe,  yellowish ;. 
flesh  acid,  pungent.  Not  desirable  at  the  north  ;  may 
be  better  south.  Ripens  late. — Downing. 

Wilmington,  Red.  Syn.,  WYOMING,  RED.  (La- 
brusca.)  Raised  and  disseminated  by  Dr.  S.  J.  Parker, 
Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  and,  according  to  Fuller,  '  nothing 
more  than  an  early  red  Fox-grape,  but  little  better 
than  the  old  Northern  Muscadine."  The  Horticultu- 
rist, of  Nov.  1874,  speaks  of  the  Wyoming  Red  (probably 
the  more  correct  name  of  Dr.  Parker's  red  Fox-grape 
seedling)  as  being  rapidly  diffused  and  much  in  de- 
mand there  as  an  early  profitable  grape.  Said  to  be 
double  the  size  of  Delaware,  which  it  resembles  in  ap- 
pearance. Bunch  small,  compact,  and  handsome. 
Berry  small  to  medium,  bright  red ;  skin  thin  and  firm; 
flesh  sweet,  a  little  foxy,  but  not  enough  to  be  objec- 
tionable. Vine  good  grower,  and  very  healthy  and 
hardy.  Unknown  in  the  west. 

Winslow.  ( Rip, )  Originated  in  the  garden  of 
Charles  Winslow,  Cleveland,  O.  The  vine  resembles 
Clinton,  is  hardy  and  productive ;  the  fruit  mature* 
very  early ,  and  is  less  acid  than  Clinton  ;  bunch  medi- 
um, compact;  berry  small,  round,  black.  Flesh  red- 
dish tinge,  some  pulp,  vinous,  juicy. — Downing. 

Woodriver  Grape.  Said  to  have  originated  near 
Woodriver,  in  Washington  Co.,  R.  I.,  by  Mr.  Brown. 
(See  letter  of  Chas.  A.  Hoxie,  Carolina,  R.  I.,  Sept,  13, 
1880.)  White,  very  early,  fine  quality. 

Woodruff's  Red.  (Labr.  X)  Originated  with  C. 
H.  Woodruff,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  in  1874;  a  chance 
seedling,  supposed  to  be  a  cross  between  Catawba  and 
Concord.  Ripens  a  little  ahead  of  Concord.  Vine  a 
very  strong  grower,  healthy  and  hardy  ;  leaf  as  large 
as  that  of  any  known  variety(?),  leathery  ;  free  from 
disease  in  its  original  location ;  but  little  tried  outside ; 
bunch  large,  shouldered  ;  berry  in  color  and  size  similar 
to  Salem.  Said  to  be  very  promising. 


146       Wilder. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE. 


Wilder. 


WILDER.    (Rogers'  Hybrid  No.  4.) 


Wilder.  (Rogers'  Hybrid  No.  4.)  This  is  one 
of  the  most  profitable  and  popular  varieties  for 
the  market,  its  size  and  beauty  being  equaled 
by  its  vigor,  hardiness  and  productiveness, — 
where  rot  and  mildew  are  yet  unknown,  and 
admit  of  the  successful  culture  of  any  hy- 
brids. 

Bunch  large,  often  'shouldered,  sometimes 
weighing  a  pound  ;  berry  large,  globular  ;  color 
dark  purple,  nearly  black,  slight  bloom.  Flesh 
tolerably  tender,  with  a  slight  pulp,  juicy,  rich, 
pleasant  and  sweet.  Ripens  with  and  some- 
times earlier  than  the  Concord,  keeping  for  a 


long  time.  The  vine  is  vigorous,  healthy,  hardy 
and  productive;  roots  abundant,  of  medium 
thickness,  straight,  with  a  smooth,  moderately 
firm  liber.  Canes  heavy  and  long,  with  well- 
developed  laterals.  Wood  firm,  with  a  me- 
dium pith.  The  character  of  the  cluster  and 
leaf  is  shown  in  the  annexed  figure. 

Many  seedlings  of  the  Wilder  were  raised 
and  exhibited  in  1879  by  Hulkerson  &  Co., 
Oriel,  Mich.,  which  showed  considerable  vari- 
ation in  size  and  color  of  berries,  ranging  from 
deep  blue-black  to  red;  but  none  were  consid- 
ered improvements  upon  the  parent. 


Warden. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


Wglie's  Seedlings.      147 


Worden.  Syn.,WoRDEN's  SEEDLING.  (Lab'.} 
Raised  by  8.  Worden,  Minetta,  N.  Y.,  from 
Concord  seed.  In  character  and  appearance 
like  its  parent,  only  a  few  days  earlier  in  ripen- 
ing1, and  in  quality  distinct  from  Concord,  with 
a  peculiar  flavor ;  bunch  large,  shouldered ; 
berry  large,  black ;  skin  thin,  flesh  sweet, 
much  like  Concord,  but  generally  regarded  as 
a  better  grape.  It  is  doing  poorly  in  the  south, 
but  desirable  in  the  north-eastern  or  north  At- 
lantic States,  where  it  seems  less  subject  to 
rot  than  the  Concord.  It  is  now  increasing  in 
popularity.  (See  Concord,  p.  83.) 

AVylie's  New  Grapes.  "  Too  much  can  scarcely 
be  said  in  praise  of  Dr.  VVylie's  persevering  efforts  in 
the  improvement  of  the  grape."  —  P.  J.  Berckmans, 
Chas.  Downing,  'Thomas  Meehan,  W.  C.  Flagg,  P.  T. 
Quinn,  Committee  on  Native  Fruits,  of  the  Am.  Pom. 
Society.  (Proceedings  1871,  p.  54.) 

This  testimony,  and  the  excellent  character  of  these 
hybrids  as  regards  flavor  and  general  appearance,  enti- 
tle them  to  special  attention,  and,  although  they  have 
not  been  sufficiently  tested,  we  give  them  a  place  in 
our  Catalogue ;  most  of  them  may  never  be  dis- 
seminated, as  their  originator  died  in  the  fall  of  1877. 
Few  persons  can  appreciate  the  immense  labor  and 
perseverance  which  his  experiments  have  cost.  As 
early  as  1859  he  had  raised  many  seedlings  of  Delaware 
and  foreign ;  all  have  proven  failures.  Other  hy- 
brids which  he  produced  by  crossing  Catawba,  Isa- 
bella, Halifax,  Union  Village,  Lenoir,  Herbemont, 
with  foreign,  have  nearly  all  failed — most  of  them 
from  mildew  and  rot.  In  1863  he  had  over  one 
hundred  promising  seedlings;  gave  Rob't  Guthrie,  of 
York  Co.,  S.  C.,  about  65,  mostly  hybrids  of  Halifax 
and  Delaware.  These  flourished,  and  never  missed  a 
full  crop  ;  but  during  the  war,  owing  to  the  quartering 
of  troops  adjoining  his  lot,  his  vines  were  ruined.  Thus 
there  exist  now  but  a  few  of  those  Halifax  and  Delaware 
hybrids,  saved  again  by  Mr.  Guthrie. 

In  1868  Dr.  Wylie  planted  again  one  hundred  seed- 
lings, and,  after  many  failures  to  produce  seedlings  of 
hybrid  Scuppernongs,  he  finally  succeeded ;  but,  ow- 
ing to  a  little  hot-house  being  over-heated,  he  again 
lost  nearly  all  of  them.  He  commenced  anew  with  his 
experiments  and  had  hundreds  of  new  seedlings  grow- 
ing, when  they  were  cut  down  by  a  severe  frost  on  the 
27th  of  April,  1872— a  frost  which  killed  all  kinds  of 
grape-vines  in  that  section.  Again,  in  November, 
1873,  his  residence  was  burned  (no  insurance),  and  con- 
sequently he  had  to  leave  his  place  to  depredations 
from  broken  fences,  &c.  But  it  was  soon  rebuilt,  and 
Dr.  Wylie  went  back  again  to  his  old  place,  experi- 
menting and  working  with  the  same  zeal  and  enthu- 
siasm as  ever,  wishing  ''  if  I  were  only  young  again  — 
with  the  experience  I  have!' ' 

We  extract  the  following  Description  of  some  of  his 
Hybrids  from  Mr.  Wylie's  letters  to  us  : 
Jane  "Wylie.    (Parentage,   Clinton  and  Foreign.) 
Bunch  and  berry  very  large ;  berries  nearly  one  inch 
in  diameter ;  quality  best,  resembling  foreign  in  tex- 
ture and  flavor ;  ripens  early  and  hangs  long ;  might 
require  winter  covering  in  your  climate  and  farther 
north. 


OTary  Wylie.  (Hybr.)  (Parentage,  Clinton  and 
Foreign.)  (Red  Frontignac)  White,  slightly  red 
on  cheek  ;  resembles  White  Chasselas;  bunch  large : 
berries  above  medium ;  not  as  early  as  Jane  Wylie ; 
wood  and  foliage  NATIVE  ;  seems  quite  hardy,  and 
is  of  highest  quality. 

No.  4.    A  cross  between  two  hybrids.    Bunch 

somewhat  larger  than  Lenoir;  berry  medium,  of  a 
clear  transparent  golden  color;  finest  texture  and 
flavor,  resembling  White  Frontignac ;  ripens  as  early 
as  Concord ;  native  foliage,  but  ahead  of  all  Ameri- 
can grapes  in  quality  ;  considered  of  the  highest  ex- 
cellence by  Downing,  Saunders,  Meehan,  and  others. 


No.  5.    (See  "Berckmans,"  page  75.) 

Garnet.  (Red  Frontignac  and  Clinton.)  Bunch  and 
berry  larger  than  Clinton;  of  a  beautiful  deep  garnet 
color ;  flavor  and  texture  foreign,  but  native  foliage. 

Concord  and  Foreign  (Bowood  Muscat)  No.  8. — 
Black ;  bunch  and  berries  very  large  and  loose  ;  skin 
thick ;  texture  foreign ;  flavor  slightly  musky.  A 
strong  grower,  with  large  Labrusca  foliage.  Ripens 
as  late  as  Catawba. 

Halifax  and  Hamburg  No.  11.  Black  ;  bunchand 
berry  medium  size  ;  skin  thick ;  only  valuable  on  ac- 
count of  its  extreme  productiveness  and  health ;  has 
never  rotted  in  ten  years. 

Peter  Wylie  No.  1.  (Parentage,/.  Halifax  and  For- 
eign, m.  Delaware  and  Foreign.)  White ;  transpa- 
rent, becoming  golden-yellow  when  fully  ripe;  bunch- 
es and  berries  above  medium  size,  between  Delaware 
and  Concord,  excellent  in  quality  and  meaty,  with  a 
peculiar  delicate  Muscat  flavor.  A  vigorous,  short- 
jointed,  rapid  -  growing  vine,  with  thick  native 
leaves  ;  holds  its  leaves  until  fall  and  ripens  its  wood 
thoroughly.  (Also  Peter  Wylie  No.  2,  produced  from 
seed  of  P.  W.  No.  1.) 

Robert  Wylie.  Blue;  bunch  large  and  long  ;  berry 
large;  skin  thin;  rich  and  juicy ;  ripens  as  late  as 
Catawba.  .  A  great  bearer,  one  of  my  best ;  but  it 
may  not  be  quite  hardy,  as  the  wood  is  not  very  hard. 

Gill  Wylie.  (Concord  and  Foreign.)  Blue;  bunch 
large,  loose,  and  much  shouldered  ;  berry  large,  ob- 
long; texture  soft  and  rich.  Ripens  with  Concord, 
but  altogether  superior.  Intensely  Labrusca  in  fo- 
liage, which  has  much  red  pubescence,  is  laciniated,  ** 
and  clear  of  all  disease.  Considered  of  great  promise. 

Del  aware  and  Concord  No.  1.  Dark  red ;  bunch 
and  berry  -medium  ;  skin  tolerably  thick ;  juice  ri'-h 
and  sweet,  slightly  musky.  Vine  very  hardy,  with 
Labrusca  foliage:  a  great  bearer,  never  fails,  and 
may  make  a  fine  wine  grape. 

Hybrid  Scuppernong  No.  4.     (See  Scuppernong.) 

Hybrid  Scuppernong  No.  5.  (Parentage,/.  Bland 
Madeira  and  Foreign  No.  1,  m.  Staminate  Hybrid 
Scuppernong ;  produced  by  impregnating  Black 
Hamburg  with  Scuppernong.)  So,  you  see,  it  is  only 
a  quarter-blood  Scuppernong.  I  have  never  yet  had 
a  half-breed  Scuppernong  to  bear  perfect  fruit.  The 
vine  is  healthy  and  hardy  here ;  it  bears  a  white, 
transparent  fruit.  Bunch  medium  ;  berries  large  ; 
skin  thin  but  tough;  almost  pulpless,  rich,  sweet, 


143       Wylie's  Hybr. 


BUSHBERG   CATALOGUE. 


York  Madeira. 


with  a  peculiar  flavor ;  appears  to  ripen  its  berries 
together  (as  early  as  Concord)  and  adhere  well, 
which  some  of  the  hybrid  Scuppernong  do  not.  I 
think  it  may  suit  your  climate ;  it  is  certainly  wor- 
thy of  a  full  trial. 

Halifax  and  Delaware  No.  3O.  Color  of  Dela- 
ware; bunch  about  same  size  ;  berries  one-half  larger  ; 
texture  and  flavor  also  much  like  Delaware,  but 
holds  (here)  its  leaves  better,  and  is  healthier  gener- 
ally, with  leaves  somewhat  hoary  underneath.  A 
great  bearer. 

Halifax  and  Delaware  No.  38.  Of  deeper  red 
color  than  the  former  and  of  superior  flavor,  but  not 
as  strong  a  grower  as  No.  30.  Wood  hard,  leaves 
hoary,  and  ferruginous  (rusty)  underneath.  Mr. 
Guthrie  tells  me  that  this  variety  was  the  most  pre- 
ferred among  about  80  Hybrids  he  had  bearing. 

Halifax  and  Hybrid  No.  55.  Blue,  like  Halifax, 
but  high-flavored,  tender  and  very  sweet ;  bunch  and 
berry  larger  than  Nos.  30  and  38.  I  think  it  will  prove 
a  great  acquisition. 

I  have  sent  you  nearly  all  of  my  hybrids  that  may 
be  sufficiently  hardy  for  your  climate.  •  I  still  con- 
tinue to  hybridize,  more  or  less,  every  year. 

A.  P.  WYLIE. 
Wyoming-Red.     See  WILMINGTON-RED. 


York  Madeira.  Syn.,  BLACK  GERMAN,  LARGE  GER- 
MAN, SMALL  GERMAN,  MAEION  PORT,  WOLFE,  MON- 
TEITH,  TRYON.  An  old  variety,  generally  supposed 
to  be  a  seedling  of  Isabella;  originated  at  York,  Pa. 
French  viticulturists  classify  it  as  a  hybrid.  MARES 
finds  in  the  structure  of  its  roots  great  analogy  with 
the  JEsti  valis,  and  that  it  is  difficult  to  classify.  Bunch 
medium  sized,  compact,  and  generally  has  a  small 
shoulder;  berry  of  medium  size,  roundish-oval,  black 
thickly  covered  with  a  light  bloom ;  juice  slightly 
reddened,  sweet,  vinous,  not  very  rich ;  skin  some- 
what pungent,  and  not  much  toughness  in  its  pulp 
when  fully  ripe,  which  is  about  same  time  with  Isa- 
bella. The  vine  is  not  very  hardy,  short-jointed, 
moderately  vigorous  and  productive,  but  often  losing 
its  leaves,  and  consequently  failing  to  ripen  its  crop. 

Charles  Canby,  of  Wilmington,  Del.,  introduced 
the  same  variety  as  Canby's  August.  Hyde's  Eliza 
(Catskill,  N.  Y.)  is  probably  also  the  same  grape. 

The  "York  Madeira"  is  now  almost  entirely  dis- 
carded and  but  rarely  found  in  its  native  land,  Amer- 
ica, but  in  FRANCE  it  has  obtained  a  certain  import- 
ance and  celebrity.  M.  Lalirnan,  of  Bordeaux,  first 
recommended  it  as  remarkably  free  from  phylloxera 
and  worthy  of  propagation,  and  it  was  found  to  adapt 
itself  very  well  to  various  soils.  Though  its  fructifi- 
cation is  not  satisfactory  in  quantity,  its  grapes  gain 
under  that  climate  in  richness  of  color  and  sweet- 
.ness,  and  its  vigorous  growth  recommends  it  as  a 
grafting-stock ;  but  as  such  also  it  is  inferior  to  the 
Riparia. 


CONTENTS 


1.    GRAPE  MANUAL. 


Page. 

Climate,  Soil  and  Aspect;  Atmospheric  Conditions  and  other  influences  affecting  the  Grape 5 

Historical  Notes.    Attempts  to  Cultivate  the  European  Grape ;  their  failure.    The  Phylloxera 7,  8 

Classification  of  the  True  Grape-vines  of  the  United  States,  by  Dr.  G.  Engelmann,  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  with  a 

table  of  Grape-seeds  and  figure  of  diaphragms 9 — 19 

Hybridity,  by  Dr.  G.  Engelmann 19—20 

Viticultural  Remarks  011  our  American  Species,  with  lists  of  their  Cult  ivated  Varieties 21 — 26 

"  onHybrids 27,  28 

Location.    Preparing  the  Soil ;  Planting ;  Number  of  Vines  per  Acre 28 — ?0 

Seed  Culture.    Tendency  to  Variation,  &c 30,  31 

Crafting.     Various  Methods,  with  many  Illustrations 32—39 

Planting.    (Continued.)    Training.    Treatment  during  first  year.    Trellis  or  Stakes.    Cultivating 39—41 

Treatment  during  Second  and  Third  Seasons.    Tying 42 

Pruning ;  Spring  or  Summer-pruning ;  Fall  or  Winter-pruning,  &c 43 — 46 

Diseases  of  the  Grape,  by  Dr.  G.  Engelmann 47,  48 

Vitlcultural  Remarks  on  Mildew  (Peronospora)  and  liot  ( I'homa  vivicola) 49 — 51 

Insects  Injurious  to  the  Grape,  after  Prof.  C.  V.  Riley's  Reports 52—57 

"        Beneficial,  by  feeding  upon  Injurious  Insects,  by  same 58 — 60 

Gathering,  Packing,  Preserving,  &c W 

Wine  Making 61—66 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE— TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


149 


II.     INDEX  TO  DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES. 


The  Standard  names  are  in  SMALL  CAPITALS,  (the  most  prominent  or  leading  varieties  in  LAKGE  CAPITALS) ; 
the  Synonymous  names  in  Italics;  Discarded  old  varieties  and  undissemiiiated  novelties  are  in  ordinary  Koman 
type.  Varieties  marked  by  a  *  are  illustrated. 

The  columns  explain  as  follows: 
1st.    SEASON  and  USE:  e.,  early;  v.  e.,  very  early;  m.,  medium;  l.,late;  v.l.,  very  late; — T.,  table;  M.,  market;  W.,wine. 

a,  for  amateur-culture;  gr.,  for  grafting  stock;  d.,  discarded;  «.,new;  §,  not  disseminated  or  but  little  known; 

x,  EXTRA,  recommended  for  its  proper  location  and  soil. 
2d.     .SJZE  and  COLOR,  with  reference  to  the  berry,  are  designated  as  follows: 

0     •      •      black,  or  nearly  so,  when  fully  ripe. 
'  (U      <§  reddish,  or  coppery  brownish ;  amber. 

O     O      °      greenish  white,  or  yellowish. 
:!d.     NAMES  of  Varieties  with  their  classification,  referring  to  their  species,  or  whether  they  are  crosses,  or  hybrids. 


The  size  of  these  signs  being  large,  medium 
or  small,  to  denote  the  size  of  the  berry. 


Season, 
Use. 

Size, 
Color. 

NAME.         Class  or  Refer.  Page. 

Season, 
Use, 

Size. 
Color. 

O 

•  - 

o 
• 

0 

• 

• 
• 

• 

• 

•  . 

• 

•  . 

• 

• 

.  .*  '. 

.D 

• 

• 

!    ID 

NAME.         Class  or  Refer.  Page. 

e.  T.  71. 

v.  e.  T-  a- 
v.  e.  T.  a. 
m.  T.  M. 

1.  M.  § 
v.  e.  T.  § 
1.  W.  d. 
m.  T.  a. 
e.  T.  W.  n. 
m.  T.  W. 
1.  r.  W. 
in.  T.  n. 
v.  e.  T.  n. 
v.  e.  T.  M. 

1.  T.  d. 
v.  e.  T.  n. 
e.  T.  n. 
e.  T.  n. 

111.  W.  71. 

1.  ?  d. 
m.  W.  d. 
e.  T.  ». 
1.  M.  d. 

e.  T.  a. 
m.  W.  n. 

1.  W.  § 
I.T.  § 

e.  T.  W.  § 

v.  e.  T.  § 
e.  T.  a. 
v.  1.  W.  d. 
m.T.W.  n. 

*. 

© 

• 

.'(3D 
<§> 

0 

o 
.0  . 

o 

1 

iH  ' 

ADELAIDE  Hybr.  .  .     68 
Adeline,  see  Miners  Seedl....   121 
ADIRONDAC  Labr  ...     67 
ADVANCE  Hybr.  .  .     67 
AG  A  W  AM  Hybr.  .  .  *69 
Aiken  •  -see  Isabella  Ill 

m.  T.  § 

v.  e.  M. 
m.  T.  a. 
1.  T.  a. 
1.  T.  § 

1.  T.  x. 
v.  e.  T.  M. 
m.  T.  x. 

e.  T.  M 
e.  M.  § 
m.  W.  x. 

m.  W.  n. 

1.  §d. 

v.  e.  M.  d. 

1.  W.  d. 
1.  W.  d. 

v.  e.  d. 
1.  W.  a, 
v.  e.  T.  x. 

C.;T.  x. 

e.  T.  n. 

m.  ?§ 

ft.  d. 

Beauty  of  MinnesotaLabr.  X     74 
Belinda,  see  Miner's  Seedl  .  .  121 
Belvidere  Labr.  .  .     72 
BERCKMANS  .  -  .  Clint.  X  Del.    75 
Berks  Labr.  .  .     72 
Bird's  Egg  Labr.  .  .     74 
Black  Cape,  see  Alexander  .     68 
BLACK  DEFIANCE  .  .Hybr.  .  .     75 
BLACK  DELAWARE.Del.Sdl.    92 
BLACK  EAGLE.  ..Hybr..  75*76 
Black  German,  see  York  Mad.  148 
BLACK  HAWK  Labr.  .  .     75 
Black  July,  see  Devereux.  .  .     92 
Black  King  Labr.  .  .     75 
Blak  Muscadine,  see  Flowers  100 
BLACK  PEARL  Rip  75 
Black  tip  'ntsft,seeLenoir.ll5*116 
BLACK  TAYLOR  —  Rip.  X-    75 
Bland     Labr.  ?      77 

Albino  Labr...     68 
Aletha  Labr...     68 
Alexander  Labr.  .  .  7,  68 
ALLEN'S  HYBR  .•••Labr  X    68 

ALMA  Hybr.  .  .     70 
ALVEY  Hybr.  .  .     68 
AMANDA  Labr  ...     70 
AMBER  Rip   X     *70 

AMBER  QUEEN  Hybr.  .  .     70 
AMINIA  Hybr...     70 
Amoureux,  see  Rulander  134 
Anna  Labr  ...     71 
Ann  Arbor,  black  .  -Labr  ...     85 
Ann  Arbor,  white  ..Labr.  ..     85 
Antoinette  Labr  71   121 

Bland's  Madeira,  see  Bland.     77 
".      Pale  Eed,        "         .77 
"       Virginia,         "         .     77 
Blood's  Black  Labr.  .  .     77 

ARIADNE  Rip   X      71 

Arkansas,  see  Cynthiana.  .  .88*89 
Arnolds'1  Hybr    No   1                128 

•'      No.  2  *86 

Blue  Dyer  Rip....     77 
Blue  Favorite  M&t  77 
Blue  Grape,  see  Devereux  .  .     92 
Blue  Imperial  Labr  ...     77 
Bogue's  Eureka,  see  Isabella.  Ill 
BOTTSI  JEst.  ...     79 
Brar,dywine  Vin.  Seedl.       7 
BRANT.-  Hybr..  Clint.  XViri.  *77 
BRIGHTON  Labr.  X  *78 

"            "     No.  5  *71 

"            "     No  8  *77 

«'            "     No.  16  *79 

Arrot  Labr  ...     71 
Aughwick  Rip  72 

AUGUST  GIANT  Hybr...    72 
August  Pioneer  Labr.  .  .     72 
Augusta,  see  Miner's  Seedl.  .  121 
AUTUCHON  Hybr.  .  .  *71 

BACCHUS  Rip  72*-73 

Brinkle  Vin  Seedl.       7 

Bullace,  see  Scuppernong  ..*136 

Baker  see  Isabella                   111 

Baldwin  Lenoir  ^Est  72 
Balsiger's  Concord  Seedling 
No.  2  Labr...     84 
Balsiger's  Concord  Seedling 
No.  32  Labr...     85 
Barnes  Labr.  .  .     72 
BARRY  Hybr...  *74 
Baxter  ^Est.  ...     74 
BEAUTY  .  ,              .  .  Labr.  v    72 

Burgundy  Schmidt's  see 

Burgundy  of  Ga.,  see  Pauline  129 
BURNKT  Hybr...     79 
Burroughs  Rip  79 

Burr's  Seedl.,   see    Concord 

fippfU                                                 84 

Burton's  Earlv  Labr  ...     79 

150 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE— TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Season, 

Use. 


e.  T.  M. 
m.       § 
e.  T.  W. 


1.  T.  W.  d. 
1.  T.  W. 


in.  T.    n. 

v.  e.  T.  a. 

v.  e.  M. 


in.  M.  d.  § 


m.  T.    a. 

m.      a.  § 

m.  W. 

m.  grjt.  n. 

m.  T.  a. 
1.  T.  a. 
e.  T.  7i. 
1.  W.  § 
m.  T.  W.  x. 

m.  T.  a. 
m.  T.  a. 
v.  e. T. 

m.  T.  W. 

a.  T.    § 

v.  e.  T.  M. 

el'T.    § 

m.  T.    a. 

v.  1.  W.  x. 

1.  T.     § 

1.  W.    x. 

m.  T.    n. 
e.  T.  W.  x. 


m.  T.     § 
1.  T.  W. 
1.  T.  W. 
m.  T.  a. 
m.  T.  a. 
m.  T.  a. 
e.  M. 

m.  T.  M.  n. 
§ 
§ 


v.  e.  T. 
e.       a. 


Size, 


0 


XAME.         Class  or  Refer.  Page. 


o 


o 


CAMBRIDGE  .......  Labr.  .  .    80 

Camden  ...........  Labr.  .  .     80 

CANADA  ...........  Hybr...   *79 

Canby''sAug''t.&ee  York  Mad.  148 
Cape  .........  see  Alexander  68 

Carlotta..  see  Miner's  Seedl.  121 
Carter  .........  see  Isabella.  Ill 

Cassady  ...........  Labr.  .  .     81 

Casper  ........  see  Louisiana  118 

C  ATAWBA  ........  Labr.  80*81 

(The  illustration  is  not  very  accurate; 
the  bunches  of  Catawba  are  generally 
shouldered  as  shown  in  Brighton,  p.  78.") 

Catawba  Seedlings  .........     8l 

Catawba  Tokay.  see  Catawba    80 
Catawissa  .....  see  Creveling    90 

CENTENNIAL  .......  ^Est.  X     81 

CHALLENGE  .......  Labr.  X     82 

CHAMPION  ........  Labr...     82 

Chas.  Downing.  see  Downing    92 
Charlotte  ----  .  .  see  Diana  82*93 

Charter  Oak  .......  Labr.         82 

Christie's  Impv'd..  see  Isabella  110 
Christine  .....  see  Telegraph  139 

Cigar-box  ..........  see  Ohio  127 

Clara  ........  Vinif.  Seedl.  7*82 

Claret  ...................  (?)    82 

i  Clijtoris  Constamia.  .see  Al- 
exander .................     68 

CLINTON  .........  Rip..  .  82-83 

CLINTON  VIALLA  ..Rip.  83 

Cloanthe  .......  :  see  Isabella  111 

Clover-street  BPk.  .Hybr.  .  .     83 
Clover-street  Red..  Hybr.  ..     S3 
COE  ...............  Labr...     83 

Columbia  ..........  Rip.    ..     83 

CONCORD  ........  Labr.    83*84 

Concord  Seedlings  .......  84-85 

CONCORD-CHASSELAS-Hybr.    85 

CONCORD-MUSCAT  —  Hybr.  86 
CONQUEROR  .......  Hybr.  ?.    85 

Cvnstamia  .  .  .see  Alexander    68 
CORNUCOPIA  ......  Hybr...  *86 

Corporal  ..........  Hybr.  .  .     85 

COTTAGE  ........  Labr.    86-87 

Cowan  ............  Rip.    ..     87 

CREVELING  ........  Labr.  x    90 

CROTON  ...........  Hybr.  ..  *87 

CUNNINGHAM  .  .  .^Est.  .  87*88 
Cuyahoga  ..........  Labr...     90 

CYNTHIANA  .....  .Est.     88*89 

DANA  ..............  Labr.?.     90 

DELAWARE  ......  Hybr.  91  *92 

DELAWARE  SEEDL  ..92,  134,  143 
DELAWARE  HYBRIDS, 
see  Wylie's  Grapes  .......  147 

Dempsey's  /See^..seeBurnet  79,  90 
Detroit  ............  Labr...     90 

DEVEREUX  ........  ^Est.   ..     92 

DIANA  ............  Labr.  ..  *93 

DIANA-HAMBURG.  .Hybr.   .    90 
DON  JUAN  .........  Hybr.  ..    92 

DOWNING  .........  Hybr.  .  .     92 

Dracut  Amber  -----  Labr.  .  .     93 

DUCHESS  ..........  Hybr.  94*95 

Dunlap  ............  Hybr...    93 

Dunn  ..............  ^st.    ..     94 


Season, 
Use. 


Early  Amber.  see  Dracut  Amb.  93 
Early  Champion,  -see  Champ.  82 
EARLY  DAWN  ......  Hybr.  .  .    94 

EARLY  HUDSON  —  (?)    —    94 


v.  e.  T.M.  n 


e.  T.  a.  n. 
§ 
e.  T.  W. 

m.  "W.  x. 


v.  e.  T.  n.  x. 

m.  T.    a. 
m.  T.  W.  n. 

v.  e.  T.W.  a. 
m.  1.  T.    § 
e.  M.  * 
m.  T.    n. 

v.  e.  T.W.  n. 

1.  W.     § 

m.  a.     § 

d. 

v.  1.  M.  W. 

m.  W.    § 

v.  e.  M.    § 

m.  gr.  d. 
e.  T.    a. 

a.     § 
T.      n. 


m.  1.  T.W.  x. 

§ 
d. 

e.       d. 

e.  T.    n. 

v.  e.  T.  n. 


a.    § 


x. 

m.  W. 
m.  T.  M. 

m.  W. 
e.  T.  W. 


a.  § 


v.  e.  M. 
1.  W.  T.  n. 

§ 

§ 

e.  T.  M.  n. 
1.  W.  T. 


e.  T.  M,  x. 
v.  1.  W. 
v.  1.  W. 
m.  T.  M.  n. 
e.       a. 
1.    §  n. 


Size, 


NAME.         Class  or  Refer.  Page. 


EARLY  VICTOR.. Labr.  ..  *96 
Eaton's  Seedl,  see  Conccod 

1     Seedl 84 

'EL  DORADO Hybr. . .     94 

Elizabeth Labr.  . .     94 

ELSINBURG ^Est.   . .    94 

\JSlsinboro,  same  as  Elsinourg    94 

ELVIRA Rip.    x   *97 

'Elvira  Seedl.  see  Rom.  Seedl.  133 

Emily Vinilera  Seedl.      7 

EMPIRE  STATE Labr.  X     99 

ESSEX Hybr...     99 

ETTA Rip.    x  *98 

Eugenia,  see  Miner's  Seedl.  121 

EUMELAN ^Est.  99*100 

Eureka Labr.  . .     98 

Eva Labr.  .85,98 

EXCELSIOR Hybr. . .  100 

i 

FAITH Rip.    x  100 

Fancher,  see  Catawba 81 

Far  West .^Est 100 

Flora Labr.   100 

Florence Labr.  X  1"0 

FLOWERS Rotund.  UO 

Flower  of  Mo.  ..  Del.  Seedl.  100 

Framingham Labr.  ..  102 

Francis  B.  Hayes,  see  Hayes  *106 
Franklin Rip.  . . .  102 


O 


O 


O 


102 
68 
147 
102 
148 
132 


GAERTNER Hybr. . . 

\Garber's  Albino,  see  Albino. 
Garnet,  see  Wylie's  Hybr. . . 

GAZELLE Hybr. . . 

German,  see  York  Madeira. . 

Giant  Leaf,  see  Riesenblatt. 

GOETHE Hybr.  101  *  102 

Golden  Berry Hybr. . .   103 

Golden  Clinton Rip.  ...  102 

'Golden  Concord Labr.  . .     85 

^  GOLDEN  DROP Del.  X  *102 

GOLDEN  GEM Hybr...  103 

:  Golden  Pocklington,  see  Pock- 

lington 

Graham ..(?)   193 

Green  Castle,  see  Marine's 

i     Seedl us 

Grein's  Seedl Rip.  x  7,103 

"    No.  1  Mo.  Riesling. 
"      "    No.  2  Golden. 
"      "    Nos.  3  &  4,  not  named 
'•      "    No.  7,  extra  earJy. 

Hagar,  see  Alvey 68 

Halifax  Hybrid,   see  Wylie's 

!     Seedl 148- 

Hart  or  Hart  Grape,  see  Lin- 
coln and  Devereux 92,  118 

HARTFORD  PROL..  Labr.  103 

HARWOOD ^Est.    ..  104 

HaskelTs  Seedl Hybr. . .  103 

Hattie  or  Hettie . . . .  (?) 104 

IHAYES Labr.  .  .*106 

iHERBEMONT  ....^Esi.  104*  105 
Herbemont  Mad.,  see  Herb't.  104 

Herbemont  Seedl ./Est.    . .  105 

SHERBERT Hybr. . .  109 

HERMANN ^Est.  107*109 

Hermann  Seedl.  . .  .^Est.  . .  109 

HIGHLAND Hybr.  108*109 

jHine Labr.  ..  109 

Holmes xEst.  X  109 


BUSH  BERG  CATALOGUE— TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


151 


Season, 

Use.  Color. 


m.  T.  W. 
e  W.    d. 


1.  T.    a. 

m.  T.  W.  a. 
e.     n.  § 
1.  T. 
1.  M.  W. 

e.  T.  M.  d. 

v.  e.    n.  § 
e.  M.  W. 


e.  M.  d. 
m.  T.  M.  n. 

v.  e.  n.  § 

§  n.  x. 

1-  § 
e.  n.  § 


d. 

§  «. 

e.  T.  M.  x. 
e.  T.  n.  a. 

?T.  a. 

m.  T.  M.  x. 

n.  § 


m.  a.  § 
1.  W.  x. 


l.W. 

e.  M.  § 

v.  e.  T.  x. 

e.  M.  d. 


1.  W. 
T.  § 


O 


6 


G 


O 


O 


O 


N  \  M  E.         Class  or  Refer.  Page. 


Howell Labr.  . .  109 

Huber's  Seedl Lab.  109-110 

Hudson,  see  Isabella Ill 

HUMBOLDT Kip.     X    HO 

Huntingdon Rip.     •-  110 

Hussnn.  see  Devereux 92 

Hyde's  Eliza,  see  York  Mad.  148 

Ida.  see  Miner's  Seedl  .Labr.  121 
IMPERIAL Hybr...  110 

Improved  Warren,  s.  Harwood  104 


ION  A 

Iowa  Excelsior . . 

IRVING 

ISABELLA 


.  Labr. 
.(?)    ... 
.Hybr., 
.Labr.  , 


ISABELLA  SEEDL.  .  .Labr. 
Labr. 


Ill 
111 
110 
110 
111 
111 
91 


Israella 

Italian  Wine  G-rape,  see  Del 

Ithaca Hybr...  Ill 

IVES Labr.lll*112 

Ives'  Madeira,  see  Ives Ill 

Ives'  Seedling,  see  Ives Ill 

Jack,  see  Lenoir 115*116 

Jacques  or  Jacquez 115*116 

Jaegers1  Varieties  of  ^Eslivalis. 
'••     Nos.  9,  12.  13,  17,  32, 

42,  43.  52 112 

Janesville  Labr.  XRip-  112 

JEFFERSON Labr.  X  *1 1 3 

Jessica (?) 113 

JUNO Hybr. . .  141 

Kalamazoo Labr.  . .  113 

Kalista ....  Del.  Seedl .  92 

Katarka Vinifera  Seedl . .  7 

Kay's  Seedling,  see  Herbem't 

Seedl 105 

Keller's  White,  see  Catawba- 

Seedls 81 

Keuka,  see  Neff. 124 

Kilvington (?) 113 

King,  see  Golden  Clinton. ..  102 

Kingsessing Labr.  . .  113 

King  William,  see  Marine's 

Seedls 119 

Kitchen Rip ....  113 

Kittredge,  see  Ives *111 

Labe (?) 113 

LACRISSA,  Del.  Seedl 92 

LADY Labr.  114*115 

LADY  CHARLOTTE.. Del. X--  116 

LADY  DUNLAP Hybr...  117 

LADY  WASHINGTON. Hybr. ..  117 

Lama ^Est.X-  113 

Large  German,  see  York 

Madeira 148 

Laura - Hybr . . .  117 

Lee's  Isabella,  see  Isabella  - .  110 

Lehigh,  see  Berks 72 

LENOIR JE&t,.  115*116 

Lexington,  see  Miner's 

Seedls 121 

LINCOLN  (Devereux) .  ^Est.  92. 118 

LINDEN Labr.  118, 121 

LINDLEY Hybr. . .  *117 

Logan Labr...  118 

Long,  see  Cunningham *87 

Louisa,  see  Isabella 110 

LOUISIANA JEst.  X  •  118 

ILuna Labr.  118,  119 


Season, 


m.  a. 
in.  W. 

e.  T.  a. 

e.  M.  d. 

d. 
e.  T.  § 


1.  W. 

e.  M.  x. 
e.  M.  n.  x. 
v.  e.  T.  M. 

1.  T  a. 

1.  T.  a. 
v.  e.  M.  d. 


m.  T.  a. 

1.  W.  T.  n. 

m.  T.  x. 

§ 
v.  e.  T.  a. 

1.  W. 

x. 


e.  T.  n. 
m.  W.  n.  x. 


v.  e.  M.  T. 
1.  W.  M.  a. 


m.   I',  a. 

e.  M. 

1.  W. 

§ 

§ 

v.  e.  M. 
l.W.  § 
m.  M.  n. 
m.  W.  T.  x, 
e.  M.  § 
1.  W.  x. 

e.  d. 

m  M.  W. 
e.  W.  T. 
e.  T.  n. 

1.  W. 

tn.  T.  n. 
e.  M.  § 

m.  W.  gr. 


XAMK.         Class  or  Refer.  Page. 


O    JLYDIA 

•    LYMAN 


Labr.  ..  118 

Rip  ....  118 


O    Macedonia  .........  Labi...     85 

•  Maguire  ...........  Labr...  118 

^Mammoth  Catawba,  see  Catb.    81 

O  [Manhattan  .........  Labr...  118 

•  Mansfield  ..........  Labr.  X  118 

Marine's  Seedlings,  Labr.  & 

Aest  ..................  118,  119 

MARION  .........  :  .  Rip.  x  •  120 

Marion  Port,  see  York  Mad.  148 

O  IMARTHA  ..........  Labr.  ..*ii9 

O   MASON'S  SKEDLING.  Labr.  ..  120 
0   MASSASOIT  .........  Hybr...  120 

O   M  AXAT  AWNEY  ......  Labr.  .  .  *120 

O    MARY  ..............  Labr.(?)  120 

Mary  Ann  ..........  Labr.  .  .  120 

McCowan,  see  Cowan  ......  •     87 

McDonald's  Ann  Arbor,  see 
Ann  Arbor,  black  .........     85 

McKee,  see  Herbem't  Seedl..  105 
McLean,  see  Devereux  ......     92 

I  O    McLiiRE.  MRS  ......  Hybr.  .  .  121 

(Mead's  Seed!.,  see  Catawba- 
Seedls  ...................     81 

O    MEDORA  ...........  Aest  ____  121 

i  Mercfron,  see  Catawba  ......     81 

•  MERRIMAC  .......  Hybr...  121 

Merritt's  -  Seedling,     Vinif. 

Seedl    ...................       7 

O    Mianna,  see  Marine's  Seedl..  119 

•  !MILES  ..............  Labr...  121 

;  Miner's  Seedlings.  .  .Labr.  .  .  121 
{Minor's  See^l.*  see  Venango.  143 
MINNESOTA  MAM.  -.Labr.(?)  121 
MISH,  Rotundifolia  ......  27,  137 

Missouri  ...........  Rip  ----  121 

Missouri  Eiesling,  see  Grein's 

Seedl  ...................  7,  103 

Mnd?na,  see  Concord  Seedl.  .    84 
MONROE  ............  Labr.  ..  122 

MONTEFIORE....Rip.X.-*123 

Monteith,  see  York  Madeira.  148 
Montgomery,  Vinif.  Seedl...      7 
MOORE'S  EARLY.Labr..  84*122 
MOTTLED  ..........  Labr.  .  .  122 

Mount  Lebanon  —  Labr.  X  123 
Muscogee,  see  Herbem.  Seedl  105 

O   NAOMI  ............  Hybr...*124 

•  NEFF  .........  +•••  Labr.  .  .  124 

NEOSHO  ...........  ^Est  ----  123 

Nerluton,  see  Marine's  Seedl  118 
Newark  ............  Hybr.  .  .  124 

NEW  HAVEN,  see  Con.  Seedl    85 

•  [NEWPORT  .........  ^£st  ----  124 

O  NIAGARA  ..........  Labr.  X  124 

O    NOAH  ..........  Rip.  X  125,*126 

Norfolk  ............  Labr  ...  126 

NORTON'S  Va  .  .  .  .  Mst.  126,  127 

North  America  ----  Labr.  .  .  126 

NORTH  CAROLINA.  Labr.  ..  126 
NORTH'N  MUSCADINE.  Labr.  126 
NORWOOD  .........  Labr.  .  .  127 


OHIO  ..............  ^Est  ----  127 

Omega,  see  Catawba  ........  81 

ONEIDA  ........  Hybr.  Seedl.  1  28 

Onondaga  .........  Hybr.  .  .  128 

Ontario,  see  Union  Village..  142 

OPORTO  ...........  Rip.  ...  128 


152 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE— TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Season, 
Use. 

Size, 
Color. 

NAME.         Class  or  Refer.  Page. 

Season, 
Use. 

Size, 
Color 

NAME.         Class  or  Refer.  Page. 

e.  W.  T. 
e.  M.  W.  n. 

1.  W.  T. 

m.  T.  W.  n. 
e.  W.  T.  n. 
v.  e.  M. 
m.  T.  a. 

m.  W. 

a.  § 
m.  M.   n   x. 

m.  W.  T. 
v.  e.  W.  T. 

m.  T.  M. 

e.  T.  a. 
M.  § 
v.  e.  § 

m.  T.  a. 

d. 
1.  W. 
e.  W.  a. 

m.  T.  a. 

§  n. 
e.  M.  gr. 
m.  T.  a. 

1.  W.  § 

• 

• 

© 
• 

o 
o 
o 

• 

9 

6 

• 

c 

0 

c 

9 

p 

• 

• 

• 

• 

0 

© 

• 
• 

1 

• 

OTHELLO  Hybr   128  129 

m.  §  n. 

1.  W. 

e.  §  n. 

m.  T.  M. 

m.  a.  § 
1.  M.  W. 

m.  §  a. 

m.  W.  a. 

m.  T.  a. 
v.  e.  M.  d. 

T.n.  § 
a.  § 
m.  gr.  § 

m.  a.  d. 

a.$.j 

m.  T.  M. 

v.  e.  M. 
m.  W.  gr. 

O 

• 
• 

• 
(UK 

• 

o 

o 

• 

• 
• 

9 

O 

• 

Q 
0 

• 

• 

o 

Rockland  Favorite,  see  Con- 
cord Seedl  85 

OWASSO  Labr.  .  .  129 

PAULINE  JEst  1  29 
Paxton,  see  Concord  Seedl  .  .     85 
Payne's  Isabella,  see  Isabella  110 
PEABODY                   Rip  X     129 

Roenbeck  Hybr.  .  .  134 
ROGER'S  Hybrids,  Nos.  2, 
5  s  30  *134 

See  No     1,  GOETHE         .            #101 

No.   3,  MASSASOIT  120 

PIT  AT?  i                                  T?in    V      1  9Q 

No.   4,  WILDER  #146 

PERKINS  Labr.  ..*>30 
PETER  WYLIE  ..Hybr...  147 
Pioneer  (Hartford  9),  see  Isa- 
bella Seedl  103.  Ill 

No.    9,  LINDLEY  #117 

No.  14,  GAERTNER  102 

No.  15,  AGAWAM         .       .  .   #69 

No.  10,  MERRIMAC  121 

No  28  REQUA                         132 

PIZARRO  Hybr.  .  .  129 
Planet  Hybr.  .  .  129 
POCKLINGTON  ..Labr.  ..*130 

Clironio-litliogr.  opposite  title  page. 

POLI  OCK                 .  Labr        130 

No.  39,  AMINIA      70 

No.  41,  ESSEX  99 

No.  43,  BARRY              .          #74 

No.  44,  HERBERT  109 

No.  53,  SALEM  135 

Poughkeepsie-Red  -Del.  X-  129 

ROMMEL'S  Seedl.,  yet  un- 

PRENTISS  Labr.  .  .*131 

Also  Chromo-Mthogr.  with  title  page. 

PURITY                 Del   X  131-132 

See  AMBER        #70 

BEAUTY       ...        .     .       .  .      72 

BLACK  DELAWARE  92 

Purple  Bloom  Hybr...  130 
Putnam  Labr.  .  .  129 

QUASSAICK  Hybr.  .  .  132 
Raabe  .^Est  X  •  132 

BLACK  TAYLOR  75 

ELVIRA            .                        *97 

ETTA  .                 *98 

FAITH  100 

MONTEFIORE  #123 

PEARL  129 

TRANSP  \REXT                          139 

Racine  ^Est  1  32 
RARITAN  Hybr.  .  .  132 
Ray's  Victoria,  see  Victoria.  143 
REBECCA  Labr.  .  .  132 
Eed  Elben,  see  Rulander  134 
Bed  Lenoir,  see  Pauline  129 
Eed  Muncy,  see  Catawba  *SO 
Red  River,  see  Cynthiana.  ..  *88 
RELIANCE  (?)  132 
RENTZ  Labr.  .  .  132 
REQUA             Hybr.  .  .  132 
HICKETTS'  Seedl  .Hybr.  ..  133 

WILDING  145 

Rothrock,  see  Alexander  ....     68 
RULANDER  ^Est  X  •  134 

Rutland  Hybr.  .  .  134 

SALEM  Hybr.  .  .  135 
Sanbornton,  see  Isabella  110 
Saratoga,  see  Catawba  Seedl.    81 
Schiller  ./Est.XC9)  136 

SCUPPERNONG,  Rotundif. 
136,*137 
SCUPPERNONG-HYBRTD.  Dr. 
Wylie's  137,147 

ADVANCE  67 

Schuylkill  Muscat,  see  Alex.     68 
SECRETARY  Hybr.  .  .  *135 

ALMA  70 

ARIADNE  71 

BACCHUS  *72 

SENASQUA...  Hybr.  .  .*138 
Seneca  Labr.  103,  136 

DON  JUAN  92 

DOWNING  92 
DUNLAP  93 

Shaker,  see  Union  Village  .  .  142 

CV,arnn                                /^Ftet  V      138 

ELDORADO  94 
EMPIRE  STATE  99 

Sheppard  Delaware,  see  Del  •     92 

EXCELSIOR                               100 

GAZELLE  102 

GOLDEN  GEM  103 

Silver  Dawn  Hybr.  .  .  138 
Singleton,  see  Catawba  *80 
Small  German,  see  York  Mad  148 
Smart's  Elsinb.  ,  see  Elsinb  .  .     94 

Glnr  r»\TT<s                            TJin      18    1^7 

>      HIGHLAND  *109 

IMPERIAL  .            110 

JEFFERSON  #113 

LADY  DUNLAP  117 

LADY  WASHINGTON  117 
NAOMI    .       #124 

SOUDAN  -GRAPE,  Afric.  tu- 

PEABODY                                    129 

PIZARRO  129 

Spofford  Seed/.,  see  To-Kalon  139 
Spring  Mill  Const.,  see  Alex.    68 
St..  Catherine  Labr.  .  .  135 
St.  Genevieve,  see  Rulander  .  134 
Stelton  Hybr...  138 
Storm    King,    see    Concord 
Seedl  85 

PLANET  129 

PUTNAM  129 

QUASSAICK  132 

RARITAN  132 

SECRETARY.                           #135 

WAVERLY  143 

\VELCOM17                                                 143 

Riesenblatt  ^Est  132 
Riesling  of  Mo.,  see  Grein's 
Rie«lino-    -.  103 

TALMAN  Labr...  138 

Tasker  Grape,  see  Alexander.    68 
TAYLOR  Rip  X  -20.  138 

Roanoke,  see  Scuppernong  .*136 
Robeson's  Seedl.,  see  Louisi- 
ana     118 

Taylor  BulHt,  see  Taylor  138 
TAYLOR  SEEDLINGS  27,  139 

Rockinaham  see  Miner's 
Seedl..                                  .   121 

Taylor-Seedlings,  Rommel's  133 
Tekoma.  see  Catawba  Seedl.     81 

BUSH  BERG  CATALOGUE— TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


153 


Season, 
Use. 


v.  e.  M.  T. 

e.  W.  \ 
1.  W.  T. 

1.  T.  W. 

in.  W.  n. 
1.  T.  M.  x. 


m.  W. 

«.  § 
e.  M.  d. 
m.  T.  § 


1.  T.  a. 
n.  §  x. 
1.  T.  § 

m.  M  d. 
v.  e.  T.  n. 

in.  gr. 


m.  T. 
in.  W.  n. 

e.  T.  a. 


in.  T.  a.  n. 
m.  T.  a.  § 


Size, 
Color. 


NAME. 


Class  or  Refer.  Pa^e. 


TELEGRAPH Labr.  i.  139 

Tender-pulp...Rotundif.  27.  137 

Theodosia ^Est....  139 

THOMAS Kotundif.  139 

Thurmond,  see  Devereux 92 

TO-KALON Labr.  . .  139 

Tolman,  see  Talman 138 

TRANS  PARENT......  Rip.  X--  139 

TRIUMPH Hybr.  140*141 

Trowbridge,  see  Isabella Ill 

Tryon,  see  York  Madeira 148 

Tuley,  see  Devereux 92 

U.  B.,  see  Marine's  Seedl 119 

UHLAND Rip.X--  141 

Ulster  Prolific ......  Labr.  X  141 

Una Labr.  85, 141 

Underbill Labr.  . .  142 

Underhill's  Celestial,  see  Un- 
derbill   142 

UNDERBILL,  (STEPHEN)  Hybr. : 
See  BLACK  DEFIANCE  &  BLACK 

EAGLE 75*76 

CEOTON *87 

IEVING *110 

SENASQUA *138 

UNION  VILLAGE — Labr. . .  142 

Uno  or  Juno Hybr. . .  141 

Urbana Labr.  . .  142 

Venango Labr.  . .  143 

VERGENNES Labr.  . .  *142 

Vevay,  see  Alexander 68 

Vialla Rip  ....  143 

Victor,  see  Early  Victor *96 

Victoria,  see  Miner's  Seedl. .  121 
VICTORIA,  Ray's.  ..Labr.  ..  143 
Vivie's  Hybr Labr.  X  143 

[WALTER Labr.X  144,«145 

Warren,  see  Herbemont *104 

Warrenton,  see  Herbemont. .  104 

WATERTOWN Hybr.  . .  143 

WAVERLY Hybr.  . .  143 


Season, 
Use. 


m.  T.  a.  § 
Grapery. 

e.  M.  n. 

d. 

d. 

e.  T.  a. 

v.  e.  T.  a. 

a.  § 

e.  m.  T.  M. 

m.  T.  W.  n. 

n.  § 

d. 

e.  M.  § 

e.  W.  § 

v.  e.  T.  § 
e.  T.  n.  § 

e.  T.  M.  W 


e.  T.  § 
m.  T.  § 
m.  T.  a. 
m.  T.  § 
m.  T.  § 

e.  M.  § 


1.  gr.  d. 
d. 


Size, 
Color. 


XAMK.         Class  or  Refer.  Page. 


Weehawken.  Vinif.  Seedl. . .  143 

WELCOME,  Vinif.  Hybr 143 

Wemple,  see  Cuyahoga 90 

WHITE  ANN  ARBOR.Labr.  . .    85 

White  Cape Labr....     68 

White  Catawba Labr.  . .     81 

WHITE    DELAWARE,     Del. 

Seedl 143 

WHITE  HALL Labr.  . .  143 

White  Muscadine,  see  Scupp.*136 
White  Muscat  of  Xewburg. 

Li  or.X  143 

WILDER Hybr. .  .*146 

WILDING Rip.  X  Labi.  145 

Willis Del.X--  145 

Wilmington ( ?) 145 

Wilmington-red Labr.  . .  145 

Winne,  see  Alexander 68 

WINSLOW Rip  . . . .  145 

Wolfe,  see  York  Madeira ....  148 
Woodriver-grape  .  ..Labr.  ?.  145 
Woodruffs  Red  . . .  .Labr.  X  145 

Woodward,  see  Isabella 110 

WORDEX Labr...  147 

Warden's  Seedl.,  see  Worden.  147 

Worthington,  see  Clinton 82 

Wright's  Isabella,  see  Isabella  111 
WYLIE'S  SEEDL'GS.  Hybr.  147, 148 
Wylie,  Jane Hybr.  . .  147 


Wylie,  Marie. 
iWYLiE,  PETER. 

Wylie.  Robert  . 
Wylie,  Gill... 


,  Hybr. 
.Hybr. 
.Hybr. 
.Hybr. 


147 
147 
147 
147 


Wyman,  see  To-Kalon 139 

WYOMING-RED Labr  . . .  145 


Yellow  Muscadine,  see  Scup- 
pernong *136 

York  Lisbon,  see  Alexander.     68 

YORK  MADEIRA  ...Labr. 

(Hybr.?) 148 

Young   America,    see   Con- 
cord Seedl 85 


ABBREVIATIONS. 

Sometimes  used  in  the  text  of  Descriptions,  to  designate  those  divisions  of  our  country  where  the  Variety 

is  at  home  or  believed  to  succeed. 

N.  A.  S.  for  North  Atlantic  States,  viz.:  Me.,  N.  H.,  Vt.,  Mass.,  R.  I.,  Ct.,  also  X.  Scotia. 

M.  A.  S.   "    Middle  Atlantic  States :  X.  Y.,  X.  J..  Penna.,  Del.,  Md.,  Va.,  W.  Va. 

S.    A.   S.   "    South  Atlantic  States:  X.  C.,  S.  C.,  Ga.,  Fla. 

X.   C.   S.   "    Xorth  Central  States:  Mich.,  Wis.,  Minn.,  Iowa,  Dak.,  Xebr.,  also  Ontario. 

C.   S.   "    Central  States:  Ohio,  Ky..  Tenn.,  Inda.,  Ills.,  Mo.,  Kans. 
S.    C.    S.   "     South  Central  States:  Ala..  Miss..  La.,  Tex.,  Ark. 


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Bestellnngen  sind  zu  Addressiren  an 

W.  W.  COLBMAX, 

Milwaukee,  Wis. 


Vol.  2O. 


1884. 


The  Best 


Two  Dollars. 


FLORISTS'  SUPPLIES.  Vemorest's  Illustrated  Monthly. 


OFFICE  AND  STORE, 

No.   1O7    North   Fifth   Street, 

GARDEN, 

Magnolia  and  Tower  Grove  Ave., 
8T.  LOUIS,  MO. 


Sold  by  all  Newsdealers  and  Postmas- 
ters. Send  twenty  cents  for  one  copy ;  it 
will  satisfy  you  that  you  can  subscribe 
Two  Dollars  for  a  year  and  get  ten  times 
its  value.  W.  JENNINGS  DEMOREST, 

Publisher,  17  E.  14tb  St.,  New  York. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE— ADVERTISEMENTS. 


BOTsTFORT'S 


JOURNAL  AND   PRICE   CURRENT 

FOR  THE   UNITED   STATES. 
Published  at  46  Beaver  Street,        -  NEW  YORK. 


per 


,    $5.OO. 


oxrcrw 


BOINTKORT'S 


,# 


FOR   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


Price, 


Published  by  PHILIP  BONFORT  and  CHARLES  McK.  LEOSER, 

No.  46  BEAVER  STREET,  NEW  YORK. 

WINE  SCALES,  THERMOMETERS,  SACCHAROMETERS,  BAROMETERS,  ftc., 


ALOE,  HERNSTEI^"  &  CO., 

3OO  North  Fourth  Srteet,  ST.  LOUIS. 


The 


Fountain  Cold  Pen  Co. 


Patented  Oct.  24, 1882.  Patented  Jan.  30, 1883.  SEND    FOR    ILLUSTRATED    CIRCULAR. 

Principal  Office,  314  Olive  Street,  ST.  LOUIS,  MO. 


BUSHBERG  CATALOGUE— ADVERTISEMENTS. 


BLATTKEK  &  ADAM, 

KEEP  CONSTANTLY  IN  STOCK  THE  MOST  APPROVED  INSTRU- 
MENTS IN  WINE  MAKING,    VIZ: 

OECHSLE'S  MUST  and  WINE  SCALES  TWITCHELL'S  ACIDIMETERS, 

(of  Glass  and  Silver),  THERMOMETERS,   HYDROMETERS 

MINIATURE  STILLS  (for  ascertaining  and  BAROMETERS  (reliable  weather 

the  Alcohol  in  Wines),  indicators), 

22O  North  Fourth  Street,  ST.  LOUIS. 


JAMES   VICK   STRAWBERRY.      (FROM   LIFE.) 

Another  test  proves  that  the  James  Vick  Strawberry  is  the  most  productive  and  profitable  of  all  Srawberries. 
.John  J.  Thomas  says  it  outblossomed  and  outgrew  anything  he  has,  and  that  he  picked  at  the  rate  of  80 
bushels  per  acre  at  one  picking,  after  two-thirds  of  them  had  been  destroyed  by  continuous  storms,  and  more 
green  berries  remained  on  the  vines.  The  Rural  New  Yorker  reports  283  blossoms  on  one  plant,  and  288  ripe  ber- 
ries picked  from  four  plants  only  ten  months  after  planting.  John  T.  Lovett  says  the  James  Vick  Strawberry 
has  exceeded  his  expectations ;  that  it  must  occupy  a  high  position  for  market ;  that  it  keeps  long  on  the  vines 
before  picking;  is  as  productive  as  Crescent  but  more  firm,  and  that  the  plant  is  perfection  in  vigor  and  every 
•other  respect.  Reports  from  all  sections  pronounce  the  James  Vick  to  be  the  market  strawberry  for  the  million. 
It  is  of  fine  color  and  form,  exceedingly  firm,  and  of  good  quality. 

We  are  the  introducers,  and  shall  have  a  large  stock  of  strong  Plants  to  offer  at  reduced  prices. 

Full  page  Electrotypes,  $1.00 ;  smaller  ones,  50  cts.    Do  not  fail  to  give  it  a  good  position  in  your  Catalogue. 

;' HINTS  ON  FRUIT  CULTURE,"  sample  copy  of  GREEN'S  FRUIT  GROWER,  sent  free  to  all  who 

e  have  a  general  line  of  Plants,  Vines,  and  Trees,  for  sale. 

GREEN'S  NURSERY  CO.,  Rochester,  N.  Y.  ~  (Box  562.) 


Pomona  Nurseries. 

ESTABLISHED    1838. 

PEDIGREE  BLACKBERRY,   WILSON  JUNIOR, 

The  largest,  best,  and  most  productive  Early  Blackberry,  3K  inches  around,  from  seed  of  ssle;t3d  WILSON'S  EAELY. 

—  HEADQUARTERS    FOR  — 

KIEFFER'S   HYBRID   PEAK    TllEES;    100,000    liudded   PEACH    TREES,    (jrmvn  from 
TENNESSEE  NATURAL  PITT;  STRAWBERRIES,  RASPBERRIES,  GRAPES,  ^c. 


j8t£"Catalogue  with  Colored  Plates 


WM.  PARRY,  Parry  P.  0.,  N.  J. 


BUSHBERG   CATALOGUE— ADVERTISEMENTS. 


ENGRAVER 


-FOR- 


FLORISTS,  SEEDMEN 


-AND- 


314  N.  Eleventh  St.,  PHILADELPHIA. 


I  have  in  stock  2,000  Electros  of  Flowers, 
Fruits,  Trees,  Vegetables,  and  Ornamental  Cuts 
suitable  for  the  trade,  for  sale  at  1-lOth 
to  l-2Oth  of  the  original  out. 

Large  Catalogue,  •weighing  nearly  \% 
pounds  SENT  FREE  to  those  -who  send 
me  their  Catalogue  or  Price  List;  to 
others  the  price  is  5O  Cents. 

Send  princs  of  any  cut  that  you  -want. 


WITTEMAM  BROS. 

15  Murray  Street,  NEW  YOBK, 

SUPPLIES 

For  the  "Wine  and  Liquor  Trade. 

LABELS,  large  stock  and  made  to  order.' 
CAPS,  fine  imported. 

TINFOIL,        >  Ready  -cut    for    Wines    and 
GOLD  FOIL,  S         Champagnes. 

BOTTLES,  imported,  Hocks,  Clarets,  Bran- 
dies, Tokay,  Amber-and  Golden-  Whiskies, 
etc. 

DEMIJOHNS. 

STRAW  COVERS,  all  sizes  and  shapes. 

CORKS,  imported  hand-cut. 

Tissue  Paper,  Filtering  Paper,  and 
Filtering  Bags. 

Russian  Isinglass,  Sulphur  Sheets,  Span- 
ish Clay,  etc. 

Capping  and  Corking  Machines. 
Wooden  Faucets,  Rubber  Hose,  etc.,  etc. 

S^SEND  FOR  PRICE  LIST. 

Books  on  Grape  Cultures  Wine-Making 


PUBLISHED  AND  FOR  SALE  BY 


c. 


ST.  LOUIS,  MO. 


Mueiicli,  Frederick.,  School  for  American  Grape 
Culture.  Brief  but  thorough  guide  to  the  laying 
out  of  Vineyards,  the  treatment  of  Vines,and  the 
production  of  Wine  in  North  America. 

Mueiicli,  F  ,  Amerikanische  Weinbauschule  und  Wein-  ' 
bereitungslehre,  etc. 

Either  one  of  these  books  will  be  mailed  free  of  post- 
age on  receipt  of  one  dollar. 

Fringes,  Chas.  H.,  Die  Behandlung  der  Amerikan- 
ischen  Weine,  die  Krankheiten  derselben  und 
deren  Heilung;  eine  Praktische,  Leichverstandli- 
che,  Anleitung  junge  Weine  in  kurzester  Zeit 
ohne  Kellereinrichtung  Glanzhell  und  Flaschen- 
reif  zu  machen. 

On  receipt  of  50  cents  this  book  will  be  mailed  post- 
paid to  any  address. 
II  11  sin  a  11  ii.  George,  The  Cultivation  of  the  Native 

Grape  and  Manufacture  of  American  Wines. 
On  receipt  of  $1.50  this  book  will  be  mailed  post-paid 
to  any  address. 
The  Rational  Manufacture  of  American  Wines,   pub- 

lished by  Oesterreisher  &  Co. 

This  book  will  be  sent  free  of  postage  on  receipt  of 
one  dollar. 

JSSTC.  WITTER  keeps  a  large  assortment  of  Books 
treating  on  the  Culture  of  Grapes  and  Manufacture  of 
Wines.     Catalogues  sent  on  application. 
Please  address 

O.  WITTER,  21  SOUtHtll  St.,  St.  LOUlS,  MO. 


THE 


(ORGANIZED    1845.) 

PURELY  MUTUAL.         DIVIDENDS  AMUALLY. 

346  &  348  Broadway,  New  York. 
MORRIS  FRANKLIN,  WILLIAM  H.  BEERS, 

President.  Vice  President  and  Actuary. 


Assets,  January  1,   1883,  over  $5O,OOO,OOO 

Surplus,        "          "       "          "  10,000,000 

Income,  1882,  nearly  -          .  -  12,OOO,OOO 


THE  NEW  YORK  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY  has  been  in  business  for 
thirty-eight  years.  It  has  issued  over  170,000  policies,  and  received  over  $109,000,000 
in  premiums.  It  has  paid  over  $26,400,000  in  death  claims,  and  over  $41,000,000  to 
living  policy-holders.  The  amount  of  assets  still  held  in  trust  for  policy-holders  is  over 
$50,800,000.  Its  interest  earnings  have  therefore  paid  all  expenses  of  management,  and 
placed  over  $9,000,000  to  the  credit  of  policy-holders. 

The  condition  and  prospects  of  the  Company  are  such  as  to  give  the  best  possible 
guarantee  to  incoming  policy-holders.  About  one-fifth  of  its  entire  assets  is  surplus  by 
the  State  valuation  of  its  policies.  Its  funds  are  so  well  invested  that  its  interest  earn- 
ings average  nearly  six  per  cent,  per  annum,  and  only  a  very  small  percentage  remains 
due  and  unpaid  at  the  close  of  the  year.  In  1882  interest  receipts  exceeded  death-claims 
by  over  $800,000. 

The  liberality  of  the  Company  toward  policy-holders  has  been  a  marked  feature  in 
its  management.  It  originated  non-forfeiture  policies  in  1880,  and  this  featuae,  since 
adopted  in  some  form  by  all  other  companies,  and  enacted  into  law  by  State  Legislature, 
saves  millions  of  dollars  to  policy-holders  every  year.  The  NEW  YORK  LIFE'S 
policies  are  notable  for  their  freedom  from  VEXATIOUS  AND  DANGEROUS  RESTRiCTioNSr 
and,  in  the  settlement  of  losses,  nothing  is  allowed  to  invalidate  a  claim  except  OBVIOUS 
FRAUD. 

Every  approved  form  of  policy  issued  on  the  purely  mutual  plan.  The  Company 
has  no  stockholders,  but  is  managed  in  the  interest  of  policy-holders  alone,  and  the  sur- 
plus is  divided  among  them  exclusively. 


I  An  in  in.-  the  "TONTINE  INVESTMENT  POLICY"  of  the  NEW  YORK  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY. 
It  combines  advantages  not  obtainable  in  any  form  of  annual  investment. 

Under  the  conditions  of  the  contract  SMALL  SUMS  of  money  afford  the  LARGEST  POSSIBLE  CASH  RETURNS. 
Estimates  made,  and  book  showing  "Actual  Results,"  free,  on  application. 

WM.  L.  HILL,       }  (No.  417  Pine  Street, 

FRANK   BLOCK,         General   AgentS'  ST.  LOUIS. 


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